Comprehensive phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses of global Senecavirus A.

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a member of the genus Senecavirus in the family Picornaviridae that infects pigs and shows symptoms similar to foot and mouth diseases and other vesicular diseases. It is difficult to prevent, thus, causing tremendous economic loss to the pig industry. However, the global transmission routes of SVA and its natural origins remain unclear. In this study, we processed representative SVA sequences from the GenBank database along with 10 newly isolated SVA strains from the field samples collected from our lab to explore the origins, population characteristics, and transmission patterns of SVA. The SVA strains were firstly systematically divided into eight clades including Clade I-VII and Clade Ancestor based on the maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Phylogeographic and phylodynamics analysis within the Bayesian statistical framework revealed that SVA originated in the United States in the 1980s and afterward spread to different countries and regions. Our analysis of viral transmission routes also revealed its historical spread from the United States and the risk of the global virus prevalence. Overall, our study provided a comprehensive assessment of the phylogenetic characteristics, origins, history, and geographical evolution of SVA on a global scale, unlocking insights into developing efficient disease management strategies.

Upregulation of IRF9 Contributes to Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation During Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is a critical pathological feature in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) accelerated PASMCs proliferation by regulating Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) expression and the AKT-GSK3ß signaling pathway. Compared with control groups, the rats treated with chronic hypoxia (CH), monocrotaline (MCT) or sugen5416 combined with chronic hypoxia (SuHx), and mice challenged with CH had significantly thickened pulmonary arterioles and hyperproliferative PASMCs. More importantly, the protein level of IRF9 was found to be elevated in the thickened medial wall of the pulmonary arterioles in all of these PAH models. Notably, overexpression of IRF9 significantly promoted the proliferation of rat and human PASMCs, as evidenced by increased cell counts, EdU-positive cells and upregulated biomarkers of cell proliferation. In contrast, knockdown of IRF9 suppressed the proliferation of rat and human PASMCs. Mechanistically, IRF9 directly restrained PHB1 expression and interacted with AKT to inhibit the phosphorylation of AKT at thr308 site, which finally led to mitochondrial dysfunction and PASMC proliferation. Unsurprisingly, MK2206, a specific inhibitor of AKT, partially reversed the PASMC proliferation inhibited by IRF9 knockdown. Thus, our results suggested that elevation of IRF9 facilitates PASMC proliferation by regulating PHB1 expression and AKT signaling pathway to affect mitochondrial function during the development of PAH, which indicated that targeting IRF9 may serve as a novel strategy to delay the pathological progression of PAH.

Insights into the evolutionary history and epidemiological characteristics of the emerging lineage 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in China.

The newly emerged lineage 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs) (especially the NADC30-like and NADC34-like viruses) have posed a direct threat to the Chinese pig industry since 2013. The phylogenetic, epidemic, and recombinant properties of these viruses have not yet systematically analysed in China. This report presents regular surveillance and field epidemiological studies for PRRSV across China from 2007 to 2019. From over 4,000 detected clinical samples, 70 open reading frame five sequences and four complete genomes of lineage 1 viruses were successfully obtained. Combined with global data, we conducted an extensive and systematic molecular phylogeny analysis using a maximum likelihood tree. The Chinese lineage 1 viruses were clustered, and their temporal and spatial distribution was further explored. Multiple viral introductions of lineage 1 virus from the United States to China were detected, and some became endemic in China. There are three sub-lineage 1 clusters: lineage 1.5 (NADC34-like), lineage 1.6 and New Intro cluster (NADC30-like). These viruses show high genetic diversity and a wide distribution in China, with Henan Province showing the highest diversity. Moreover, Chinese lineage 1 viruses have developed an endemic NADC30-like cluster. The demographic feature of this cluster showed a more or less constant population expansion history with a recent decreasing trend. Moreover, the genome recombination of Chinese lineage 1 with two dominant clusters (Chinese HP-PRRSVs: lineage 8.7 and VR2332-like: lineage 5.1) was frequently detected, both of which have commercial vaccine strains available. Furthermore, recombination hotspots were discovered near NSP9 and ORF2-4 regions of the genome. Overall, these findings provide important insights into the evolution and geographical diversity of Chinese lineage 1 PRRSV. These results will facilitate the development of programmes for the control and prevention of the emerging lineage 1 viruses in China.

