Atomic Scale Responses of High Entropy Oxides to Redox Environments.

The potential of high entropy oxides (HEOs) as high-performance energy storage materials and catalysts has been mainly understood through their bulk structures. However, the importance of their surfaces, which may play an even more critical role, remains largely unknown. In this study, we employed advanced scanning transmission electron microscopy to investigate the atomic-scale structural and chemical responses of CeYLaHfTiZrOx HEOs to high-temperature redox environments. Our observations reveal dynamic elemental and structural reconstructions in the surface of HEOs under different gas environments, contrasting with the high stability of the bulk structure. Notably, the surfaces of HEO particles consistently exhibit abundant oxygen vacancies, regardless of the redox environment. These findings indicate that HEOs offer distinct advantages in facilitating chemical and electrochemical reactions, relying on oxygen vacancies. Our results also suggest that the exceptional performance of HEOs in energy storage applications arises from surface structural and chemical adaptability.

Unveiling the Stability of Encapsulated Pt Catalysts Using Nanocrystals and Atomic Layer Deposition.

Platinum exhibits desirable catalytic properties, but it is scarce and expensive. Optimizing its use in key applications such as emission control catalysis is important to reduce our reliance on such a rare element. Supported Pt nanoparticles (NPs) used in emission control systems deactivate over time because of particle growth in sintering processes. In this work, we shed light on the stability against sintering of Pt NPs supported on and encapsulated in Al2O3 using a combination of nanocrystal catalysts and atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. We find that small amounts of alumina overlayers created by ALD on preformed Pt NPs can stabilize supported Pt catalysts, significantly reducing deactivation caused by sintering, as previously observed by others. Combining theoretical and experimental insights, we correlate this behavior to the decreased propensity of oxidized Pt species to undergo Ostwald ripening phenomena because of the physical barrier imposed by the alumina overlayers. Furthermore, we find that highly stable catalysts can present an abundance of under-coordinated Pt sites after restructuring of both Pt particles and alumina overlayers at a high temperature (800 °C) in C3H6 oxidation conditions. The enhanced stability significantly improves the Pt utilization efficiency after accelerated aging treatments, with encapsulated Pt catalysts reaching reaction rates more than two times greater than those of a control supported Pt catalyst.

Calibrating cryogenic temperature of TEM specimens using EELS.

Cryogenic Scanning/Transmission Electron Microscopy has been established as a leading method to image sensitive biological samples and is now becoming a powerful tool to understand materials' behavior at low temperatures. However, achieving precise local temperature calibration at low temperatures remains a challenge, which is especially crucial for studying phase transitions and emergent physical properties in quantum materials. In this study, we employ electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to measure local cryogenic specimen temperatures. We use the temperature-dependent characteristics of aluminum's bulk plasmon peak in EEL spectra, which shifts due to changes in electron density caused by thermal expansion and contraction. We successfully demonstrate the versatility of this method by calibrating different liquid nitrogen cooling holders in various microscopes, regardless of whether a monochromated or non-monochromated electron beam is used. Temperature discrepancies between the actual temperature and the setpoint temperatures are identified across a range from room temperature to 100 K. This work demonstrates the importance of temperature calibrations at intermediate temperatures and presents a straightforward, robust method for calibrating local temperatures of cryogenically-cooled specimens in electron microscopes.

High-speed 4-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy using compressive sensing techniques.

Here we show that compressive sensing allows 4-dimensional (4-D) STEM data to be obtained and accurately reconstructed with both high-speed and reduced electron fluence. The methodology needed to achieve these results compared to conventional 4-D approaches requires only that a random subset of probe locations is acquired from the typical regular scanning grid, which immediately generates both higher speed and the lower fluence experimentally. We also consider downsampling of the detector, showing that oversampling is inherent within convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns and that detector downsampling does not reduce precision but allows faster experimental data acquisition. Analysis of an experimental atomic resolution yttrium silicide dataset shows that it is possible to recover over 25 dB peak signal-to-noise ratio in the recovered phase using 0.3% of the total data. Lay abstract: Four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4-D STEM) is a powerful technique for characterizing complex nanoscale structures. In this method, a convergent beam electron diffraction pattern (CBED) is acquired at each probe location during the scan of the sample. This means that a 2-dimensional signal is acquired at each 2-D probe location, equating to a 4-D dataset. Despite the recent development of fast direct electron detectors, some capable of 100kHz frame rates, the limiting factor for 4-D STEM is acquisition times in the majority of cases, where cameras will typically operate on the order of 2kHz. This means that a raster scan containing 256^2 probe locations can take on the order of 30s, approximately 100-1000 times longer than a conventional STEM imaging technique using monolithic radial detectors. As a result, 4-D STEM acquisitions can be subject to adverse effects such as drift, beam damage, and sample contamination. Recent advances in computational imaging techniques for STEM have allowed for faster acquisition speeds by way of acquiring only a random subset of probe locations from the field of view. By doing this, the acquisition time is significantly reduced, in some cases by a factor of 10-100 times. The acquired data is then processed to fill-in or inpaint the missing data, taking advantage of the inherently low-complex signals which can be linearly combined to recover the information. In this work, similar methods are demonstrated for the acquisition of 4-D STEM data, where only a random subset of CBED patterns are acquired over the raster scan. We simulate the compressive sensing acquisition method for 4-D STEM and present our findings for a variety of analysis techniques such as ptychography and differential phase contrast. Our results show that acquisition times can be significantly reduced on the order of 100-300 times, therefore improving existing frame rates, as well as further reducing the electron fluence beyond just using a faster camera.

