Management of Pediatric Foreign Body Injuries during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of an International Survey.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had direct and indirect effects on daily life. In hospitals, the impact of the pandemic was observed in the diagnostic and therapeutic workflow. In this work, we explored potential changes in activities related to the treatment of foreign body injuries (FBIs) in children and the behavioral habits of physicians during the first wave of the pandemic. An online survey was conducted among physicians of the Susy Safe network. The survey comprised items related to respondent information, reference center characteristics, the treatment of FBIs during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a modified COVID-19 Anxiety Scale (CAS). The survey was distributed among the Susy Safe project international network surveillance registry for FBIs. A total of 58 physicians responded to the survey, including 18 (32%) from Europe and 16 (28%) from South America. The respondents indicated that the estimated number of aspirated foreign bodies during the pandemic was lower than or the same as that before the pandemic (43, 74%), and the same was observed for ingested foreign bodies (43, 74%). In univariable logistic regression, no single predictor was associated with a delay in routine care for children or an increasing tendency of medical personnel to avoid procedures. The workflow of physicians involved in the management of FBIs in children has not changed drastically during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in emergency departments.

Neurofibromatosis laríngea pediátrica: reporte de localización atípica / Pediatric neurofibromatosis of the larynx: report of atypical location

Los neurofibromas laríngeos (NFL) son tumores benignos poco frecuentes de localización principalmente supraglótica. Se manifiestan con síntomas obstructivos de la vía aérea. El tratamiento es la resección completa del tumor mediante abordaje endoscópico; se reserva la cirugía abierta para tumores de gran extensión. Se presenta el caso de un paciente pediátrico con localización atípica de NFL asociado a neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1). Se realizó resección endoscópica del tumor y la anatomía patológica informó neurofibroma plexiforme. Es importante sospechar de esta patología en todo niño con estridor inspiratorio atípico progresivo. Se sugiere seguimiento a largo plazo por la alta probabilidad de recidiva.

Laryngeal neurofibromas (LNFs) are rare benign tumors mainly located in the supraglottis. LNFs occur with airway obstruction symptoms. The treatment is complete resection via an endoscopic technique; the open approach is reserved for large tumors. Here we describe the case of a pediatric patient with LNF of atypical location associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). The tumor was resected with an endoscopic technique, and the pathological study reported a plexiform neurofibroma. It is important to suspect this condition in any child with atypical, progressive inspiratory stridor. Long-term follow-up is recommended due to the high rate of recurrence

Pediatric neurofibromatosis of the larynx: report ofatypical location. / Neurofibromatosis laríngea pediátrica: reporte de localización atípica.

Laryngeal neurofibromas (LNFs) are rare benign tumors mainly located in the supraglottis. LNFs occur with airway obstruction symptoms. The treatment is complete resection via an endoscopic technique; the open approach is reserved for large tumors. Here we describe the case of a pediatric patient with LNF of atypical location associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). The tumor was resected with an endoscopic technique, and the pathological study reported a plexiform neurofibroma. It is important to suspect this condition in any child with atypical, progressive inspiratory stridor. Long-term follow-up is recommended due to the high rate of recurrence.

Los neurofibromas laríngeos (NFL) son tumores benignos poco frecuentes de localización principalmente supraglótica. Se manifiestan con síntomas obstructivos de la vía aérea. El tratamiento es la resección completa del tumor mediante abordaje endoscópico; se reserva la cirugía abierta para tumores de gran extensión. Se presenta el caso de un paciente pediátrico con localización atípica de NFL asociado a neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1). Se realizó resección endoscópica del tumor y la anatomía patológica informó neurofibroma plexiforme. Es importante sospechar de esta patología en todo niño con estridor inspiratorio atípico progresivo. Se sugiere seguimiento a largo plazo por la alta probabilidad de recidiva.

Congenital pyriform aperture stenosis: Ten years experience.

INTRODUCTION: Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) is an uncommon malformation and a rare cause of respiratory distress in neonates that may require early surgical intervention. The aim of this study is to report our experience in patients operated for CNPAS and present characteristics of this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, analytical cohort study was conducted of patients who underwent surgical treatment for CNPAS in the Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan from May 2008 to May 2018. RESULTS: Nineteen patients underwent surgical treatment; 47.36% had some associated genetic syndrome. The surgical approach was sublabial. Follow-up was more than 45 days in 14 patients, 9 did not require additional treatment, and the remaining 5 required further surgical and/or medical treatment. Short-term post-surgical outcome was good in 85.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Better post-surgical results were obtained in patients in whom endonasal stenting was not used and who did not present associated craniofacial malformations.

