Study of Kinetic Freeze-Out Parameters as a Function of Rapidity in pp Collisions at CERN SPS Energies.

We used the blast wave model with the Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics and analyzed the experimental data measured by the NA61/SHINE Collaboration in inelastic (INEL) proton-proton collisions at different rapidity slices at different center-of-mass energies. The particles used in this study were π+, π-, K+, K-, and p¯. We extracted the kinetic freeze-out temperature, transverse flow velocity, and kinetic freeze-out volume from the transverse momentum spectra of the particles. We observed that the kinetic freeze-out temperature is rapidity and energy dependent, while the transverse flow velocity does not depend on them. Furthermore, we observed that the kinetic freeze-out volume is energy dependent, but it remains constant with changing the rapidity. We also observed that all three parameters are mass dependent. In addition, with the increase of mass, the kinetic freeze-out temperature increases, and the transverse flow velocity, as well as kinetic freeze-out volume decrease.

Mechanism of separation and removal of water from dewatered sludge using L-DME to dissolve hydrophilic organic matter.

Difficulties in advanced dewatering of dewatered sludge hinder sludge reduction and resource utilization. L-DME (liquified dimethyl ether) has been recently used for dewatering, but the effect of organic matter dissolution using L-DME during desorption and dehydration on water removal is not clear. In this study, dewatered sludge from urban sewage treatment plants was used to conduct experiments in sequencing dissolution-separation reactors. The changes in the dehydration rate, bound water and various organic matter levels at different times, L-DME additions, and the temperature were measured. The results show that L-DME can remove 90% of water, 100% of lipids, and 8-12% of organic matter in dewatered sludge. L-DME was mixed with the semi-like colloidal sludge, and high separation of water was achieved by mixing the L-DME with water and dissolving the hydrophilic organic matter to convert the solid-like into a two-phase (solid and liquid) substance, which can be easily separated. The dissolution of hydrophilic organic matter such as polysaccharides and proteins by L-DME promotes the conversion of bound water into free water, which is key to total water removal.

Significance of preoperative acute kidney injury in patients with acute type A aortic dissection.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Acute type A aortic dissection (AAD) is a medical emergency with high mortality even with emergency repair. We explored the risk factors for in-hospital mortality and the impact of preoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with AAD. METHODS: Our hospital database contained records for 156 consecutive patients who underwent AAD repair between March 2000 and February 2013. They were assigned to the in-hospital mortality or the survival group. All data were collected retrospectively. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality, including intraoperative deaths, was 14.1% (22/156). Total in-hospital mortality was 19.2% (30/156). Patients who required preoperative cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (16.7 vs 3.2%; P = 0.012), or who presented with preoperative cardiac tamponade (46.7 vs 19.0%; P = 0.002), shock/hypotension (56.7 vs 21.4%; P < 0.001), or coma (20.0 vs 6.3%; P = 0.019) had a higher in-hospital mortality rate. There was no difference in in-hospital mortality rate between patients with preoperative AKI or not. Mortality and major complications were significantly correlated with the severity of AKI. Multivariate analysis confirmed that preoperative shock or hypotension (odds ratio = 5.2; 95% CI = 2.2-12.3), and preoperative AKI stage 3 (odds ratio = 4.9; 95% CI = 1.3-19.3) were independent preoperative prognostic factors of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: On the basis of our results, preoperative stage 3 AKI is a crucial prognostic risk factor for patients with AAD repair, Cardiac surgeons should be aware of this condition when dealing with AAD patients.

Fate of distal aorta after acute type A aortic dissection repair: Change and persistency of postoperative false lumen status.

BACKGROUND: The role of false lumen patency related to aortic growth, re-interventions, and post-discharge mortality in the chronic phase of repaired type A acute aortic dissection (TAAAD) remains controversial. We investigated the role of postoperative false lumen patency during long-term follow-up. METHODS: Based on postoperative CT images of 70 candidates, 58 eligible patients without alteration of false lumen status were assigned into three groups: complete patency, partial patency, and complete thrombosis. Aortic growth of 7 levels was analyzed. RESULTS: Persistent complete patency in post-operative TAAAD presents faster expansion of aortic diameter (95% CI, 0.35 to 11.52; P=0.038; B=5.935) and more patients with growth rate>5mm/year (P=0.029). The persistent status of false lumen does not predict post-discharge mortality (P=0.479). History of coronary artery disease (CAD) is the only independent predictor of post-discharge mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In TAAAD patients without change of postoperative false lumen status, completely patent false lumen presents faster aortic growth and more patients with growth rate>5mm/year. False lumen status does not correlate with late survival. Here we provide an insight into persistent postoperative false lumen in TAAAD patients and may help cast light on aortic dissection in this specific subgroup to improve their late outcomes.