A double-network hydrogel for the dynamic compression of the lumbar nerve root.

Current animal models of nerve root compression due to lumbar disc herniation only assess the mechanical compression of nerve roots and the inflammatory response. Moreover, the pressure applied in these models is static, meaning that the nerve root cannot be dynamically compressed. This is very different from the pathogenesis of lumbar disc herniation. In this study, a chitosan/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel was prepared by a simple two-step method. The swelling ratio of the double-network hydrogel increased with prolonged time, reaching 140. The compressive strength and compressive modulus of the hydrogel reached 53.6 and 0.34 MPa, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the hydrogel's crosslinked structure with many interconnecting pores. An MTT assay demonstrated that the number of viable cells in contact with the hydrogel extracts did not significantly change relative to the control surface. Thus, the hydrogel had good biocompatibility. Finally, the double-network hydrogel was used to compress the L4 nerve root of male sand rats to simulate lumbar disc herniation nerve root compression. The hydrogel remained in its original position after compression, and swelled with increasing time. Edema appeared around the nerve root and disappeared 3 weeks after operation. This chitosan/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogel has potential as a new implant material for animal models of lumbar nerve root compression. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Neurosurgical Institute of Beijing, Capital Medical University, China (approval No. 201601006) on July 29, 2016.

EHMT2/G9a Inhibits Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Death by Suppressing Autophagy Activation.

Although EHMT2 (also known as G9a) plays a critical role in several kinds of cancers and cardiac remodeling, its function in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remains unknown. In the present study, we revealed a novel function of EHMT2 in regulating autophagic cell death (ACD) of VSMC. Inhibition of EHMT2 by BIX01294 or knockdown of EHMT2 resulted in reduced VSMC numbers which were independent of proliferation and apoptosis. Interestingly, EHMT2 protein levels were significantly decreased in VSMCs treated with autophagic inducers. Moreover, more autophagic vacuoles and accumulated LC3II were detected in VSMCs treated with BIX01294 or lenti-shEHMT2 than their counterparts. Furthermore, we found that EHMT2 inhibited the ACD of VSMCs by suppressing autophagosome formation. Mechanistically, the pro-autophagic effect elicited by EHMT2 inhibition was associated with SQSTM1 and BECN1 overexpression. Moreover, these detrimental effects were largely nullified by SQSTM1 or BECN1 knockdown. More importantly, similar results were observed in primary human aortic VSMCs. Overall, these findings suggest that EHMT2 functions as a crucial negative regulator of ACD via decreasing SQSTM1 or BECN1 expression and that EHMT2 could be a potent therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases (e.g., aortic dissection).

First report and genetic diversity of porcine bufavirus in China.

BACKGROUND: Bufavirus is a newly discovered zoonotic virus reported in numerous mammals and humans. However, the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of porcine bufaviruses (PBuVs) in China remain unclear. METHODS: To detect PBuVs in China, 384 samples (92 fecal and 292 serum specimens) were collected from 2017 to 2018, covering six provinces in China, and were evaluated by nested PCR. Further, the positive samples from different provinces were selected to obtain the complete genome of Chinese PBuVs. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of PBuV was 16.7% in Chinese domestic pigs in the Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Henan provinces. Additionally, the positive rate of fecal specimens was higher than that of the serum samples. Next, we sequenced nine near-complete genomes of Chinese field PBuV strains from different provinces. Homology and phylogenetic analyses indicated that Chinese PBuVs have high genetic variation (93.3-99.2%), showed higher nucleotide identity with an Austrian PBuV strain (KU867071.1), and developed into different branches within the same cluster. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report on PBuV in China, expanding the geographic boundaries of PBuV circulation. Our data demonstrate that PBuVs are widely distributed in the six Chinese provinces. Moreover, these Chinese PBuVs exhibit genetic variation and continuous evolution characteristics. Taken together, our findings provide a foundation for future studies on bufaviruses.