Estenosis congénita de apertura piriforme: diez años de experiencia / Congenital pyriform aperture stenosis: ten years experience

Introducción: La estenosis congénita de la apertura piriforme (ECAP) es una malformación infrecuente y una causa rara de distress respiratorio en neonatos que puede requerir de intervención quirúrgica temprana. El objetivo del estudio es reportar nuestra experiencia en pacientes operados por ECAP y las características de la población.Material y métodosPacientes operados de ECAP desde mayo del 2008 hasta mayo del 2018 en el Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan. Estudio de cohorte analítico retrospectivo.ResultadosSe intervinieron quirúrgicamente 19 pacientes. El 47,36% presentaba algún síndrome genético asociado. El abordaje quirúrgico fue por vía sublabial. Se logró el seguimiento por más de 45 días en 14 pacientes, 9 no requirieron tratamiento adicional, y los 5 restantes requirieron otro tratamiento quirúrgico y/o médico. El éxito global posquirúrgico en primera instancia fue del 85,7%.ConclusionesSe obtuvieron mejores resultados posquirúrgicos en los pacientes en que no se utilizaron tutores endonasales y que no presentaban malformaciones craneofaciales asociadas. (AU)

Introduction: Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) is an uncommon malformation and a rare cause of respiratory distress in neonates that may require early surgical intervention.The aim of this study is to report our experience in patients operated for CNPAS and present characteristics of this population.Material and methodsA retrospective, analytical cohort study was conducted of patients who underwent surgical treatment for CNPAS in the Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan from May 2008 to May 2018.ResultsNineteen patients underwent surgical treatment; 47.36% had some associated genetic syndrome. The surgical approach was sublabial. Follow-up was more than 45 days in 14 patients, 9 did not require additional treatment, and the remaining 5 required further surgical and/or medical treatment. Short-term post-surgical outcome was good in 85.7%.ConclusionsBetter post-surgical results were obtained in patients in whom endonasal stenting was not used and who did not present associated craniofacial malformations. (AU)

Systemic Bevacizumab for Treatment of Respiratory Papillomatosis: International Consensus Statement.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study is to develop consensus on key points that would support the use of systemic bevacizumab for the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), and to provide preliminary guidance surrounding the use of this treatment modality. STUDY DESIGN: Delphi method-based survey series. METHODS: A multidisciplinary, multi-institutional panel of physicians with experience using systemic bevacizumab for the treatment of RRP was established. The Delphi method was used to identify and obtain consensus on characteristics associated with systemic bevacizumab use across five domains: 1) patient characteristics; 2) disease characteristics; 3) treating center characteristics; 4) prior treatment characteristics; and 5) prior work-up. RESULTS: The international panel was composed of 70 experts from 12 countries, representing pediatric and adult otolaryngology, hematology/oncology, infectious diseases, pediatric surgery, family medicine, and epidemiology. A total of 189 items were identified, of which consensus was achieved on Patient Characteristics (9), Disease Characteristics (10), Treatment Center Characteristics (22), and Prior Workup Characteristics (18). CONCLUSION: This consensus statement provides a useful starting point for clinicians and centers hoping to offer systemic bevacizumab for RRP and may serve as a framework to assess the components of practices and centers currently using this therapy. We hope to provide a strategy to offer the treatment and also to provide a springboard for bevacizumab's use in combination with other RRP treatment protocols. Standardized delivery systems may facilitate research efforts and provide dosing regimens to help shape best-practice applications of systemic bevacizumab for patients with early-onset or less-severe disease phenotypes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 Laryngoscope, 131:E1941-E1949, 2021.

International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG): Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis consensus recommendations.

OBJECTIVES: To develop consensus recommendations for the evaluation and management of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) in pediatric patients. METHODS: Expert opinion by the members of the International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG). The mission of the IPOG is to develop expertise-based consensus recommendations for the management of pediatric otolaryngologic disorders with the goal of improving patient care. The consensus recommendations herein represent the first publication by the group. RESULTS: Consensus recommendations including diagnostic considerations, surgical management, systemic adjuvant therapies, postoperative management, surveillance, and voice evaluation. These recommendations are based on the collective opinion of the IPOG members and are targeted for otolaryngologists, primary care providers, pulmonologists, infectious disease specialists, and any other health care providers that manage patients with JORRP. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric JORRP consensus recommendations are aimed at improving care and outcomes in this patient population.

