[Comparative analysis of clinical characteristics, evolution and mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 during the first and second wave of the pandemic (ECCOVID Study)]. / Análisis comparativo de las características clínicas, evolución y mortalidad de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 durante la primera y segunda ola de la pandemia (Registro ECCOVID).

INTRODUCTION: Clinical features and outcomes of SARSCoV-2 infections may change between different waves of the pandemic. The objective of this study was to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes between two cohorts of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 during the first and second waves in Argentina. METHODS: Multicenter and prospective registry of patients =18 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to 18 hospitals in Argentina during the first wave (March to October 2020) and second wave (March to July 2021) of the pandemic. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of these patients were compared. RESULTS: A total of 1691 patients were included (first wave n = 809, second wave n = 882). Hospitalized patients during the second wave were older (median 53 years vs. 61 years, p < 0.001), had more comorbidities (71% vs. 77%, p=0.007) and required more supplemental oxygen at admission (21% vs 62%, p < 0.001). During hospitalization, patients of the second wave required more supplemental oxygen (49% vs. 85%, p < 0.001), invasive ventilation (12% vs. 22%, p < 0.001) and had higher 30- day mortality (11% vs. 26%, p < 0.001). Comparing only patients who required supplemental oxygen during hospitalization, 30-day mortality was 20% and 30% p < 0.001 for the first and second wave, respectively. CONCLUSION: Compared to patients admitted during the first wave, patients admitted with SARS-CoV2 during the second wave in Argentina were more seriously ill and had a higher mortality.

Introducción: Las características clínicas y evolutivas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 pueden diferir entre las distintas olas de la pandemia. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las características clínicas, evolución y mortalidad de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 durante la primera y segunda ola en Argentina. Métodos: Registro multicéntrico y prospectivo de pacientes = 18 años con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 internados en 18 hospitales de Argentina durante la primera (marzo a octubre 2020) y la segunda ola (marzo a julio 2021) de la pandemia. Se compararon variables demográficas, características clínicas, y evolución a 30 días. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 1691 pacientes (primera ola n = 809, segunda ola n = 882). Los pacientes hospitalizados durante la segunda ola tenían mayor edad (mediana 53 años vs. 61 años, p < 0.001), comorbilidades (71% vs. 77%, p = 0.007) y requerimiento de oxígeno (21% vs. 62%, p < 0.001). Durante la hospitalización, los pacientes de la segunda ola requirieron más oxigenoterapia (49% vs. 85%, p < 0.001), asistencia mecánica respiratoria (12% vs. 22%, p < 0,001) y presentaron mayor mortalidad (11% vs. 26%, p < 0.001). Comparando únicamente a los que requirieron oxigenoterapia durante la hospitalización, la mortalidad a los 30 días fue de 20% y 30% p < 0.001 en la primera y segunda ola respectivamente. Conclusión: Comparados con los pacientes internados durante la primera ola, los internados durante la segunda ola de SARS-CoV-2 en Argentina presentaron mayor gravedad y mortalidad.

Análisis comparativo de las características clínicas, evolución y mortalidad de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 durante la primera y segunda ola de la pandemia (REGISTRO ECCOVID) / Comparative analysis of clinical characteristics, evolu tion and mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 during the first and second wave of the pandemic (ECCOVID STUDY)

Resumen Introducción : Las características clínicas y evolutivas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de COVID-19 pueden diferir entre las distintas olas de la pandemia. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar las características clínicas, evolución y mortalidad de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 durante la primera y segunda ola en Argentina. Métodos : Registro multicéntrico y prospectivo de pacientes ≥ 18 años con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 internados en 18 hospitales de Argentina durante la primera (marzo a octubre 2020) y la segunda ola (marzo a julio 2021) de la pandemia. Se compararon variables demográficas, características clínicas, y evolu ción a 30 días. Resultados : Se incluyeron un total de 1691 pacien tes (primera ola n = 809, segunda ola n = 882). Los pa cientes hospitalizados durante la segunda ola tenían mayor edad (mediana 53 años vs. 61 años, p < 0.001), comorbilidades (71% vs. 77%, p = 0.007) y requerimiento de oxígeno (21% vs. 62%, p < 0.001). Durante la hospi talización, los pacientes de la segunda ola requirieron más oxigenoterapia (49% vs. 85%, p < 0.001), asistencia mecánica respiratoria (12% vs. 22%, p <0,001) y presen taron mayor mortalidad (11% vs. 26%, p < 0.001). Compa rando únicamente a los que requirieron oxigenoterapia durante la hospitalización, la mortalidad a los 30 días fue de 20% y 30% p < 0.001 en la primera y segunda ola respectivamente. Conclusión : Comparados con los pacientes interna dos durante la primera ola, los internados durante la segunda ola de SARS-CoV-2 en Argentina presentaron mayor gravedad y mortalidad.