Development of an integral strategy for non-target and target analysis of site-specific potential contaminants in surface water: A case study of Dianshan Lake, China.

Surface water contains a large number of potential pollutants and their transformation products, which cannot be discovered by normal target analysis alone. To detect site-specific and unknown contaminants in the environment, we established an integral analytical strategy based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) combined with data processing using specific software (Compound Discoverer 3.0). In this case study of Dianshan Lake, 95 potential contaminants were tentatively identified and ranked by the scoring system. Then, the 95 compounds were categorized into 4 subgroups: pesticides, drugs, plastic additives and surfactants. To determine the sources and distribution of those pollutants, 4 heat maps were developed based on the sum of peak areas of respective categories. In addition, 19 substances with high exposure risk among the 95 compounds tentatively identified were confirmed and quantified. In the present study, the analytical strategy with non-target screening followed by target analysis demonstrated that pesticides and plastic additives are the two dominant types of contaminants in Dianshan Lake. High accuracy and high-resolution data combined with integrated software provided abundant information for the identification of a wide range of potential contaminants in the environment. This approach can be a useful tool for the simple and rapid screening and tentative detection of site-specific contaminants.

Association between Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index and Offspring Neuropsychological Development from 1 to 24 Months of Age: A Birth Cohort Study in China.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the interactions between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and age on offspring neuropsychological development from 1 to 24 months in China. METHODS: In this birth cohort study, a total of 2,253 mother-child pairs were enrolled in Tianjin, China, between July 2015 and May 2018. The China Developmental Scale for Children was used to assess developmental quotient (DQ) of children aged from 1 to 24 months. RESULTS: Mixed-models analysis revealed significant age × pre-pregnancy BMI interactions for total DQ and five neurobehavioral domains (gross motor, fine motor, adaptive, language, and social; P < 0.001). Age × pre-pregnancy BMI ⪖ 25 kg/m2 was associated with a negative effect on total DQ and five neurobehavioral domains, as compared to pre-pregnancy BMI < 25 kg/m2 (P < 0.01). Multiple comparisons showed pre-pregnancy BMI ⪖ 25 kg/m2 of mothers had a positive effect on child total DQ at the age of 1 month but a negative effect at 24 months (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study supported the age × pre-pregnancy BMI interaction on offspring neuropsychological development. It also revealed a short-term positive impact of high pre-pregnancy BMI on neuropsychological development at 1 month of age, but a long-term negative effect (from 1 to 24 months).

Ginsenoside Rg1 Suppresses Type 2 PRRSV Infection via NF-κB Signaling Pathway In Vitro, and Provides Partial Protection against HP-PRRSV in Piglet.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a huge threat to the modern pig industry, and current vaccine prevention strategies could not provide full protection against it. Therefore, exploring new anti-PRRSV strategies is urgently needed. Ginsenoside Rg1, derived from ginseng and notoginseng, is shown to exert anti-inflammatory, neuronal apoptosis-suppressing and anti-oxidant effects. Here we demonstrate Rg1-inhibited PRRSV infection both in Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in a dose-dependent manner. Rg1 treatment affected multiple steps of the PRRSV lifecycle, including virus attachment, replication and release at concentrations of 10 or 50 µM. Meanwhile, Rg1 exhibited broad inhibitory activities against Type 2 PRRSV, including highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) XH-GD and JXA1, NADC-30-like strain HNLY and classical strain VR2332. Mechanistically, Rg1 reduced mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α, and decreased NF-κB signaling activation triggered by PRRSV infection. Furthermore, 4-week old piglets intramuscularly treated with Rg1 after being challenged with the HP-PRRSV JXA1 strain display moderate lung injury, decreased viral load in serum and tissues, and an improved survival rate. Collectively, our study provides research basis and supportive clinical data for using Ginsenoside Rg1 in PRRSV therapies in swine.