Anillos vasculares: Serie de 28 pacientes atendidos en un Servicio de Endoscopía Respiratoria Pediátrica / Vascular rings: Series of 28 patients of a Pediatrie Respiratory Endoscopy Department

Los anillos vasculares tienen una incidencia del 1 % entre las enfermedades cardiovasculares congénitas. Constituyen una malformación embriológica en la que el arco aórtico, sus ramas o las arterias pulmonares provocan presión sobre la tráquea y/o el esófago. Anatómicamente, se dividen en dos grupos, dependiendo de cómo rodean la tráquea y el esófago: completo o incompleto. La sintomatología suele iniciarse en los primeros meses de vida con estridor bifásico o espiratorio que aumenta con el llanto y la alimentación, tos traqueal de tonalidad metálica, infecciones respiratorias recurrentes, episodios de apnea refleja y cianosis, sibilancias, hiperextensión cervical, retracción esternal e intercostal, y dificultad en la alimentación. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 28 pacientes con diagnóstico de anillo vascular que concurrieron a la consulta en el Servicio de Endoscopía Respiratoria del Hospital Garrahan entre enero de 2015 y septiembre de 2017.

Vascular rings account for 1 % of the congenital cardiovascular diseases. They constitute an embryological malformation in which the aortic arch, its branches, or the pulmonary arteries cause pressure on the trachea and/or oesophagus. Anatomically, they are divided into two groups -complete or incomplete- depending on how they surround the trachea and/or the oesophagus. Symptom onset is usually in the first months of life with biphasic or expiratory stridor that increases with crying and feeding, a metallic tracheal cough, recurrent respiratory infections, episodes of apnea and cyanosis, wheezing, cervical hyperextension, sternal and intercostal retraction, and feeding difficulties. A retrospective analysis of 28 patients with vascular rings seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy at Garrahan Paediatric Hospital between January 2015 and September 2017 is presented.

[Vascular rings. Series of 28 patients of a Pediatrie Respiratory Endoscopy Department]. / Anillos vasculares. Serie de 28 pacientes atendidos en un Servicio de Endoscopía Respiratoria Pediátrica.

Vascular rings account for 1 % of the congenital cardiovascular diseases. They constitute an embryological malformation in which the aortic arch, its branches, or the pulmonary arteries cause pressure on the trachea and/or oesophagus. Anatomically, they are divided into two groups -complete or incomplete- depending on how they surround the trachea and/or the oesophagus. Symptom onset is usually in the first months of life with biphasic or expiratory stridor that increases with crying and feeding, a metallic tracheal cough, recurrent respiratory infections, episodes of apnea and cyanosis, wheezing, cervical hyperextension, sternal and intercostal retraction, and feeding difficulties. A retrospective analysis of 28 patients with vascular rings seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy at Garrahan Paediatric Hospital between January 2015 and September 2017 is presented.

Los anillos vasculares tienen una incidencia del 1 % entre las enfermedades cardiovasculares congénitas. Constituyen una malformación embriológica en la que el arco aórtico, sus ramas o las arterias pulmonares provocan presión sobre la tráquea y/o el esófago. Anatómicamente, se dividen en dos grupos, dependiendo de cómo rodean la tráquea y el esófago: completo o incompleto. La sintomatología suele iniciarse en los primeros meses de vida con estridor bifásico o espiratorio que aumenta con el llanto y la alimentación, tos traqueal de tonalidad metálica, infecciones respiratorias recurrentes, episodios de apnea refleja y cianosis, sibilancias, hiperextensión cervical, retracción esternal e intercostal, y dificultad en la alimentación. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 28 pacientes con diagnóstico de anillo vascular que concurrieron a la consulta en el Servicio de Endoscopía Respiratoria del Hospital Garrahan entre enero de 2015 y septiembre de 2017.