Dynamic structural evolution of MgO-supported palladium catalysts: from metal to metal oxide nanoparticles to surface then subsurface atomically dispersed cations.

Supported noble metal catalysts, ubiquitous in chemical technology, often undergo dynamic transformations between reduced and oxidized states-which influence the metal nuclearities, oxidation states, and catalytic properties. In this investigation, we report the results of in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and other physical characterization techniques, bolstered by density functional theory, to elucidate the structural transformations of a set of MgO-supported palladium catalysts under oxidative treatment conditions. As the calcination temperature increased, the as-synthesized supported metallic palladium nanoparticles underwent oxidation to form palladium oxides (at approximately 400 °C), which, at approximately 500 °C, were oxidatively fragmented to form mixtures of atomically dispersed palladium cations. The data indicate two distinct types of atomically dispersed species: palladium cations located at MgO steps and those embedded in the first subsurface layer of MgO. The former exhibit significantly higher (>500 times) catalytic activity for ethylene hydrogenation than the latter. The results pave the way for designing highly active and stable supported palladium hydrogenation catalysts with optimized metal utilization.

Giant Modulation of Refractive Index from Picoscale Atomic Displacements.

It is shown that structural disorder-in the form of anisotropic, picoscale atomic displacements-modulates the refractive index tensor and results in the giant optical anisotropy observed in BaTiS3, a quasi-1D hexagonal chalcogenide. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal the presence of antipolar displacements of Ti atoms within adjacent TiS6 chains along the c-axis, and threefold degenerate Ti displacements in the a-b plane. 47/49Ti solid-state NMR provides additional evidence for those Ti displacements in the form of a three-horned NMR lineshape resulting from a low symmetry local environment around Ti atoms. Scanning transmission electron microscopy is used to directly observe the globally disordered Ti a-b plane displacements and find them to be ordered locally over a few unit cells. First-principles calculations show that the Ti a-b plane displacements selectively reduce the refractive index along the ab-plane, while having minimal impact on the refractive index along the chain direction, thus resulting in a giant enhancement in the optical anisotropy. By showing a strong connection between structural disorder with picoscale displacements and the optical response in BaTiS3, this study opens a pathway for designing optical materials with high refractive index and functionalities such as large optical anisotropy and nonlinearity.

Extraordinary Thermal Stability and Sinter Resistance of Sub-2 nm Platinum Nanoparticles Anchored to a Carbon Support by Selenium.

Nanoparticle sintering has long been a major challenge in developing catalytic systems for use at elevated temperatures. Here we report an in situ electron microscopy study of the extraordinary sinter resistance of a catalytic system comprised of sub-2 nm Pt nanoparticles on a Se-decorated carbon support. When heated to 700 °C, the average size of the Pt nanoparticles only increased from 1.6 to 2.2 nm, while the crystal structure, together with the {111} and {100} facets, of the Pt nanoparticles was well retained. Our electron microscopy analyses suggested that the superior resistance against sintering originated from the Pt-Se interaction. Confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray elemental mapping and electron energy loss spectra, the Se atoms surrounding the Pt nanoparticles could survive the heating. This work not only offers an understanding of the physics behind the thermal behavior of this catalytic material but also sheds light on the future development of sinter-resistant catalytic systems.

Thermal Stability of Au Rhombic Dodecahedral Nanocrystals Can Be Greatly Enhanced by Coating Their Surface with an Ultrathin Shell of Pt.

