RESUMEN
Mutations in ROR2 result in a spectrum of genetic disorders in humans that are classified, depending on the nature of the mutation and the clinical phenotype, as either autosomal dominant brachydactyly type B (BDB, MIM 113000) or recessive Robinow syndrome (RRS, MIM 268310). In an attempt to model BDB in mice, the mutation W749X was engineered into the mouse Ror2 gene. In contrast to the human situation, mice heterozygous for Ror2(W749FLAG) are normal and do not develop brachydactyly, whereas homozygous mice exhibit features resembling RRS. Furthermore, both Ror2(W749FLAG/W749FLAG) and a previously engineered mutant, Ror2(TMlacZ/TMlacZ), lack the P2/P3 joint. Absence of Gdf5 expression at the corresponding interzone suggests that the defect is in specification of the joint. As this phenotype is absent in mice lacking the entire Ror2 gene, it appears that specification of the P2/P3 joint is affected by ROR2 activity. Finally, Ror2(W749FLAG/W749FLAG) mice survive to adulthood and exhibit phenotypes (altered body composition, reduced male fertility) not observed in Ror2 knockout mice, presumably due to the perinatal lethality of the latter. Therefore, Ror2(W749FLAG/W749FLAG) mice represent a postnatal model for RRS, provide insight into the mechanism of joint specification, and uncover novel roles of Ror2 in the mouse.
Asunto(s)
Anomalías Múltiples/genética , Genes Recesivos , Anomalías Musculoesqueléticas/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/genética , Anomalías Múltiples/embriología , Animales , Índice de Masa Corporal , Proteínas Morfogenéticas Óseas/metabolismo , Fertilidad/genética , Factor 5 de Diferenciación de Crecimiento , Humanos , Articulaciones/anomalías , Articulaciones/embriología , Deformidades Congénitas de las Extremidades/embriología , Deformidades Congénitas de las Extremidades/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Mutantes , Anomalías Musculoesqueléticas/embriología , Mutación , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/fisiología , Receptores Huérfanos Similares al Receptor Tirosina Quinasa , SíndromeRESUMEN
Growth hormone (GH) is an underappreciated but important regulator of T cell development that can reverse age-related declines in thymopoiesis in rodents. Here, we report findings of a prospective randomized study examining the effects of GH on the immune system of HIV-1-infected adults. GH treatment was associated with increased thymic mass. In addition, GH treatment enhanced thymic output, as measured by both the frequency of T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles in circulating T cells and the numbers of circulating naive and total CD4(+) T cells. These findings provide compelling evidence that GH induces de novo T cell production and may, accordingly, facilitate CD4(+) T cell recovery in HIV-1-infected adults. Further, these randomized, prospective data have shown that thymic involution can be pharmacologically reversed in humans, suggesting that immune-based therapies could be used to enhance thymopoiesis in immunodeficient individuals.
