Non-invasive blood glucose detection system based on conservation of energy method.

The most common method used for minimizing the occurrence of diabetes complications is frequent glucose testing to adjust the insulin dose. However, using blood glucose (BG) meters presents a risk of infection. It is of great importance to develop non-invasive BG detection techniques. To realize high-accuracy, low-cost and continuous glucose monitoring, we have developed a non-invasive BG detection system using a mixed signal processor 430 (MSP430) microcontroller. This method is based on the combination of the conservation-of-energy method with a sensor integration module, which collects physiological parameters, such as the blood oxygen saturation (SPO2), blood flow velocity and heart rate. New methods to detect the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and BV are proposed, which combine the human body heat balance and characteristic signals of photoplethysmography as well dual elastic chambers theory. Four hundred clinical trials on real-time non-invasive BG monitoring under suitable experiment conditions were performed on different individuals, including diabetic patients, senior citizens and healthy adults. A multisensory information fusion model was applied to process these samples. The algorithm (we defined it as DCBPN algorithm) applied in the model combines a decision tree and back propagation neural network, which classifies the physiological and environmental parameters into three categories, and then establishes a corresponding prediction model for the three categories. The DCBPN algorithm provides an accuracy of 88.53% in predicting the BG of new samples. Thus, this system demonstrates a great potential to reliably detect BG values in a non-invasive setting.

Interaction Study of Ferrocene Derivatives and Heme by UV-Vis Spectroscopy.

The interaction between ferrocene derivatives, such as Fc(COOH)2(λmax=286 nm), Fc(OBt)2(λmax=305 nm), Fc(Cys)(λmax=289 nm) and heme(λmax=386 nm) were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy, respectively. The results show that, when the concentration of heme is fixed, the absorbance of heme increases with the increase of Fc(COOH)2 and Fc(Cys) concentration, the absorbance of heme almost keep the same when Fc(OBt)2 concentration increases; when the concentration of ferrocene derivatives are fixed, the absorbance of Fc(COOH)2 and Fc(Cys) also increases with the increase of heme concentration, the absorbance of Fc(OBt)2 almost keep the same when heme concentration increase. It is demonstrated that the hydrogen bonding interactions happen between Fc(COOH)2, Fc(Cys) and heme, none of Fc(OBt)2, the formation of hydrogen bonding lead to the growth of molecular chain, the bigger molecule can absorb more energy and increase the absorbance. Meanwhile, the stability of molecule is affected by the formation of hydrogen bonding, when the reaction time increases from 0.5 h to 18 h and 48 h, the absorbance at λmax=384 nm change from 2.64 to 2.53 and 2.51 with fixed concentration of Fc(COOH)2, the absorbance at λmax=384 nm change from 1.76 to 1.72 and 1.68 with fixed concentration of heme, the absorbance at λmax=397 nm change from 2.74 to 2.63 and 2.55 with fixed concentration of Fc(Cys), and the absorbance at λmax=397 nm change from 1.82 to 1.58 and 1.49 with fixed concentration of heme, respectively.

[Design and experiment of a needle-to-cylinder electrode structure realizing the negative DC glow discharge in ambient air].

A new needle-to-cylinder electrode structure was designed to realize the stable glow discharge in ambient air. The stainless steel needle tip with diameter 56.4 microm and the copper cylinder with diameter 4mm were chosen as the cathode and the anode respectively, which were kept parallel by accurate mechanical structure. In the condition that the distance between the needle and the cylinder is 2 mm, the ballasting resistor is 10 M(omega), the discharge resistor is 10 M(omega), the testing resistor is 1 k(omega), and the discharge voltage is -2 740 V, without air flow in ambient air and at room temperature, the stable glow discharge between the needle and the cylinder was realized. Three different discharge modes can be observed: corona discharge, glow discharge and spark, which were verified by the discharge waveform stored in the oscilloscope, and the discharge pictures were recorded by digital camera. The needle-to-cylinder electrode structure is easy to fabricate by the MEMS technology, which can be used as the ion source of the portable analyzing instruments.

Which models are appropriate for six subtropical forests: species-area and species-abundance models.

The species-area relationship is one of the most important topic in the study of species diversity, conservation biology and landscape ecology. The species-area relationship curves describe the increase of species number with increasing area, and have been modeled by various equations. In this paper, we used detailed data from six 1-ha subtropical forest communities to fit three species-area relationship models. The coefficient of determination and F ratio of ANOVA showed all the three models fitted well to the species-area relationship data in the subtropical communities, with the logarithm model performing better than the other two models. We also used the three species-abundance distributions, namely the lognormal, logcauchy and logseries model, to fit them to the species-abundance data of six communities. In this case, the logcauchy model had the better fit based on the coefficient of determination. Our research reveals that the rare species always exist in the six communities, corroborating the neutral theory of Hubbell. Furthermore, we explained why all species-abundance figures appeared to be left-side truncated. This was due to subtropical forests have high diversity, and their large species number includes many rare species.