Folic acid contributes to peripheral nerve injury repair by promoting Schwann cell proliferation, migration, and secretion of nerve growth factor.

After peripheral nerve injury, intraperitoneal injection of folic acid improves axon quantity, increases axon density and improves electromyography results. However, the mechanisms for this remain unclear. This study explored whether folic acid promotes peripheral nerve injury repair by affecting Schwann cell function. Primary Schwann cells were obtained from rats by in vitro separation and culture. Cell proliferation, assayed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, was higher in cells cultured for 72 hours with 100 mg/L folic acid compared with the control group. Cell proliferation was also higher in the 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L folic acid groups compared with the control group after culture for 96 hours. Proliferation was markedly higher in the 100 mg/L folic acid group compared with the 50 mg/L folic acid group and the 40 ng/L nerve growth factor group. In Transwell assays, the number of migrated Schwann cells dramatically increased after culture with 100 and 150 mg/L folic acid compared with the control group. In nerve growth factor enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, treatment of Schwann cell cultures with 50, 100, and 150 mg/L folic acid increased levels of nerve growth factor in the culture medium compared with the control group at 3 days. The nerve growth factor concentration of Schwann cell cultures treated with 100 mg/L folic acid group was remarkably higher than that in the 50 and 150 mg/L folic acid groups at 3 days. Nerve growth factor concentration in the 10, 50, and 100 mg/L folic acid groups was higher than that in the control group at 7 days. The nerve growth factor concentration in the 50 mg/L folic acid group was remarkably higher than that in the 10 and 100 mg/L folic acid groups at 7 days. In vivo, 80 µg/kg folic acid was intraperitoneally administrated for 7 consecutive days after sciatic nerve injury. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the number of Schwann cells in the folic acid group was greater than that in the control group. We suggest that folic acid may play a role in improving the repair of peripheral nerve injury by promoting the proliferation and migration of Schwann cells and the secretion of nerve growth factors.

Regional whole-course trauma care - Experiences from a county-level hospital.

Fifty percent of the deaths caused by severe trauma occur within 1 h after injury. With the concepts of "golden 1 h" and "platinum 10 min", the professionals in the field of emergency trauma treatment have agreed on the necessity of establishing a rapid and efficient trauma rescue system. However, due to the size of the hospital, the population in the neighborhood, the local economic conditions and geographical features, how to establish an optimal trauma rescue system remains an issue. In this paper, we introduced our experiences in a county-level hospital located in middle-and high-income areas.

Non-invasive quantification of age-related changes in the vertebral endplate in rats using in vivo DCE-MRI.

BACKGROUND: Small animal models that can mimic degenerative disc disease (DDD) are commonly used to examine DDD progression. However, assessments such as histological studies and macroscopic measurements do not allow for longitudinal studies because they can only be completed after the animal is sacrificed. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) may provide a reliable, non-invasive in vivo method for detecting the progression. METHODS: The present study investigated the progression of changes in lumbar discs and the effect of endplate conditions on diffusion into the lumbar discs of aging sand rats after intravenous administration of gadolinium-containing contrast medium through the tail vein. Contrast enhancement was measured in the lumbar intervertebral discs on each image. The results were compared with those from conventional histological characterizations. RESULTS: T2-weighted images revealed that with aging, the shape of L3-L4, L4-L5, L5-L6, and L6-S1 nucleus pulposus (NP) became irregular, while the mean areas, signal intensities, and T2 values of the NP were significantly decreased. Each of the observed disc changes demonstrated a progressive increase in phase during 2-min scout scans. Post-contrast MRI showed impaired endplate nutritional diffusion to the disc with aging, enhancement was significantly greater in young animals than in old animals. Endplate calcification or sclerosis was histologically confirmed; histologic score was correlated with the age. We found the histological score of the endplate negatively corresponded to the DCE-MRI results. CONCLUSIONS: DCE-MRI studies offer a non-invasive in vivo method for investigating the progress of diffusion into the discs and the functional conditions of the endplate. We conclude that quantitative DCE-MRI can identify the severity of disc degeneration and efficiently reflect the progression of vertebral endplate changes in the aging sand rat lumbar spine via the NP contrast enhancement patterns.

