Pharmacological Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Prevents Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture by Reducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress.

BACKGROUND: Multiple pathways and factors are involved in the rupture of intracranial aneurysms. The EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) has been shown to mediate inflammatory vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysm. However, the role of EGFR in mediating intracranial aneurysm rupture and its underlying mechanisms have yet to be determined. Emerging evidence indicates that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress might be the link between EGFR activation and the resultant inflammation. ER stress is strongly implicated in inflammation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, both of which are key components of the pathophysiology of aneurysm rupture. Therefore, we hypothesized that EGFR activation promotes aneurysmal rupture by inducing ER stress. METHODS: Using a preclinical mouse model of intracranial aneurysm, we examined the potential roles of EGFR and ER stress in developing aneurysmal rupture. RESULTS: Pharmacological inhibition of EGFR markedly decreased the rupture rate of intracranial aneurysms without altering the formation rate. EGFR inhibition also significantly reduced the mRNA (messenger RNA) expression levels of ER-stress markers and inflammatory cytokines in cerebral arteries. Similarly, ER-stress inhibition also significantly decreased the rupture rate. In contrast, ER-stress induction nullified the protective effect of EGFR inhibition on aneurysm rupture. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that EGFR activation is an upstream event that contributes to aneurysm rupture via the induction of ER stress. Pharmacological inhibition of EGFR or downstream ER stress may be a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing aneurysm rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Prevalencia de enfermedades no definitorias de SIDA en pacientes VIH/SIDA en el Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins en el año 2014 / Prevalence of not-defining-diseases of AIDS in patients with HIV/AIDS at the Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins in 2014

Introducción: En la actual epidemia por VIH/SIDA que vivimos se está presentando un aumento del número de pacientes con enfermedad no definitoria de SIDA, sin embargo aún no se establecen las causas de este aumento, más aún estas enfermedades presentan un comportamiento distinto en cada cohorte de estudio. En nuestro país no se ha realizado un estudio que las evalúe como tal. Objetivo: Determinar las proporciones de enfermedades no definitorias de SIDA presentes en los pacientes infectados por el VIH del Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins durante el año 2014. Diseño: Estudio observacional, exploratorio, retrospectivo, de corte transversal. Mediante un muestreo aleatorio sistemático se seleccionaron 137 pacientes infectados con VIH, de entre todos aquellos diagnosticados con infección por VIH. Se recolectó información de las fichas de registro y de las historias clínicas y se registraron en fichas electrónicas codificadas, luego, con la base de datos se utilizó Microsoft Excel 2013 para el análisis exploratorio de los datos. Resultados: Se encontraron 5 pacientes (3.65 por ciento) infectaos con enfermedad vascular periférica (EVP), 2 (3.65 por ciento) con ictus, 1 (0.73 por ciento) con cirrosis hepática, 1 (0.73 por ciento) con falla renal, 1 (0.73 por ciento) con linfoma de Hodgkin y 127 (92.7 por ciento) sin enfermedad (NE). Las medianas para los valores de CD4 más bajos fueron Ic: 294.5, EHC: 282, LH: 216, EVP: 178, ERC: 78 y NE: 143.5 cel/uL. De los pacientes con SIDA y enfermedad los pacientes con EHC fueron el 100 por ciento, ERC el 100 por ciento, HTA el 92.86 por ciento, EVP el 80 por ciento, NE el 77.17 por ciento respecto de sus pares con enfermedad. Conclusiones: Entre las enfermedades no definitorias de SIDA la enfermedad vascular periférica se determinó como la más frecuente, seguida luego de ictus. Comparativamente se encontró mayor presencia de enfermedad en pacientes con mayores niveles de CD4, sin embargo hubo mayor proporción de enfermedades...

Introduction: In the actual HIV/AIDS epidemic we live, it is being presenting an increase of the number of patients with non-AIDS defining illnesses, however there are not yet established the causes of this increase, also, these diseases have a different presentation in each study cohort. In our country it has not been performed a study that evaluate these diseases as such. Objective: To determine the frequencies of non-AIDS defining illnesses in HIV patients of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Hospital in the 2014 year. Design: Observational, exploratory, retrospective, transversal study. Throught ramdom systematic sampling it has been selected 137 HIV patients, among all HIV diagnosed patients. It has been collected information from registration cards and medical records of HIV patients. The information was registered in codified electronical cards, then, with the database it has been used Microsoft Excel 2013 for the exploratory analysis of data. Results: It has been found 5 patients (3.65 per cent) with peripheral vascular disease (EVP), 2 (3.65 per cent) with stroke, 1 (0.73 per cent) with hepatic cirrhosis, 1 (0.73 per cent) with kidney failure, 1 (0.73 per cent) with Hodgkin lymphoma and 127 (92.7 per cent) without disease (NE). The medians for the lowest CD4 values were: IC: 294.5, EHC: 282, LH: 216, EVP: 178, ERC: 78 y NE: 143.5 cel/uL. The patients with AIDS and illness who had EHC were the 100 per cent, ERC the 100 per cent, EVP the 80 per cent, NE the 77.17 per cent, IC the 50 per cent respect of its pairs with illness. Conclusions: Among non-aids defining illnesses the vascular peripheral disease was the most frequent, followed by stroke. It has been found, comparatively, a greater presence of disease in patients with higher CD4 cells levels, however, there was more proportion of diseases in AIDS patients. The study accomplished its objective of study the diseases proportions, moreover it contributes to the generation of hypotheses and mentions its...