Parálisis bilateral de cuerdas vocales en pediatría: nuestra experiencia / Paediatric bilateral vocal cord paralysis: our experience

La parálisis bilateral de cuerdas vocales (PBCV) es la segunda causa más frecuente de estridor neonatal. Nuestro objetivo es describir la demografía, etiología, comorbilidades y tratamientos instaurados. Materiales y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de PBCV de 2011 a 2015. Resultados: Se incluyeron 47 pacientes. La edad media de diagnóstico fue un mes de vida, con predominio de sexo masculino (63%). El 59% fue por causa congénita y el 41% adquirida, por lo general idiopática y postoperatoria, respectivamente. Se realizó traqueostomía (TQT) en 42 pacientes (89%), sin diferencias significativas en relación con la causa. La recuperación de la movilidad cordal fue del 39% en toda la muestra, 44% en la congénita, 31% en la adquirida y 62,5% en la idiopática. A 5 pacientes se les realizó laringotraqueoplastia con injerto costal posterior y a un paciente cordectomía posterior. Todos fueron decanulados. A un paciente se le realizó lateralización cordal, evitando la TQT. Conclusión: Las causas congénitas fueron las más frecuentes, en su mayoría idiopáticas. Se registró una leve predilección por el sexo masculino. Un alto porcentaje de pacientes requirieron de TQT. La tasa de recuperación de la movilidad es mayor en causas idiopáticas. Se decanularon todos los pacientes operados, pero se requieren trabajos con mayor número de participantes, comparación de técnicas y evaluación de la deglución y la fonación de forma objetiva

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis (BVCP) is the second most common cause of neonatal stridor. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic features, aetiology, comorbidities, and management of our patients with BVCP. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical charts of all patients diagnosed with BVCP seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy between 2011 and 2015. Results: 47 patients were included. Mean age at diagnosis was 1 month and male sex predominated (63%). The aetiology was congenital in 59% and acquired in 41% of the infants. The cause was most frequently idiopathic in the former group and secondary to postoperative injury in the latter. Overall, 42 patients (89%) required tracheostomy, without statistically significant differences between the causes. Of all the patients, 39% regained vocal-cord mobility; 44% of those with congenital BVCP, 31% of those with acquired BVCP and 62.5% with idiopathic BVCP. In five patients a laryngotracheoplasty was performed with a posterior costal cartilage graft and one underwent posterior cordectomy. All were decannulated. In one patient vocal-cord lateralization was performed, avoiding tracheostomy. Conclusion: BVCP was most commonly of congenital cause and was mainly idiopathic within this group of patients, with a slight male preponderance. A high percentage of patients required tracheostomy. A higher recovery rate of vocal-cord mobility was observed in idiopathic BVCP, which allowed for successful decannulation. In this series, decannulation was possible in all patients that underwent surgery; however, further studies with comparison of techniques and objective assessment of swallowing and phonation are necessary

Paediatric bilateral vocal cord paralysis: our experience. / Parálisis bilateral de cuerdas vocales en pediatría: nuestra experiencia.

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis (BVCP) is the second most common cause of neonatal stridor. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic features, aetiology, comorbidities, and management of our patients with BVCP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical charts of all patients diagnosed with BVCP seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy between 2011 and 2015. RESULTS: 47 patients were included. Mean age at diagnosis was 1 month and male sex predominated (63%). The aetiology was congenital in 59% and acquired in 41% of the infants. The cause was most frequently idiopathic in the former group and secondary to postoperative injury in the latter. Overall, 42 patients (89%) required tracheostomy, without statistically significant differences between the causes. Of all the patients, 39% regained vocal-cord mobility; 44% of those with congenital BVCP, 31% of those with acquired BVCP and 62.5% with idiopathic BVCP. In five patients a laryngotracheoplasty was performed with a posterior costal cartilage graft and one underwent posterior cordectomy. All were decannulated. In one patient vocal-cord lateralization was performed, avoiding tracheostomy. CONCLUSION: BVCP was most commonly of congenital cause and was mainly idiopathic within this group of patients, with a slight male preponderance. A high percentage of patients required tracheostomy. A higher recovery rate of vocal-cord mobility was observed in idiopathic BVCP, which allowed for successful decannulation. In this series, decannulation was possible in all patients that underwent surgery; however, further studies with comparison of techniques and objective assessment of swallowing and phonation are necessary.