Abstract Introduction : Clinical features and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections may change between different waves of the pandemic. The objective of this study was to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes between two cohorts of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 during the first and second waves in Argentina. Methods : Multicenter and prospective registry of patients ≥18 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to 18 hospitals in Argentina during the first wave (March to October 2020) and second wave (March to July 2021) of the pandemic. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of these patients were compared. Results : A total of 1691 patients were included (first wave n = 809, second wave n = 882). Hospitalized pa tients during the second wave were older (median 53 years vs. 61 years, p < 0.001), had more comorbidities (71% vs. 77%, p=0.007) and required more supplemental oxygen at admission (21% vs 62%, p < 0.001). During hos pitalization, patients of the second wave required more supplemental oxygen (49% vs. 85%, p < 0.001), invasive ventilation (12% vs. 22%, p < 0.001) and had higher 30- day mortality (11% vs. 26%, p < 0.001). Comparing only patients who required supplemental oxygen during hos pitalization, 30-day mortality was 20% and 30% p < 0.001 for the first and second wave, respectively. Conclusion : Compared to patients admitted during the first wave, patients admitted with SARS-CoV2 dur ing the second wave in Argentina were more seriously ill and had a higher mortality.

Nursing Students' Perceptions of Flipped Classroom and Continuous Assessment in the Nursing-Management Classroom

Abstract: Introduction: Although the training of nurses in administration and leadership has an important repercussion on the present and the future of the profession, teaching methods are still traditional in many cases. Flipped classroom is a widely used method in nursing education but studies about its application to Nursing Administration and Management are limited. Method: Qualitative study by means of anonymous survey (dichotomous and open questions). Results: 92 % of students were shown to be satisfied with the teaching methodology and 92.9 % with the assessment. Only 31.5 % had used it previously but 83 % would like to use it in more subjects. The students showed that the methodology used had improved their opinion about the content and had increased their perception its usefulness. Conclusion: The participating students have been shown to be satisfied with flipped method and continuous assessment. These teaching strategies can help motivate nursing students towards the subject of Nursing Administration and Management, which can encourage them to pursue postgraduate training and professional practice in this area

Resumen: Introducción: Si bien la formación de enfermeros en Administración y Gestión tiene una importante repercusión en el presente y el futuro de la profesión, los métodos de enseñanza siguen siendo tradicionales en muchos casos. El aula invertida es un método ampliamente utilizado en la educación de enfermería, pero los estudios sobre su aplicación a la administración y gestión de enfermería son limitados. Método: Estudio cualitativo mediante cuestionario anónimo (preguntas dicotómicas y abiertas). Resultados: El 92 % de los estudiantes se mostró satisfecho con la metodología de enseñanza y el 92,9 % con la evaluación. Solo el 31,5 % lo había usado anteriormente, pero al 83 % le gustaría usarlo en más sujetos. Los estudiantes demostraron que la metodología utilizada había mejorado su opinión sobre el contenido y había aumentado su percepción útil del mismo. Conclusión: Los estudiantes participantes han demostrado estar satisfechos con el método de aula invertida. Estas estrategias de enseñanza pueden ayudar a motivar a los estudiantes de enfermería hacia la asignatura de Administración y Gestión de los Servicios de Enfermería, lo que puede animarlos a realizar una formación de posgrado y una práctica profesional en esta área.

Resumo: Introdução: Embora a educação de Enfermagem em Administração e Gestão tenha um grande impacto no presente e futuro da profissão, os métodos de ensino continuam a ser tradicionais em muitos casos. A sala de aula invertida é um método amplamente utilizado na educação em Enfermagem, mas os estudos sobre a sua aplicação à Administração e Gestão de Enfermagem são limitados. Método: Estudo qualitativo utilizando um questionário anônimo (perguntas dicotômicas e abertas). Resultados: 92% dos estudantes ficaram satisfeitos com a metodologia de ensino e 92,9% com a avaliação. Apenas 31,5% já o tinha utilizado antes, mas 83% gostariam de utilizá-lo em mais assuntos. Os estudantes mostraram que a metodologia utilizada havia melhorado a sua opinião sobre o conteúdo e aumentado a sua percepção útil do conteúdo. Conclusão: Os estudantes participantes mostraram-se satisfeitos com o método invertido e com a avaliação contínua. Estas estratégias de ensino podem ajudar a motivar os estudantes de Enfermagem para a disciplina de Administração e Gestão de Enfermagem, o que pode encorajá-los a empreender uma educação de pós-graduação e prática profissional nesta área.