A novel azopyridine-based Ru(II) complex with GSH-responsive DNA photobinding ability.

A novel azopyridine-based Ru(II) complex [Ru(bpy)2(L1)2](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, L1 = 4,4'-azopyridine) was designed and synthesized as a potential glutathione (GSH)-responsive photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) agent, the DNA covalent binding capability of which can only be activated after GSH reduction and visible light irradiation.

Affection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in miR-27a, miR-124a, and miR-146a on susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese Han people.

BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms of microRNA (miRNA), as a novel mechanism, are closely associated with disease states by interfering with miRNA function. Direct correlations have been identified between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA, but the effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset among Chinese population remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify correlations between common SNPs in miR-27a, miR-146a, and miR-124a with T2DM among a Chinese population, as well as to explore diabetic pathological mechanisms and the impact of environmental factors. METHODS: SNPscan technology was used to genotype 995 patients newly diagnosed with T2DM and 967 controls. Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare mutation frequencies between cases and controls. RESULTS: We found no significant correlations between all genotypes of these miRNAs and T2DM in our research. However, stratification analysis identified a lower risk of T2DM associated with the rs531564GC genotype among younger subjects (age < 45 years) (adjusted P = 0.043; odds ratio [OR] = 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.54-0.99). Furthermore, the rs895819CC genotype in overweight people (24 ≤ body mass index [BMI] < 28) was significantly associated with an increased risk of T2DM (adjusted P = 0.042; OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.02-2.94), while the rs2910164 genotype in miR-146a was not significantly correlated with T2DM. The genetic risk score was calculated based on the number of risk alleles of the three SNPs and was found to be correlated to total cholesterol (adjusted P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: The rs531564GC genotype acted as a protective factor to decrease the risk of T2DM in younger subjects (age < 45 years), while the presence of the rs895819CC genotype increased the risk of illness among overweight subjects (24 ≤ BMI < 28 kg/m 2 ). The presence of SNPs in miRNA might promote disease by affecting miRNA expression and gene function. Thus, miRNA mimics or inhibitors that directly regulate miRNA expression present novel and promising therapeutic targets.

BODIPY-modified Ru(II) arene complex--a new ligand dissociation mechanism and a novel strategy to red shift the photoactivation wavelength of anticancer metallodrugs.

A Ru(II) arene complex [(η(6)-p-cymene)Ru(bpy)(py-BODIPY)](PF(6))(2), where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and py-BODIPY is a 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene dye containing a pyridine group at the 8-position, was designed and synthesized. BODIPY modification renders the monodentate pyridine ligand with long wavelength absorbing capability, and an absorption maximum at 504 nm. Upon selective irradiation of the absorption band of the py-BODIPY ligand, the dissociation of the monodentate ligand occurs efficiently, followed by substitution by 9-ethylguanine if it is present in the solution. The photoinduced ligand dissociation quantum yield was measured to be 4.1% at 480 nm. The photoinduced electron transfer from the BODIPY chromophore to the Ru(II) arene moiety plays an important role in the ligand dissociation. Such a photosensitization strategy can be utilized to develop novel anticancer metallodrugs that may respond to light in the phototherapeutic window (650-900 nm).

The sol-gel process synthesis of GdAl3(BO3)4:Eu3+ nanophosphors.

