RESUMEN
The present study describes the antibacterial activity of several new derivatives of tacrine or cyclopentaquinoline bound to either 6-hydrazinenicotinic acid or 4-fluorobenzoic acid through an aliphatic chain against methicillin-resistant staphylococcal strains. All derivatives showed antibacterial activity against all tested methicillin-resistant staphylococci. Of these, compounds 6, 18, 23 and 24 exhibited the highest activity, ranging from 4.87 to 19.5⯵g/mL MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) depending on the bacterial strain. These values were not much greater than that for vancomycin, the reference standard for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococci infections in humans. In addition, all synthesized compounds underwent a quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis. Correlation and multicollinearity tests were used to select descriptors as independent variables for multiple linear regression models to quantify the relationships between biological activity and the structural parameters.
Asunto(s)
Acridinas/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Resistencia a la Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Estructura-Actividad Cuantitativa , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Acridinas/síntesis química , Acridinas/química , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/química , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
The synthesis, biological tests, and computer modeling of a series of novel promising tacrine hybrids for the therapy of Alzheimer's disease are reported. Firstly, new tacrine-acridine hybrids with different carbon linker lengths were synthesized. Secondly, all the compounds were tested in vitro for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzyme activity. After that, the most promising compound 3d was tested using the amyloid-ß aggregation assay. To evaluate possible toxic effects, cytotoxicity tests were conducted. The most active compound 3d (IC50 = 7.6 pM for AChE and 1.7 pM for BuChE) appeared to be a much more active inhibitor than tacrine (IC50 = 89.9 nM for AChE and 14.9 nM for BuChE). At the highest concentration (100 µM), 3d exhibited 57.77% activity, retaining it as the concentration decreased: 50 µM - 54.74%, 20 µM - 48.28%, 10 µM - 31.66%. The compound showed no significant cytotoxic effect at the tested concentrations. At the end, docking studies using methods of computer modeling were performed to visualize the binding mode of the inhibitor 3d. It showed dual-binding mode for AChE, by binding to the catalytic anionic site and the peripheral anionic site simultaneously. Thus, compound 3d is a promising multitarget hybrid that can be used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Asunto(s)
Acridinas/farmacología , Butirilcolinesterasa/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Tacrina/farmacología , Acetilcolinesterasa/efectos de los fármacos , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Acridinas/síntesis química , Acridinas/química , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/fisiopatología , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/efectos de los fármacos , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Butirilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Simulación por Computador , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tacrina/síntesis química , Tacrina/químicaRESUMEN
A novel series of 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine and 5,6-dichloronicotinic acid moiety were conjugated with different linkers. Afterwards new derivatives were evaluated as potential multifunctional acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug candidates. All the compounds were synthesized and tested for capacity for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. Specifically, the most promising derivative 3b (IC50â¯=â¯1.02â¯nM) had higher inhibitory potency compared to the reference drug, tacrine. Consequently, kinetic studies of 3b compound showed a mixed-type inhibition of both AChE and BuChE. Afterwards the best potent AChE inhibitor has been examined on amyloid ß (Aß) self-induced aggregation. Furthermore, 3b compound was tested in various concentrations and had moderate activity against Aß aggregation. Inhibition of Aß aggregation was 46.63% and 19.41% at 50⯵M and 5â¯â¯µM concentrations, respectively. Moreover, no cytotoxicity was observed for the mentioned concentrations. Therefore, 3b compound is a promising multipotent agent for the treatment of AD.
Asunto(s)
Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Acridinas/farmacología , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Butirilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/farmacología , Ácidos Nicotínicos/farmacología , Acridinas/química , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/antagonistas & inhibidores , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Animales , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Electrophorus , Caballos , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Ácidos Nicotínicos/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
New synthesized series of 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine derivatives with iodobenzoic acid moiety were studied for their inhibitory activity toward cholinesterase and against ß-amyloid aggregation. All novel molecules 3a-3i interacted with both cholinesterases-acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase-delivered nanomolar IC50 values. The structure-activity relationship showed that N-butyl moiety derivatives are stronger inhibitors toward AChE and BuChE than N-ethyl and N-propyl moieties compounds. The most potent compound toward acetylcholinesterase was inhibitor 3f (IC50 = 31.2 nm), and it was more active than reference drug, tacrine (IC50 = 100.2 nm). Compound 3f showed strong inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 8.0 nm), also higher than tacrine (IC50 = 16.3 nm). In the kinetic studies, compound 3f revealed mixed type of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The computer modeling was carried out. The most active compound 3f was confirmed as peripheral anionic site inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. Moreover, molecule 3f inhibited ß-amyloid aggregation (at the concentration 10 µm-24.96% of inhibition, 25 µm-72%, 50 µm-78.44%, and 100 µm-84.92%). Therefore, among all examined, compound 3f is the most promising molecule for further, more detailed research of novel multifunctional agents in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease.