Pyrexia of postimplantation syndrome for patients undergoing (thoracic) endovascular aortic repair.

OBJECTIVE: While a clear definition and explanation to postimplantation syndrome are yet to be clarified, this study aims to investigate its nature by retrospectively analyzing postprocedural fever pattern with patient characteristics, procedure details, and responses to medical treatments. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty-three patients undergoing (thoracic) endovascular aortic repair between January 2011 and January 2012 were studied for their postimplantation fever pattern. The demographic information, procedure specifications, and postprocedure care details were collected for statistical analysis to find associations between fever pattern and the above-mentioned parameters. RESULTS: None of the postprocedure microbial studies returned positive. Longer fever duration and higher fever frequency are statistically associated with younger age (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.82 to -0.04, p < 0.04 and 95% CI -0.74 to -0.01, p = 0.05 respectively), longer procedure duration (95% CI 0.35-0.90, p < 0.01 and 95% CI 0.02-0.75, p = 0.04 respectively), more entry sites created (95% CI 0.09-0.95 p < 0.03 and 95% CI 0.02-0.88, p < 0.04, respectively), and longer stent grafts implanted (95% CI 0.27-0.89, p < 0.01, fever duration only). Fever pattern and different postprocedure medical treatment did not convey a statistically significant association, but effective and dramatic response to steroids was observed in patients with persistent pyrexia that responded poorly to antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the view that postimplantation syndrome is caused by host immune response; none of our cases are related with infection and no benefits were observed from the prolonged use of antibiotics, thus adding to the plausibility of employing steroids as part of the postprocedure care scheme.

Baicalein, an active component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, prevents lysophosphatidylcholine-induced cardiac injury by reducing reactive oxygen species production, calcium overload and apoptosis via MAPK pathways.

BACKGROUND: Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), a metabolite from membrane phospholipids, accumulates in the ischemic myocardium and plays an important role in the development of myocardial dysfunction ventricular arrhythmia. In this study, we investigated if baicalein, a major component of Huang Qui, can protect against lysoPC-induced cytotoxicity in rat H9c2 embryonic cardiomyocytes. METHODS: Cell viability was detected by the MTT assay; ROS levels were assessed using DCFH-DA; and intracellular free calcium concentrations were assayed by spectrofluorophotometer. Cell apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by the flow cytometry assay and Hoechst staining. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs), which included the ERK, JNK, and p38, and the apoptotic mechanisms including Bcl-2/Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome c pathways were examined by Western blot analysis. The activation of MAPKs was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: We found that lysoPC induced death and apoptosis of H9c2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Baicalein could prevent lysoPC-induced cell death, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increase of intracellular calcium concentration in H9c2 cardiomyoctes. In addition, baicalein also inhibited lysoPC-induced apoptosis, with associated decreased pro-apoptotic Bax protein, increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, resulting in an increase in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Finally, baicalein attenuated lysoPC-induced the expression of cytochrome c, casapase-3, casapase-9, and the phosphorylations of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. LysoPC-induced ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 activations were inhibited by baicalein. CONCLUSIONS: Baicalein protects cardiomyocytes from lysoPC-induced apoptosis by reducing ROS production, inhibition of calcium overload, and deactivations of MAPK signaling pathways.

Serum levels of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and melatonin over summer and winter in kidney deficiency syndrome in Bizheng rats.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the seasonal changes in serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and melatonin (MT) in Bizheng rat model, and explore the relationship between MT and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: One hundred and sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups in summer (n=80) and winter (n=80) respectively: normal group, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model group, operation group, and sham-operation group (n=20 in each group). The CIA model group was injected with collagen emulsion at the base of the tail to induce arthritis. The rats in the operation group received pineal gland resection, and 7 days after the first operation, underwent testectomy or oophorectomy. The rats in the sham-operation group were operated to ligature the sagittal sinus, without extracting the pineal gland. After the operations, the operation group and the sham-operation group both were immunized as the CIA group was. The serum levels of IL-1ß, IL-6 and MT in different groups were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the serum levels of IL-1ß and IL-6 increased in the CIA model, operation, and sham-operation groups both in summer and in winter (IL-1ß in summer, P=0.008, P<0.01, P=0.012; IL-1ß in winter, P=0.019, P<0.01, P=0.027; IL-6 in summer, P=0.028, P<0.01, P=0.024; IL-6 in winter, P=0.006, P<0.01, P=0.008). In the operation group, the serum levels of IL-1ß and IL-6 in winter were higher than in summer, but with no statistically significant differences (P=0.844, 0.679). Compared with the normal group, the serum level of MT significantly increased in summer and winter in both the CIA model group (P=0.002, 0.008) and the sham-operation group (P=0.003, 0.007), while significantly decreased in the operation group (P=0.023, 0.003). There was no significant difference in MT level in the operation group between summer and winter (P=0.947). CONCLUSIONS: The increase of serum levels of IL-1ß and IL-6 may exacerbate the inflammatory reaction and cause a more severe condition in the rheumatoid arthritis. The concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-6, and MT correspond with the change of seasons, confirming that there are connections between nature and human body.

