Highly efficient head-only magnetic field insert gradient coil for achieving simultaneous high gradient amplitude and slew rate at 3.0T (MAGNUS) for brain microstructure imaging.

PURPOSE: To develop a highly efficient magnetic field gradient coil for head imaging that achieves 200 mT/m and 500 T/m/s on each axis using a standard 1 MVA gradient driver in clinical whole-body 3.0T MR magnet. METHODS: A 42-cm inner diameter head-gradient used the available 89- to 91-cm warm bore space in a whole-body 3.0T magnet by increasing the radial separation between the primary and the shield coil windings to 18.6 cm. This required the removal of the standard whole-body gradient and radiofrequency coils. To achieve a coil efficiency ~4× that of whole-body gradients, a double-layer primary coil design with asymmetric x-y axes, and symmetric z-axis was used. The use of all-hollow conductor with direct fluid cooling of the gradient coil enabled ≥50 kW of total heat dissipation. RESULTS: This design achieved a coil efficiency of 0.32 mT/m/A, allowing 200 mT/m and 500 T/m/s for a 620 A/1500 V driver. The gradient coil yielded substantially reduced echo spacing, and minimum repetition time and echo time. In high b = 10,000 s/mm2 diffusion, echo time (TE) < 50 ms was achieved (>50% reduction compared with whole-body gradients). The gradient coil passed the American College of Radiology tests for gradient linearity and distortion, and met acoustic requirements for nonsignificant risk operation. CONCLUSIONS: Ultra-high gradient coil performance was achieved for head imaging without substantial increases in gradient driver power in a whole-body 3.0T magnet after removing the standard gradient coil. As such, any clinical whole-body 3.0T MR system could be upgraded with 3-4× improvement in gradient performance for brain imaging.

Lightweight, compact, and high-performance 3T MR system for imaging the brain and extremities.

PURPOSE: To build and evaluate a small-footprint, lightweight, high-performance 3T MRI scanner for advanced brain imaging with image quality that is equal to or better than conventional whole-body clinical 3T MRI scanners, while achieving substantial reductions in installation costs. METHODS: A conduction-cooled magnet was developed that uses less than 12 liters of liquid helium in a gas-charged sealed system, and standard NbTi wire, and weighs approximately 2000 kg. A 42-cm inner-diameter gradient coil with asymmetric transverse axes was developed to provide patient access for head and extremity exams, while minimizing magnet-gradient interactions that adversely affect image quality. The gradient coil was designed to achieve simultaneous operation of 80-mT/m peak gradient amplitude at a slew rate of 700 T/m/s on each gradient axis using readily available 1-MVA gradient drivers. RESULTS: In a comparison of anatomical imaging in 16 patients using T2 -weighted 3D fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) between the compact 3T and whole-body 3T, image quality was assessed as equivalent to or better across several metrics. The ability to fully use a high slew rate of 700 T/m/s simultaneously with 80-mT/m maximum gradient amplitude resulted in improvements in image quality across EPI, DWI, and anatomical imaging of the brain. CONCLUSIONS: The compact 3T MRI system has been in continuous operation at the Mayo Clinic since March 2016. To date, over 200 patient studies have been completed, including 96 comparison studies with a clinical 3T whole-body MRI. The increased gradient performance has reliably resulted in consistently improved image quality.