Amoebic liver abscess in a COVID-19 patient: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Amoebiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Entamoeba histolytica, which affects people living in low- and middle-income countries and has intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations. To date, knowledge on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) coinfection with enteric parasites is limited, and E. histolytica coinfection has not been previously described. Here we present the case of a patient with COVID-19 who, during hospitalisation, presented a clinical picture consistent with an amoebic liver abscess (ALA). CASE PRESENTATION: A 54-year-old man, admitted as a suspected case of COVID-19, presented to our hospital with dyspnoea, malaise, fever and hypoxaemia. A nasopharyngeal swab was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. After 7 days, he developed diarrhoea, choluria and dysentery. An abdominal ultrasound showed a lesion compatible with a liver abscess; stool examination revealed E. histolytica trophozoites, and additional serology for E. histolytica was positive. After 12 days of treatment with metronidazole, ceftazidime and nitazoxanide, the patient reported acute abdominal pain, and an ultrasound examination revealed free liquid in the abdominal cavity. An emergency exploratory laparotomy was performed, finding 3000 mL of a thick fluid described as "anchovy paste". Computed tomography scan revealed a second abscess. He ended up receiving 21 days of antibiotic treatment and was discharged with satisfactory improvement. CONCLUSION: Here we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of ALA and COVID-19 co-presenting. Based on their pathophysiological similarities, coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and E. histolytica could change the patient's clinical course; however, larger studies are needed to fully understand the interaction between these pathogens.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Latin American country: Results from the ECCOVID multicenter prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical features and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections diverge in different countries. The aim of this study was to describe clinical characteristics and outcomes in a cohort of patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina. METHODS: Multicenter prospective cohort study of ≥18 years-old patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection consecutively admitted to 19 hospitals in Argentina. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify variables associated with 30-day mortality and admission to intensive care unit (ICU). RESULTS: A total of 809 patients were analyzed. Median age was 53 years, 56% were males and 71% had at least one comorbidity. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (32%), obesity (23%) and diabetes (17%). Disease severity at admission was classified as mild 25%, moderate 51%, severe 17%, and critical 7%. Almost half of patients (49%) required supplemental oxygen, 18% ICU, and 12% invasive ventilation. Overall, 30-day mortality was 11%. Factors independently associated with ICU admission were male gender (OR 1.81; 95%CI 1.16-2.81), hypertension (OR 3.21; 95%CI 2.08-4.95), obesity (OR 2.38; 95%CI 1.51-3.7), oxygen saturation ≤93% (OR 6.45; 95%CI 4.20-9.92) and lymphopenia (OR 3.21; 95%CI 2.08-4.95). Factors independently associated with 30-day mortality included age ≥60 years-old (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.63-4.43), oxygen saturation ≤93% (OR 3.19; 95%CI 1.97-5.16) and lymphopenia (OR 2.65; 95%CI 1.64-4.27). CONCLUSIONS: This cohort validates crucial clinical data on patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina.

Factores de estrés percibidos entre los recién ingresados a la carrera de enfermería / Fatores de estresse percebidos entre carreiras de enfermagem recém entradas / Perceived stress factors among newcomers to the nursing career