Baicalein inhibits HMGB1 release and MMP-2/-9 expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

Myocardial dysfunction, a common complication after sepsis, significantly contributes to the death of patients with septic shock. In the search for potentially effective drugs to decrease mortality from sepsis, we investigated the cardioprotective effects of baicalein, a flavonoid present in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2/-9) expression. We found that baicalein significantly attenuated LPS-induced cardiac hypertrophy and counteracted reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. In addition, pretreatment with baicalein inhibited LPS-induced early (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6) and late (e.g., high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) pro-inflammatory cytokine release, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and NO production. Finally, baicalein also significantly down-regulated the expression of MMP-2/-9 and attenuated HMGB1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. These results suggest that baicalein can protect cardiomyocytes from LPS-induced cardiac injury via the inhibition of ROS and inflammatory cytokine production. These cardioprotective effects are possibly mediated through the inhibition of the HMGB1 and MMP-2/-9 signaling pathways.

Double right coronary artery and its clinical implications.

Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries are present in 0.2-1.4% of the general population. These anomalies represent one of the most confusing issues in the field of cardiology and challenges for interventional cardiologists and cardiac surgeons if the anomalies are unrecognised. Double right coronary artery is one of the rarest coronary arteries. Previously, the probability of developing atherosclerotic changes in patients with a double right coronary artery was considered to be equal to that in those without it. In reality, however, a high prevalence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease was found in patients with a double right coronary artery originating from a single ostium after our comprehensive literature search through the PubMed database. Owing to the fact that double right coronary artery is both a congenital and potentially atherosclerotic coronary artery disease at diagnosis, coronary intervention or cardiac operation is more complicated than previously believed. Individuals with a double right coronary artery may be unaware of its presence until an accidental finding during coronary angiography or cardiac operation and are at risk for unsuspected complications of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease or during cardiac operation. Therefore, it is important to obtain information on the anatomic variants of this congenital coronary anomaly in patients who are undergoing either coronary intervention, aortic root operation or myocardial revascularisation. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive article to discuss the anomalies and their clinical implications.

Acute aortic dissection type A with acute coronary involvement: a novel classification.

BACKGROUND: Acute coronary involvement (ACI) due to acute aortic dissection (AAD) type A is potentially fatal. We examined selected patients with AAD type A, which had evolved over 14 years, and acute coronary involvement. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of patients with ACI due to AAD type A. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2011, we recruited 20 patients (14.1%) with ACI (14 men, 6 women; mean age: 51.8 ± 11.8 years; age range: 35-79 years) from 142 patients who had undergone surgical repair of AAD type A. RESULTS: We propose a novel 4-category classification scheme based on the surgical pathological findings. The right coronary artery was involved in 15 patients, and the left was involved in 5 patients. Fourteen patients had preoperative myocardial ischemia. In the other 6 patients, acute coronary involvement was found intraoperatively. Patients with ACI were significantly younger than those without ACI (51.8 ± 11.8 vs. 61.0 ± 11.8; p = 0.001), a lower prevalence of intramural hematoma (5.0% vs. 32.8%; p = 0.011), a higher aortic regurgitation rate (95.0% vs. 53.5%; p = 0.001). Patients presenting with ACI had an in-hospital mortality rate of 20.0% (4/20), while those without ACI had an in-hospital mortality rate of 19.7% (24/122). CONCLUSIONS: Acute coronary involvement due to AAD type A is not always associated with coronary malperfusion. Patients with ACI were much younger, had a higher aortic regurgitation rate, and, less commonly, had intramural hematoma. This new classification scheme would make it more convenient for surgeons to decide on treatment options for this special cohort.

Stable haemodynamics associated with no significant electrocardiogram abnormalities is a good prognostic factor of survival for acute type A aortic dissection repair.

OBJECTIVES: Acute type A aortic dissection (AAD) is a medical emergency with high mortality even with emergency repair. We explored the prognostic factors of in-hospital mortality for AAD repair. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-three consecutive patients operated on for AAD between 1997 and 2011 were enrolled in our study. They were assigned to the in-hospital mortality or the survival group. We evaluated 101 variables to predict in-hospital mortality. All data were collected retrospectively. RESULTS: The 30-day mortality, including intraoperative deaths, was 12.8% (17/133 patients) and in-hospital mortality was 18.0% (24/133). Univariate analysis disclosed 10 significant prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis confirmed that preoperative shock or hypotension (odds ratio (OR) = 4.71; P = 0.004), an initial 24 h of bleeding >1500 ml (OR = 5.17; P = 0.01) and age ≥ 75 years (OR = 3.70; P = 0.019) were independent prognostic factors of in-hospital mortality. On the contrary, an electrocardiogram (ECG) showing no abnormalities (OR = 0.22; P = 0.008) is a good prognostic factor for survival. Interestingly, patients with stable haemodynamics without abnormal ECG findings had an excellent result of 1.6% (1/63) in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Stable haemodynamics and no significant abnormal ECG findings predicted excellent in-hospital survival. Cardiac surgeons and cardiologists should be aware of these positive predictors when treating patients diagnosed with AAD.