GdAl3(BO3)4:Eu3+ red phosphors were prepared using citric acid as complex agent by sol-gel technique. The preparation conditions of the precursor synthesis, including crystallization temperature and crystallization time were investigated. Their structure and luminescence properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that GdAl3(BO3)4:Eu3+ phosphor crystallized at 960 degrees C for 2 h have been synthesized by sol-gel method. The phosphor is distributed into hexagonal system and the lattice parameters are a = 9.2992 nm c = 7.2577 nm. The excitation spectrum of Gd(0.95)Al3(BO3)4:Eu(0.05)3+ samples is complex and the frequency scale is wide. It consists of a number of main excitation transitions namely 8S(7/2) --> 6IJ (270 nm) of Gd3+, and the others 7F0 --> 5L6 (400 nm), 7F0 --> 5D2 (472 nm) and 7F0 --> 5D1 (542 nm) of Eu3+. The main emission peaks are 614 nm and 619 nm, which are the characteristic emission peaks of Eu3+. These emission peaks correspond to the transition from 5D0 to 7F2 of Eu3+. The shape and the wavelength range of the emission spectrum are similar when the sample was excited by different excitation spectrum. Only the relative intensity of the emission peaks is different from each other.

Study on luminescence behavior of BaAl12O19:Tb, Eu.

BaAl12O19:Tb, Eu phosphors were prepared by sol-gel technique. The luminescence properties and the energy transfer between Eu2+ and Tb3+ were investigated. For BaAll2O19:Tb phosphor, the strongest excitation peak and emission peak produced from Tb3+ transition of 5D4-7F5 were at 240 nm and at 550 nm respectively, while the peak shape was narrow and peak intensity was large. The Eu2+ added in the BaAl12O19:Tb induced energy transfer to Tb3+ and different color luminescence from blue (400 nm) to green (570 nm) was obtained by changing the ratio of Tb3+/Eu2+ with excitation at 240 nm.

Preparation of Eu3+-Y3+ coactivating Na+ based red-emitting luminous materials for light-emitting diodes and investigation of its characteristics.

By solid-state reaction and doping, a series of red-emitting phosphors Na(x)Y(0.92-x/3)(MoO(4))(y)(WO(4))(1-y)O(0.5) : zEu(3+) have been synthesized. Through optimization of the process conditions and photoluminescent analysis, one type of red emission is obtained that matches nicely with ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) chips.

Instense red phosphors for UV light emitting diode devices.

Ca(x)Sr1-x-1.5y-0.5zMoO4:yEu3+ zNa+ red phosphors were prepared by solid-state reaction using Na+ as charge supply for LEDs (light emitting diodes). The content of charge compensator, Ca2+ concentration, synthesis temperature, reaction time, and Eu3+ concentration were the keys to improving the properties of luminescence and crystal structure of red phosphors. The photoluminescence spectra shows the red phosphors are effectively excited at 616 nm by 311 nm, 395 nm, and 465 nm light. The wavelengths of 395 and 465 nm nicely match the widely applied emission wavelengths of ultraviolet or blue LED chips. Its chromaticity coordinates (CIE) are calculated to be x = 0.65, y = 0.32. Bright red light can be observed by the naked eye from the LED-based Ca0.60Sr0.25MoO4:0.08Eu3+ 0.06Na+.

A red-emitting phosphor and its luminescent properties.

Under 616 nm monitoring, excitation peaks at 395, 465, and 535 nm were observed for the red-emitting phosphor Li(0.3)Y(0.82)Mo(0.1)W(0.9)O(4+delta): 0.08Eu(3+) (LYMW), which was synthesized using the solid-state method. Particularly in the range of 250 to 420 nm, excited peaks can be assigned to the transitions of O(2-)-->Mo(6+)/W(6+)/Eu(3+) and four sharp peaks can be assigned to the 4f-4f transition of Eu(3+) (approximately 360 nm from the (7)F(0)-->(5)D(4) transition, approximately 380 nm from the (7)F(0)-->(5)L(7) transition, approximately 395 nm from the (7)F(0)-->(5)(L6) transition, and approximately 415 nm from the (7)F(0)-->(5)D(3) transition).