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer los factores de estrés más prevalentes en el alumnado novel de las Facultades de Enfermería de las Universidades de Cádiz, Córdoba, Huelva y Sevilla, así como su relación con sus características sociodemográficas, académicas, socioeconómicas, de orientación y de salud. Diseño: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Metodología: Se encuestó a un total de 617 estudiantes (tasa de respuesta del 95,66 %) del primer curso del grado en Enfermería. Los participantes completaron dos cuestionarios: uno sociodemográfico y de salud; y un cuestionario de estrés percibido por alumnos noveles. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los factores de estrés con frecuencia, media y desviación típica. Las relaciones se examinaron con análisis diferencial a través de estudios no paramétricos U Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: Las situaciones que más estrés causan a los nuevos universitarios son: "hacer frente a los exámenes" y "la cantidad de trabajo que tengo que afrontar". En consecuencia, el factor más estresante es el "estrés académico" y el menos estresante el "sentimiento de soledad". Los estudiantes que perciben mayor estrés en varios factores son: mayores de 25 años, mujeres, el alumnado que procede de otras provincias y los que viven de alquiler durante el curso académico. Conclusiones: La entrada a la universidad produce factores de estrés en el alumnado de enfermería, que pueden afectar a su salud, su calidad de vida y su rendimiento académico. Hacer frentes a los exámenes y la alta carga académica son las principales determinantes de estrés. Sin embargo, sería conveniente indagar más en esta línea con el fin de conocer las posibles causas de este problema y poder desarrollar estrategias de prevención que mejoren la calidad de vida de estos estudiantes.

Resumo: Objetivo: Conhecer os fatores de estresse mais prevalentes em novos alunos das Faculdades de Enfermagem das Universidades de Cádis, Córdoba, Huelva e Sevilha, bem como sua relação com suas características sociodemográficas, acadêmicas, socioeconômicas, de orientação, educacionais e saúde. Delineamento: Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal. Metodologia: Foram pesquisados ​​617 alunos (taxa de resposta de 95,66 %) do primeiro ano do curso de Enfermagem. Os participantes responderam a dois questionários: sociodemográfico e de saúde; e questionário de estresse percebido por alunos iniciantes. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos fatores de estresse com frequência, média e desvio padrão. Os relacionamentos foram examinados com análise diferencial por meio de estudos não paramétricos de U Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: As situações que mais estressam os novos estudantes universitários são "fazer exames" e "a quantidade de trabalho que tenho que enfrentar". Conseqüentemente, o fator mais estressante é o "estresse acadêmico" e o menos estressante são os "sentimentos de solidão". Os alunos que percebem o maior estresse em vários fatores são: maiores de 25 anos, mulheres, alunos que vêm de outras províncias e aqueles que vivem de aluguel durante o ano letivo. Conclusões: O ingresso na universidade produz fatores estressantes nos estudantes de enfermagem, que podem afetar sua saúde, sua qualidade de vida e seu desempenho acadêmico. A realização de exames e a alta carga acadêmica são apontados como os principais determinantes do estresse. No entanto, seria conveniente aprofundar as investigações nesse sentido para conhecer as possíveis causas desse problema e poder desenvolver estratégias de prevenção que melhorem a qualidade de vida desses alunos.

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalent stress factors among new students to the Faculties of Nursing at the Faculties of Nursing at the Universities of Cadiz, Cordoba, Huelva and Seville, and the influence of socio-demographic, academic, socio-economic, orientation and health factors. Design: A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study. Methodology: 617 first year nursing students were surveyed (with a 95.66 % response rate) by means of two questionnaires, one for socio-demographics and health, the other for the stress perceived by new students. A descriptive analysis of the stress factors was then carried out for the frequency, mean and standard deviation. The relation between factors was examined through differential analysis by means of the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests. Results: The situations of greatest anxiety among new undergraduates are "taking examinations" and "the amount of work I have to do". Consequently, the most stressful factor is "academic stress" whilst the least stressful is "feelings of loneliness". The students who feel most stress across various factors can be identified as: over 25, women, studying outside their home province, and living in rented accommodation during the academic year. Conclusions: Starting a degree in nursing is a stressful time, and students can find their health, quality of life and academic performance negatively affected. The main determinants of stress among new undergraduates are the joint demands of examinations and workload. It would undoubtedly be enlightening to examine this issue further in order to find the possible causes of the problem and to develop strategies that can help in its prevention and so improve the students' experience of university.