An unusual fatal penetrating coronary artery injury with effective perioperative management.

We report here an uncommon anterior chest trauma with an unusual fatal penetrating coronary artery injury by pneumatic nail gun with effective perioperative management. While doing upholstery, a 32-year-old male patient accidentally stabbed by a pneumatic nail gun with injury to the anterior chest was brought to the emergency room of our hospital. Persistent chest pain with unstable vital signs and no external injury except for a faint ecchymosis on anterior chest were noted at arrival. Sixty-four-slice computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a foreign body completely embedded in the chest wall penetrating the left ventricle, with the coronary artery also suspected of being involved because of ST-T changes of V2 to V6 on electrocardiography. Three-dimensional reconstructive CT scans showed a penetrating injury to the left anterior descending coronary artery without complete transection. Thereafter, we performed the operation of nail removal with direct repair of coronary artery that was scheduled based on the image findings preoperatively, and the operation was smoothly performed without coronary artery cardiopulmonary bypass and grafting bypass effectively and simply. He was discharged uneventfully 14 days later. Another CT scan was performed which showed patency of repaired coronary artery 3 months later.

Labedipinedilol-A prevents lysophosphatidylcholine-induced vascular smooth muscle cell death through reducing reactive oxygen species production and anti-apoptosis.

OBJECTIVE: Labedipinedilol-A, a novel calcium antagonist, has been previously demonstrated to have pleiotropic protective effects in the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to investigate its cytoprotective effects in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) treated with lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), a key lipid component mediating atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS: VSMCs were incubated with lysoPC with or without labedipinedilol-A pretreatment to determine its effects on lysoPC-induced cell death, Ca(2+) influx, oxidative stress, MAPK signaling and apoptosis. Labedipinedilol-A attenuated lysoPC-induced cell death and Ca(2+) influx. It also reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production evoked by lysoPC and down-regulated expressions of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits, Nox1 and Rac1. Moreover, it inhibited lysoPC-induced phosphorylation of MAPK including ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. It mitigated the dissipation of mitochondrial transmembrane potential induced by lysoPC. Lastly, labedipinedilol-A inhibited lysoPC-induced apoptosis with attenuation of caspase-3/-9 activations and modulation of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expressions. CONCLUSION: Labedipinedilol-A can suppress lysoPC-induced VSMCs death via reducing ROS production and anti-apoptosis. These protective effects are potentially mediated through the inhibition of Ca(2+) influx, down-regulation of the NAD(P)H oxidase subunits (Nox1/Rac1) and MAPK signaling, and attenuation of mitochondrial depolarization. Thus, labedipinedilol-A may have a valuable role in the preventing atherosclerosis associated with hyperlipidemia.

Easy category for complex congenital cardiac segmental connections.

To clarify the variant complex congenital cardiac defects, Van Praagh introduced a system of segmental sets to classify the majority of congenital heart diseases, but the code system entails some confusion for complete understanding. We attempted to recategorize the variant sets into four subgroups according to the connection of the atrial-ventricular and ventricular-arterial segments. This complexity can simply be grouped into four subgroups with regularities. From a simple table so formed, we can quickly ascertain the hemodynamics and the circulatory physiology, and therefore quickly determine the treatment protocol for variant complex hearts.

An avoidable complication of percutaneous coronary intervention-entrapment of stent and disconnected balloon catheter.

During percutaneous coronary intervention, entrapment of catheter materials is a rare but life-threatening complication that sometimes requires emergency surgical treatment. Coronary artery stents have been developed to prevent acute coronary closure and reduce restenosis after coronary angioplasty. The most frequently reported complications of coronary stents are related to stent thrombosis and anticoagulation problems. This case study describes a 60-year-old female who had stable angina pectoris and underwent stent insertion into the left circumflex artery. Unfortunately, the coronary stent with balloon catheter was entrapped while crossing the angulated segment between the left circumflex and left main coronary artery. The stent catheter was surgically removed, and the patient underwent coronary artery bypass grafting successfully. Physicians should keep in mind that extremely angulated segments may reduce the successful rate of coronary stenting and contribute to the stent entrapment complication.