Complicaciones debido a la aspiración de cuerpos extraños en niños / Complications in children from foreign bodies in the airway

Introducción y objetivos: La aspiración de cuerpos extraños en niños es un problema frecuente y potencialmente grave. Las complicaciones pueden ser consecuencia tanto del propio episodio aspirativo como del retraso en el diagnóstico o de la terapéutica empleada. Describimos nuestra experiencia en un hospital pediátrico de Argentina. Métodos: Se evaluaron de forma retrospectiva 56 niños con complicaciones por cuerpo extraño en la vía aérea registrados en el Proyecto Susy Safe entre enero de 2010 y noviembre de 2013. Las variables analizadas fueron el sexo, la edad en el momento de la aspiración, la localización y el tipo de cuerpo extraño, el tiempo transcurrido desde el evento hasta la extracción del objeto, la técnica de extracción, las complicaciones, la necesidad de hospitalización y las circunstancias del evento. Resultados: El 58,9% de las complicaciones ocurrieron en varones, con alta presencia de adultos (76,8%) en el momento del accidente. La incidencia fue levemente mayor en mayores de 3 años. En 37 casos (66,1%) el cuerpo extraño se localizó en bronquio, siendo los más frecuentes las semillas de girasol y las partes de bolígrafo. Solo en 10 casos (17,9%) se extrajo el objeto dentro de las 24 h del evento. Las complicaciones más comunes fueron la neumonía (18 casos), el granuloma (15 casos) y la erosión mucosa (9 casos). Fueron hospitalizados 41 pacientes. Conclusión: Un diagnóstico precoz y un control inmediato a través de un equipo especializado son indispensables para garantizar un tratamiento apropiado sin riesgo de complicación (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Foreign body aspiration in childhood is a common and potentially serious problem. Complications may be the result of the aspiration episode itself, delayed diagnosis or treatment. We describe our experience in a paediatric hospital in Argentina. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 56 patients with complications due to foreign body aspiration recorded in the Susy Safe Project between January 2010 and November 2013. The clinical variables analysed were sex, age at time of aspiration, foreign body location and type, time elapsed from the event until object removal, extraction technique, complications, need for hospitalisation and circumstances of the event. Results: 58.9% of the cases described occurred in males, with high presence of adults (76.8%) at the time of aspiration. The incidence was slightly higher in children older than 3 years. In 37 cases (66.1%), the foreign body was located in bronchus; sunflower seeds and ballpoint caps were the most common foreign objects. Only in 10 cases (17.9%) was the object extracted within 24 h of the event. The most common complications were pneumonia (18 cases), granuloma (15 cases) and mucosal erosion (9 cases). Hospitalisation was necessary for 41 patients. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and immediate control through specialised teams are essential to ensure proper treatment, usually endoscopic, without risk of complications (AU)

Complications in children from foreign bodies in the airway.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Foreign body aspiration in childhood is a common and potentially serious problem. Complications may be the result of the aspiration episode itself, delayed diagnosis or treatment. We describe our experience in a paediatric hospital in Argentina. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 56 patients with complications due to foreign body aspiration recorded in the Susy Safe Project between January 2010 and November 2013. The clinical variables analysed were sex, age at time of aspiration, foreign body location and type, time elapsed from the event until object removal, extraction technique, complications, need for hospitalisation and circumstances of the event. RESULTS: 58.9% of the cases described occurred in males, with high presence of adults (76.8%) at the time of aspiration. The incidence was slightly higher in children older than 3 years. In 37 cases (66.1%), the foreign body was located in bronchus; sunflower seeds and ballpoint caps were the most common foreign objects. Only in 10 cases (17.9%) was the object extracted within 24h of the event. The most common complications were pneumonia (18 cases), granuloma (15 cases) and mucosal erosion (9 cases). Hospitalisation was necessary for 41 patients. CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and immediate control through specialised teams are essential to ensure proper treatment, usually endoscopic, without risk of complications.

Neurofibromatosis tipo 1 con compromiso laríngeo en un lactante / Neurofibromatosis type 1 with laryngeal involvement in an infant

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Papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente. Caso dínico / Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Case report

La papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente es una enfermedad rara que se caracteriza por el desarrollo de papilomas en toda la vía aérea. Es causada por el virus del papiloma humano. Su incidencia es de 4 por 100 000 en niños. La forma de transmisión es vertical durante el embarazo o el parto. Hay 130 variedades de virus del papiloma humano, de los cuales los tipos 6 y 11 son los que producen papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente, y especialmente el tipo 11 es el que desarrolla enfermedad más agresiva con recurrencia y progresión en todo el tracto respiratorio y, con menos frecuencia, en la región nasofaríngea. Se presenta un paciente de 7 años de edad con diagnóstico de papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente basado en la radiología y la endoscopía respiratoria, que permitió aislar el virus del papiloma humano tipo 11 en papilomas en laringe y tráquea y en material de lavado broncoalveolar.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare condition characterized by recurrent growth of papilloma in the respiratory tract. RRP is caused by human papilloma virus. Its incidence is 4 per 100 000 children. Vertical transmission of the virus during gestation or during delivery is the major route of contracting the disease in children. One hundred and thirty different human papilloma virus types have been identified. Types 6 and 11 are involved in RRP and type 11 develops more aggressive disease with recurrence and progression to the respiratory tract and also nasopharyngeal surface. We present a 7 year old boy with diagnosis of RRP based on radiology and endoscopy.

Papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente. Caso dínico / Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Case report

La papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente es una enfermedad rara que se caracteriza por el desarrollo de papilomas en toda la vía aérea. Es causada por el virus del papiloma humano. Su incidencia es de 4 por 100 000 en niños. La forma de transmisión es vertical durante el embarazo o el parto. Hay 130 variedades de virus del papiloma humano, de los cuales los tipos 6 y 11 son los que producen papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente, y especialmente el tipo 11 es el que desarrolla enfermedad más agresiva con recurrencia y progresión en todo el tracto respiratorio y, con menos frecuencia, en la región nasofaríngea. Se presenta un paciente de 7 años de edad con diagnóstico de papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente basado en la radiología y la endoscopía respiratoria, que permitió aislar el virus del papiloma humano tipo 11 en papilomas en laringe y tráquea y en material de lavado broncoalveolar.(AU)

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare condition characterized by recurrent growth of papilloma in the respiratory tract. RRP is caused by human papilloma virus. Its incidence is 4 per 100 000 children. Vertical transmission of the virus during gestation or during delivery is the major route of contracting the disease in children. One hundred and thirty different human papilloma virus types have been identified. Types 6 and 11 are involved in RRP and type 11 develops more aggressive disease with recurrence and progression to the respiratory tract and also nasopharyngeal surface. We present a 7 year old boy with diagnosis of RRP based on radiology and endoscopy.(AU)

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las estenosis subglóticas en pediatría: experiencia en un hospital de alta complejidad / Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric subglottic stenosis: experience in a tertiary care center

La estenosis subglótica es una de las causas más frecuentes de obstrucción de la vía aérea en pediatría. El 90% son secundarias a la intubación endotraqueal. El diagnóstico se sustenta en la clínica del paciente, la evaluación radiológica, la laringoscopía flexible y la endoscopía rígida de la vía aérea bajo anestesia general. Debe sospecharse en niños con dificultad respiratoria posextubación. La conducta terapéutica dependerá de la gravedad de la estenosis subglótica y de la sintomatología del paciente. Describimos nuestra experiencia en cuanto a las etiologías de las estenosis subglóticas, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la evolución de pacientes con esta patología.(AU)

Subglottic stenosis is among the most common causes of airway obstruction in children, 90% of which resulting from endotracheal intubation. The diagnosis is based on the patients clinical, radiologic evaluation, flexible laryngoscopy and rigid airway endoscopy under general anesthesia. It must be suspected in children with respiratory distress after extubation. The therapeutic approach depends on the severity of the subglottic stenosis and the patients symptoms. We describe our experience with the subglottic stenosis etiologies, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of patients with this condition.(AU)

[Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric subglottic stenosis: experience in a tertiary care center]. / Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las estenosis subglóticas en pediatría: experiencia en un hospital de alta complejidad.

Subglottic stenosis is among the most common causes of airway obstruction in children, 90% of which resulting from endotracheal intubation. The diagnosis is based on the patient's clinical, radiologic evaluation, flexible laryngoscopy and rigid airway endoscopy under general anesthesia. It must be suspected in children with respiratory distress after extubation. The therapeutic approach depends on the severity of the subglottic stenosis and the patient's symptoms. We describe our experience with the subglottic stenosis etiologies, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of patients with this condition.

[Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Case report]. / Papilomatosis respiratoria recurrente. Caso clinic.

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare condition characterized by recurrent growth of papilloma in the respiratory tract. RRP is caused by human papilloma virus. Its incidence is 4 per 100,000 children. Vertical transmission of the virus during gestation or during delivery is the major route of contracting the disease in children. One hundred and thirty different human papilloma virus types have been identified. Types 6 and 11 are involved in RRP and type 11 develops more aggressive disease with recurrence and progression to the respiratory tract and also nasopharyngeal surface. We present a 7 year old boy with diagnosis of RRP based on radiology and endoscopy.

Hendidura laríngea tipo III en un lactante / Type III laryngeal cleft in an infant

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