[Panorama of carbapenemases in PeruUm panorama das carbapenemases presentes no Peru]. / Panorama de las carbapenemasas en Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the genotypes of the carbapenemases reported from microbiological isolates of patients in Peru. METHODS: A systematic search of the biomedical literature about carbapenemases with genotypic confirmation was carried out. It included literature published from 1 January 2000 through 15 September 2019 in the PubMed, SCOPUS, Virtual Health Library, CONCYTEC Virtual Library, and Google Scholar databases, and other sources for the publication of abstracts or posters from national or international meetings. Two reviewers carried out the data selection and extraction. RESULTS: Fourteen studies, which carried out the genotypic characterization of 313 carbapenemases, were included. Of the total 313 reports, 103 analyzed enterobacteria: 74 were of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 11 of Proteus mirabilis, 7 of Enterobacter cloacae, and 11 of other enterobacteria; and 61 corresponded to bla NDM , 39 to bla KPC, and 3 to bla IMP . According to their molecular structure, 64 were metallo-ß-lactamases and 39 were serine-ß-lactamases. Of the total reports, 84 analyzed Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 79 corresponded to bla IMP , 4 to bla VIM , and 1 to bla GES. Of the total reports, 126 analyzed Acinetobacter baumannii: 55 corresponded to bla OXA-23 , 66 to bla OXA-24 , 3 to bla NDM, and 2 to bla OXA-143 . CONCLUSIONS: There is a limited number of publications about carbapenemases among patients in Peru. The genotype reports come primarily from hospitals in the country's capital. This is the first review that aims to identify the types of carbapenemases reported in enterobacteria, P. aeruginosa, and A. baummani.

OBJETIVO: Descrever os genótipos das carbapenemases relatadas a partir de isolados microbiológicos de pacientes no Peru. MÉTODOS: Fizemos uma pesquisa sistemática da literatura biomédica publicada de 1º de janeiro de 2000 a 15 de setembro de 2019 nas bases de dados PubMed, SCOPUS, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, Biblioteca Virtual CONCYTEC, Google Scholar e outras fontes de publicações de resumos ou pôsteres em conferências nacionais ou internacionais sobre carbapenemases com confirmação genotípica; a seleção e extração de dados foi feita por pares. RESULTADOS: Incluímos 14 estudos nos quais foi feita a caracterização genotípica de 313 carbapenemases. Ao todo, 103 destes relatos vieram de testes efetuados em enterobactérias; destes, 74 foram em Klebsiella pneumoniae, 11 em Proteus mirabilis, 7 em Enterobacter cloacae e 11 em outros organismos. Destes 103 relatos, 61 correspondem a bla NDM, 39 a bla KPC e 3 a bla IMP. Segundo a estrutura molecular, 64 foram metalo-betalactamases e 39 foram serino-betalactamases. Foram incluídos 84 relatos sobre Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dos quais 79 corresponderam a bla IMP, 4 a bla VIM e 1 a bla GES. Também houve 126 relatos sobre Acinetobacter baumannii, dos quais 55 corresponderam a bla OXA-23, 66 a bla OXA-24, 3 a bla NDM e 2 a bla OXA-143. CONCLUSÕES: Existem poucas publicações sobre carbapenemases em pacientes no Peru; os relatos genotípicos provêm, em sua maioria, de hospitais da capital do país. Esta é a primeira revisão que procura estabelecer os tipos de carbapenemases relatadas em enterobactérias, P. aeruginosa e A. baumannii.