[Research on serum prostate-specific antigen measurement by characteristic spectral imaging method].

A serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement method was studied using characteristic spectral imaging method and immunochromatography-based colloidal gold-marked test-strips. An annular light source made of LEDs in the range from 520 to 535 nm irradiated the test-strips sampled by PSA in darkroom, and then the photograph of the test-strip was captured by the CCD industrial camera an d transferred to PC. Th e characteristic value of the test line on t he test-strip wa s acquired bythe Quantitative Testing Software on PC using grey level transformation and image segmentation, and then the relationship between the characteristic value and PSA level could be ascertained by cubic polynomial fitting method. Some experiments were completed by 25 blood samples which were taken from one man with no prostate disease and 24 men with prostate disease, and then the correlation coefficient between the measurement values and the true values equals to 0.924. In addition, when the PSA level in the blood sample is lower than 25 ng.mL-1, the measurement accuracy is higher than that when the PSA level in the blood sample exceeds 25 ng.mL-1. The experimental results proved that the proposed method for serum PSA level measurement is feasible.

[Research on serum prostate-specific antigen measurement by characteristic spectral absorption method].

A serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measurement method was studied using immunochromatography-based colloidal gold-marked test-strips and characteristic spectral absorption method. Some LEDs in the range from 520 to 535 nm irradiated the test-strips sampled by PSA, and then a photodiode in the range from 520 to 540 nm measured the reflex light at the specific area. Accordingly, the absorbency of the strip could be calculated, then the relationship between PSA level and strip absorbency could be ascertained by linear fit method. The experimental measurement system was calibrated by different PSA standard solutions in this research. As a result, in the range between 5 to 50 ng x mL(-1), the levels of PSA have a linear relationship with the absorbency of test-strips. Some experiments were completed by 21 different PSA standard solutions within that range, and then the correlation coefficient of the results is equal to 0.910, which proves that the proposed method for serum PSA level measurement is feasible.

Probing DNA hybridization efficiency and single base mismatch by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

We demonstrated the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to study DNA hybridization. Target DNA labeled with hexachloro-fluorescein (HEX) was hybridized to DNA arrays with four different probes. Each probe dot of the hybridized arrays was detected with XPS. The XPS Cl2p peak areas were found to decrease with an increase in mismatched bases in DNA probes. The Cl2p core-level peak area ratio of a probe perfectly matched to one, two and three base-mismatched probes accorded well with the results of conventional fluorescent imaging, which shows that XPS is a potential tool for analyzing DNA arrays. The DNA arrays' hybridization efficiency was assessed by the molar ratio of chlorine to phosphorus in a DNA strand, which was determined from the relevant XPS Cl2p and P2p core-level peak areas after hybridization. This could provide a new method to detect DNA hybridization efficiency.

Design of a cardiac monitor in terms of parameters of QRS complex.

Objective. To design a portable cardiac monitor system based on the available ordinary ECG machine and works on the basis of QRS parameters. Method. The 80196 single chip microcomputer was used as the central microprocessor and real time electrocardiac signal was collected and analyzed [correction of analysized] in the system. Result. Apart from the performance of an ordinary monitor, this machine possesses also the following functions: arrhythmia analysis, HRV analysis, alarm, freeze, and record of automatic papering. Convenient in carrying, the system is powered by AC or DC sources. Stability, low power and low cost are emphasized in the hardware design; and modularization method is applied in software design. Conclusion. Popular in usage and low cost made the portable monitor system suitable for use under simple conditions.

[The design of a cardiac monitoring and analysing system with low power consumption].

The paper deals with a portable analyzing monitor system with liquid crystal display (LCD), which is low in power consumption and suitable for China's specific conditions. Apart from the development of the overall scheme of the system, the paper introduces the design of the hardware and the software. The 80196 single chip microcomputer is used as the central microprocessor to process and real-time electrocardiac signal data. The system have the following functions: five types of arrhythmia analysis, alarm, freeze, and record of automatic paperfeeding. The portable system can be operated by alternate-current (AC) or direct-current (DC). Its hardware circuit is simplified and its software structure is optimized. Multiple low power consumption and LCD unit are adopted in its modular designs.