Rhombic dodecahedral nanocrystals have been considered particularly difficult to synthesize because they are enclosed by {110}, a low-index facet with the greatest surface energy. Recently, we demonstrated the use of seed-mediated growth for the facile and robust synthesis of Au rhombic dodecahedral nanocrystals (AuRD). While the unique shape and surface structure of AuRD are desirable for potential applications in plasmonics and catalysis, respectively, their high surface energy makes them highly susceptible to thermal degradation. Here we demonstrate that it is feasible to greatly improve the thermal stability with some sacrifice to the plasmonic properties of the original AuRD by coating their surface with an ultrathin shell made of Pt. Our in situ electron microscopy analysis indicates that the ultrathin Pt coating can increase the thermal stability from 60 up to 450 °C, a trend that is also supported by the results from a computational study.

Tailoring Local Chemical Ordering via Elemental Tuning in High-Entropy Alloys.

Due to the large multi-elemental space desired for property screening and optimization, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) hold greater potential over conventional alloys for a range of applications, such as structural materials, energy conversion, and catalysis. However, the relationship between the HEA composition and its local structural/elemental configuration is not well understood, particularly in noble-metal-based HEA nanomaterials, hindering the design and development of nano-HEAs in energy conversion and catalysis applications. Herein, we determined precise atomic-level structural and elemental arrangements in model HEAs composed of RhPtPdFeCo and RuPtPdFeCo to unveil their local characteristics. Notably, by changing just one constituent element in the HEA (Rh to Ru), we found dramatic changes in the elemental arrangement from complete random mixing to a local single elemental ordering feature. Additionally, we demonstrate that the local ordering in RuPtPdFeCo can be further controlled by varying the Ru concentration, allowing us to toggle between local Ru clustering and distinct heterostructures in multicomponent systems. Overall, our study presents a practical approach for manipulating local atomic structures and elemental arrangements in noble-metal-based HEA systems, which could provide in-depth knowledge to mechanistically understand the functionality of noble-metal-based HEA nanomaterials in practical applications.

Low-Temperature Molten Salt Electrochemical CO2 Upcycling for Advanced Energy Materials.

One strategy for addressing the climate crisis caused by CO2 emissions is to efficiently convert CO2 to advanced materials suited for green and clean energy technology applications. Porous carbon is widely used as an advanced energy storage material because of its enhanced energy storage capabilities as an anode. Herein, we report electrochemical CO2 upcycling to solid carbon with a controlled microstructure and porosity in a ternary molten carbonate melt at 450 °C. Controlling the electrochemical parameters (voltage, temperature, cathode material) enabled the conversion of CO2 to porous carbon with a tunable morphology and porosity for the first time at such a low temperature. Additionally, a well-controlled morphology and porosity are beneficial for reversible energy storage. In fact, these carbon materials delivered high specific capacity, stable cycling performances, and exceptional rate capability even under extremely fast charging conditions when integrated as an anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The present approach not only demonstrated efficient upcycling of CO2 into porous carbon suitable for enhanced energy storage but can also contribute to a clean and green energy technology that can reduce carbon emissions to achieve sustainable energy goals.

Significant Roles of Surface Hydrides in Enhancing the Performance of Cu/BaTiO2.8 H0.2 Catalyst for CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol.

Tuning the anionic site of catalyst supports can impact reaction pathways by creating active sites on the support or influencing metal-support interactions when using supported metal nanoparticles. This study focuses on CO2 hydrogenation over supported Cu nanoparticles, revealing a 3-fold increase in methanol yield when replacing oxygen anions with hydrides in the perovskite support (Cu/BaTiO2.8 H0.2 yields ~146 mg/h/gCu vs. Cu/BaTiO3 yields ~50 mg/h/gCu). The contrast suggests that significant roles are played by the support hydrides in the reaction. Temperature programmed reaction and isotopic labelling studies indicate that BaTiO2.8 H0.2 surface hydride species follow a Mars van Krevelen mechanism in CO2 hydrogenation, promoting methanol production. High-pressure steady-state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) studies suggest that Cu/BaTiO2.8 H0.2 possesses both a higher density and more active and selective sites for methanol production compared to Cu/BaTiO3 . An operando high-pressure diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS)-SSITKA study shows that formate species are the major surface intermediates over both catalysts, and the subsequent hydrogenation steps of formate are likely rate-limiting. However, the catalytic reactivity of Cu/BaTiO2.8 H0.2 towards the formate species is much higher than Cu/BaTiO3 , likely due to the altered electronic structure of interface Cu sites by the hydrides in the support as validated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Catalysts Prepared from Atomically Dispersed Ce(III) on MgO Rival Bulk Ceria for CO Oxidation.