Panorama de las carbapenemasas en Perú

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir los genotipos de las carbapenemasas reportadas de aislamientos microbiológicos de pacientes en Perú. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura biomédica publicada desde el 1 enero de 2000 hasta el 15 de setiembre de 2019 en las bases de datos PubMed, SCOPUS, Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, Biblioteca Virtual de CONCYTEC, Google Scholar y otras fuentes de publicaciones de resúmenes o póster en congresos nacionales o internacionales sobre carbapenemasas con confirmación genotípica; la selección y extracción de datos fue por pares. Resultados. Se incluyeron 14 estudios en los que se realizó la caracterización genotípica de 313 carbapenemasas. Ciento tres de estos reportes pertenecían a estudios efectuados en enterobacterias; de estos, 74 fueron en Klebsiella pneumoniae, 11 en Proteus mirabilis, 7 en Enterobacter cloacae y 11 en otras. Sesenta y una de estas 103 corresponden a blaNDM, 39 a blaKPC y 3 a blaIMP. Según su estructura molecular, 64 son metalobetalactamasas y 39 son serinbetalactamasas. En Pseudomonas aeruginosa se incluyeron 84 reportes, 79 corresponden a blaIMP, 4 a blaVIM, y 1 a blaGES. En Acinetobacter baumannii 126 reportes, 55 corresponden a blaOXA-23, 66 a blaOXA24, 3 a blaNDM y 2 a blaOXA-143. Conclusiones. Existe un número escaso de publicaciones respecto a carbapenemasas de pacientes en Perú; los reportes genotípicos provienen en su mayoría de hospitales de la capital del país. Esta es la primera revisión que intenta conocer los tipos de carbapenemasas reportadas en enterobacterias, P. aeruginosa y A. baumannii.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To describe the genotypes of the carbapenemases reported from microbiological isolates of patients in Peru. Methods. A systematic search of the biomedical literature about carbapenemases with genotypic confirmation was carried out. It included literature published from 1 January 2000 through 15 September 2019 in the PubMed, SCOPUS, Virtual Health Library, CONCYTEC Virtual Library, and Google Scholar databases, and other sources for the publication of abstracts or posters from national or international meetings. Two reviewers carried out the data selection and extraction. Results. Fourteen studies, which carried out the genotypic characterization of 313 carbapenemases, were included. Of the total 313 reports, 103 analyzed enterobacteria: 74 were of Klebsiella pneumoniae, 11 of Proteus mirabilis, 7 of Enterobacter cloacae, and 11 of other enterobacteria; and 61 corresponded to blaNDM, 39 to blaKPC, and 3 to blaIMP. According to their molecular structure, 64 were metallo-ß-lactamases and 39 were serine-ß-lactamases. Of the total reports, 84 analyzed Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 79 corresponded to blaIMP, 4 to blaVIM, and 1 to blaGES. Of the total reports, 126 analyzed Acinetobacter baumannii: 55 corresponded to blaOXA-23, 66 to blaOXA-24, 3 to blaNDM, and 2 to blaOXA-143. Conclusions. There is a limited number of publications about carbapenemases among patients in Peru. The genotype reports come primarily from hospitals in the country’s capital. This is the first review that aims to identify the types of carbapenemases reported in enterobacteria, P. aeruginosa, and A. baummani.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever os genótipos das carbapenemases relatadas a partir de isolados microbiológicos de pacientes no Peru. Métodos. Fizemos uma pesquisa sistemática da literatura biomédica publicada de 1º de janeiro de 2000 a 15 de setembro de 2019 nas bases de dados PubMed, SCOPUS, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, Biblioteca Virtual CONCYTEC, Google Scholar e outras fontes de publicações de resumos ou pôsteres em conferências nacionais ou internacionais sobre carbapenemases com confirmação genotípica; a seleção e extração de dados foi feita por pares. Resultados. Incluímos 14 estudos nos quais foi feita a caracterização genotípica de 313 carbapenemases. Ao todo, 103 destes relatos vieram de testes efetuados em enterobactérias; destes, 74 foram em Klebsiella pneumoniae, 11 em Proteus mirabilis, 7 em Enterobacter cloacae e 11 em outros organismos. Destes 103 relatos, 61 correspondem a blaNDM, 39 a blaKPC e 3 a blaIMP. Segundo a estrutura molecular, 64 foram metalobetalactamases e 39 foram serino-betalactamases. Foram incluídos 84 relatos sobre Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dos quais 79 corresponderam a blaIMP, 4 a blaVIM e 1 a blaGES. Também houve 126 relatos sobre Acinetobacter baumannii, dos quais 55 corresponderam a blaOXA-23, 66 a blaOXA-24, 3 a blaNDM e 2 a blaOXA-143. Conclusões. Existem poucas publicações sobre carbapenemases em pacientes no Peru; os relatos genotípicos provêm, em sua maioria, de hospitais da capital do país. Esta é a primeira revisão que procura estabelecer os tipos de carbapenemases relatadas em enterobactérias, P. aeruginosa e A. baumannii.

[Identification of carbapenem-resistant genes in enterobacteria from peruvian hospitals, 2013-2017]. / Identificación de genes de resistencia a carbapenémicos en enterobacterias de hospitales de Perú, 2013-2017.

The global spread of carbapenemases is a significant public health concern. The aim of this report is to describe the presence of KPC-type carbapenem-resistant genes and enterobacteria isolated in 12 hospitals and forwarded to the Peruvian National Institute of Health's National Infection Reference Laboratory during the period between 2013 and 2017. The strains were identified by conventional methods; antimicrobial resistance was determined by phenotypic and biochemical methods. The presence of resistant genes was detected by conventional PCR. Eighty-three (83) strains harboring carbapenemases were identified: 26 (31.3%) carrying the blaKPC gene, 56 (67.5%) the blaNDM gene, and one strain (1.2%) with the blaIMP gene. This is the first report that shows the circulating carbapenemases genes in Hospitals in Peru of cases submitted for their confirmation to the National Reference Laboratory, so it is necessary to improve the surveillance to better understand their situation in our country.