Asunto(s)
Acetilcolinesterasa/química , Acridinas/química , Butirilcolinesterasa/química , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/química , Yodobenzoatos/química , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Acridinas/metabolismo , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Sitios de Unión , Butirilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Dominio Catalítico , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/metabolismo , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Cinética , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Fragmentos de Péptidos/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Extensive biochemical and clinical studies have increasingly recognized Parkinson's disease as a highly complex and multi-faceted neurological disorder having branched non-motor symptoms including sleep disorders, pain, constipation, psychosis, depression, and fatigue. A wide range of biological targets in the brain deeply implicated in this pathology resulted in a plethora of novel small-molecule compounds with promising activity. This review thoroughly describes the chemical space of non-dopamine receptor ligands in terms of diversity, isosteric/bioisosteric morphing, and molecular descriptors.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Parkinson/tratamiento farmacológico , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/uso terapéutico , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Humanos , Isomerismo , Ligandos , Estructura Molecular , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/patología , Receptores Dopaminérgicos/metabolismoRESUMEN
A series of novel highly active androgen receptor (AR) antagonists containing spiro-4-(5-oxo-3-phenyl-2-thioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile core was designed based on the SAR studies available from the reported AR antagonists and in silico modeling. Within the series, compound (R)-6 (ONC1-13B) and its related analogues, including its active N-dealkylated metabolite, were found to be the most potent molecules with the target activity (IC50, androgen-sensitive human PCa LNCaP cells) in the range of 59-80 nM (inhibition of PSA production). The disclosed hits were at least two times more active than bicalutamide, nilutamide and enzalutamide within the performed assay. Several compounds were classified as partial agonists. Hit-compounds demonstrated benefit pharmacokinetic profiles in rats. Comparative SAR and 3D molecular docking studies were performed for the hit compounds elucidating the observed differences in the binding potency.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas de Receptores Androgénicos/síntesis química , Antagonistas de Receptores Androgénicos/farmacología , Diseño de Fármacos , Imidazolidinas/síntesis química , Imidazolidinas/farmacología , Receptores Androgénicos/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Receptores Androgénicos/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Receptores Androgénicos/farmacocinética , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Humanos , Imidazolidinas/metabolismo , Imidazolidinas/farmacocinética , Masculino , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Conformación Proteica , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Androgénicos/químicaRESUMEN
Regioselective synthesis, biological evaluation and 3D-molecular modeling for a series of novel diastereomeric 2-thioxo-5H-dispiro[imidazolidine-4,3-pyrrolidine-2,3-indole]-2,5(1H)-diones are described. The studied compounds have been tentatively identified as potent small molecule MDM2/p53 PPI inhibitors and can therefore be reasonably regarded as promising anticancer therapeutics.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diseño de Fármacos , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-mdm2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/antagonistas & inhibidores , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Estructura Molecular , Neoplasias/patología , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/síntesis química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
A series of next in class small-molecule hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitors with picomolar potency containing 2-pyrrolidin-2-yl-5-{4-[4-(2-pyrrolidin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)buta-1,3-diynyl]phenyl}-1H-imidazole cores was designed based on the SAR studies available for the reported NS5A inhibitors. Compound 13a (AV4025), with (S,S,S,S)-stereochemistry (EC50 = 3.4 ± 0.2 pM, HCV replicon genotype 1b), was dramatically more active than were the compounds with two (S)- and two (R)-chiral centers. Human serum did not significantly reduce the antiviral activity (<4-fold). Relatively favorable pharmacokinetic features and good oral bioavailability were observed during animal studies. Compound 13a was well tolerated in rodents (in mice, LD50 = 2326 mg/kg or higher), providing a relatively high therapeutic index. During safety, pharmacology and subchronic toxicity studies in rats and dogs, it was not associated with any significant pathological or clinical findings. This compound is currently being evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of HCV infection.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/farmacología , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Hepacivirus/efectos de los fármacos , Imidazoles/farmacología , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antivirales/metabolismo , Antivirales/farmacocinética , Antivirales/toxicidad , Chlorocebus aethiops , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Perros , Femenino , Humanos , Imidazoles/metabolismo , Imidazoles/farmacocinética , Imidazoles/toxicidad , Masculino , Ratones , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Conformación Proteica , Ratas , Células Vero , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/química , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/metabolismoRESUMEN
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) subtype 6 receptor (5-HT6 receptor, 5-HT6 R) belongs to a 5-HT subclass of a relatively wide G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Accumulated biological data indicate that 5-HT6 R antagonists and agonists have a great potential for the treatment of neuropathological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and schizophrenia. A number of painstaking efforts have been made toward the design of novel 5-HT6 R ligands; however, there are still no drugs that successfully passed all the clinical trials and entered the market, except for several multimodal ligands. Novel active molecules are strongly needed to progress this development forward. The in silico drug design has some benefits compared with the other rough approaches in terms of thoroughness and predictive accuracy; therefore, it can be effectively used as a solid foundation for the design of novel 5-HT6 R ligands with high potency and selectivity. Here, we provide an overview of the reported computational approaches to the design of novel 5-HT6 R ligands.
Asunto(s)
Diseño Asistido por Computadora , Diseño de Fármacos , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Serotoninérgicos , Animales , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/tratamiento farmacológico , Simulación por Computador , Humanos , Ligandos , Trastornos Mentales/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptores de Serotonina/química , Serotoninérgicos/química , Serotoninérgicos/farmacología , Serotoninérgicos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Arginase is an enzyme that metabolizes L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. In addition to its fundamental role in the hepatic ornithine cycle, it also influences the immune systems in humans and mice. Arginase participates in many inflammatory disorders by decreasing the synthesis of nitric oxide and inducing fibrosis and tissue regeneration. L-arginine deficiency, which is modulated by myeloid cell arginase, suppresses T-cell immune response. This mechanism plays a fundamental role in inflammation-associated immunosuppression. Pathogens can synthesize their own arginase to elude immune reaction. Small-molecule arginase inhibitors are currently described as promising therapeutics for the treatment of several diseases, including allergic asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis and hypertension), diseases associated with pathogens (e.g., Helicobacter pylori, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Salmonella), cancer and induced or spontaneous immune disorders. This article summarizes recent patents in the area of arginase inhibitors and discusses their properties.