Atomically dispersed cerium catalysts on an inert, crystalline MgO powder support were prepared by using both Ce(III) and Ce(IV) precursors. The materials were used as catalysts for CO oxidation in a once-through flow reactor and characterized by atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction, among other techniques, before and after catalysis. The most active catalysts, formed from the precursor incorporating Ce(III), displayed performance similar to that reported for bulk ceria under comparable conditions. The catalyst provided stable time-on-stream performance for as long as it was kept on-stream, 2 days, increasing slightly in activity as the atomically dispersed cerium ions were transformed into ceria nanodomains represented as CeOx and having increased reducibility on the MgO support. The results suggest how highly dispersed supported ceria catalysts with low cerium loadings can be prepared and may pave the way for improved efficiencies of cerium utilization in oxidation catalysis.

A stable atmospheric-pressure plasma for extreme-temperature synthesis.

Plasmas can generate ultra-high-temperature reactive environments that can be used for the synthesis and processing of a wide range of materials1,2. However, the limited volume, instability and non-uniformity of plasmas have made it challenging to scalably manufacture bulk, high-temperature materials3-8. Here we present a plasma set-up consisting of a pair of carbon-fibre-tip-enhanced electrodes that enable the generation of a uniform, ultra-high temperature and stable plasma (up to 8,000 K) at atmospheric pressure using a combination of vertically oriented long and short carbon fibres. The long carbon fibres initiate the plasma by micro-spark discharge at a low breakdown voltage, whereas the short carbon fibres coalesce the discharge into a volumetric and stable ultra-high-temperature plasma. As a proof of concept, we used this process to synthesize various extreme materials in seconds, including ultra-high-temperature ceramics (for example, hafnium carbonitride) and refractory metal alloys. Moreover, the carbon-fibre electrodes are highly flexible and can be shaped for various syntheses. This simple and practical plasma technology may help overcome the challenges in high-temperature synthesis and enable large-scale electrified plasma manufacturing powered by renewable electricity.

Quantifying Atomically Dispersed Catalysts Using Deep Learning Assisted Microscopy.

The catalytic performance of atomically dispersed catalysts (ADCs) is greatly influenced by their atomic configurations, such as atom-atom distances, clustering of atoms into dimers and trimers, and their distributions. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is a powerful technique for imaging ADCs at the atomic scale; however, most STEM analyses of ADCs thus far have relied on human labeling, making it difficult to analyze large data sets. Here, we introduce a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based algorithm capable of quantifying the spatial arrangement of different adatom configurations. The algorithm was tested on different ADCs with varying support crystallinity and homogeneity. Results show that our algorithm can accurately identify atom positions and effectively analyze large data sets. This work provides a robust method to overcome a major bottleneck in STEM analysis for ADC catalyst research. We highlight the potential of this method to serve as an on-the-fly analysis tool for catalysts in future in situ microscopy experiments.

Au/Pt Bimetallic Nanowires with Stepped Pt Sites for Enhanced C-C Cleavage in C2+ Alcohol Electro-oxidation Reactions.

Efficient C-C bond cleavage and oxidation of alcohols to CO2 is the key to developing highly efficient alcohol fuel cells for renewable energy applications. In this work, we report the synthesis of core/shell Au/Pt nanowires (NWs) with stepped Pt clusters deposited along the ultrathin (2.3 nm) stepped Au NWs as an active catalyst to effectively oxidize alcohols to CO2. The catalytic oxidation reaction is dependent on the Au/Pt ratios, and the Au1.0/Pt0.2 NWs have the largest percentage (∼75%) of stepped Au/Pt sites and show the highest activity for ethanol electro-oxidation, reaching an unprecedented 196.9 A/mgPt (32.5 A/mgPt+Au). This NW catalyst is also active in catalyzing the oxidation of other primary alcohols, such as methanol, n-propanol, and ethylene glycol. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy are used to characterize the catalyst structure and to identify key reaction intermediates, providing concrete evidence that the synergy between the low-coordinated Pt sites and the stepped Au NWs is essential to catalyze the alcohol oxidation reaction, which is further supported by DFT calculations that the C-C bond cleavage is indeed enhanced on the undercoordinated Pt-Au surface. Our study provides important evidence that a core/shell structure with stepped core/shell sites is essential to enhance electrochemical oxidation of alcohols and will also be central to understanding electro-oxidation reactions and to the future development of highly efficient direct alcohol fuel cells for renewable energy applications.