La diseminación global de carbapenemasas es de importancia en la salud pública. El objetivo del estudio es describir la presencia de genes de resistencia a carbapenémicos tipo KPC y metalobetalactamasas en enterobacterias aisladas de 12 hospitales y remitidos al Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias del Instituto Nacional de Salud de Perú durante los años 2013 al 2017. Las cepas fueron identificadas por métodos convencionales, la resistencia antimicrobiana fue determinada por métodos fenotípicos, bioquímicos y la presencia de genes de resistencia, se detectaron por PCR convencional. Se identificaron 83 cepas con carbapenemasas: 26 (31,3 %) portando el gen blaKPC, 56 (67,5 %) el gen blaNDM y una (1,2 %) cepa con el gen blaIMP. Es el primer reporte que da a conocer los genes de carbapenemasas circulantes en hospitales de Perú, por lo que se requiere mejorar la vigilancia para tener un mejor conocimiento de la situación en Perú.

Identificación de genes de resistencia a carbapenémicos en enterobacterias de hospitales de Perú, 2013-2017 / Identification of carbapenem-resistant genes in enterobacteria from peruvian hospitals, 2013-2017

RESUMEN La diseminación global de carbapenemasas es de importancia en la salud pública. El objetivo del estudio es describir la presencia de genes de resistencia a carbapenémicos tipo KPC y metalobetalactamasas en enterobacterias aisladas de 12 hospitales y remitidos al Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias del Instituto Nacional de Salud de Perú durante los años 2013 al 2017. Las cepas fueron identificadas por métodos convencionales, la resistencia antimicrobiana fue determinada por métodos fenotípicos, bioquímicos y la presencia de genes de resistencia, se detectaron por PCR convencional. Se identificaron 83 cepas con carbapenemasas: 26 (31,3 %) portando el gen blaKPC, 56 (67,5 %) el gen blaNDM y una (1,2 %) cepa con el gen blaIMP. Es el primer reporte que da a conocer los genes de carbapenemasas circulantes en hospitales de Perú, por lo que se requiere mejorar la vigilancia para tener un mejor conocimiento de la situación en Perú.

ABSTRACT The global spread of carbapenemases is a significant public health concern. The aim of this report is to describe the presence of KPC-type carbapenem-resistant genes and enterobacteria isolated in 12 hospitals and forwarded to the Peruvian National Institute of Health's National Infection Reference Laboratory during the period between 2013 and 2017. The strains were identified by conventional methods; antimicrobial resistance was determined by phenotypic and biochemical methods. The presence of resistant genes was detected by conventional PCR. Eighty-three (83) strains harboring carbapenemases were identified: 26 (31.3%) carrying the blaKPC gene, 56 (67.5%) the blaNDM gene, and one strain (1.2%) with the blaIMP gene. This is the first report that shows the circulating carbapenemases genes in Hospitals in Peru of cases submitted for their confirmation to the National Reference Laboratory, so it is necessary to improve the surveillance to better understand their situation in our country.

The Prevalence, Correlates, Detection and Control of Diabetes among Older People in Low and Middle Income Countries. A 10/66 Dementia Research Group Population-Based Survey.

BACKGROUND: Little is known of the epidemiology of diabetes among older people in low and middle income countries. We aimed to study and compare prevalence, social patterning, correlates, detection, treatment and control of diabetes among older people in Latin America, India, China and Nigeria. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys in 13 catchment area sites in nine countries. Diagnosed diabetes was assessed in all sites through self-reported diagnosis. Undiagnosed diabetes was assessed in seven Latin American sites through fasting blood samples (glucose > = 7 mmol/L). RESULTS: Total diabetes prevalence in catchment sites in Cuba (prevalence 24.2%, SMR 116), Puerto Rico (43.4%, 197), and urban (27.0%, 125), and rural Mexico (23.7%, 111) already exceeds that in the USA, while that in Venezuela (20.9%, 100) is similar. Diagnosed diabetes prevalence varied very widely, between low prevalences in sites in rural China (0.9%), rural India (6.6%) and Nigeria (6.0%). and 32.1% in Puerto Rico, explained mainly by access to health services. Treatment coverage varied substantially between sites. Diabetes control (40 to 61% of those diagnosed) was modest in the Latin American sites where this was studied. Diabetes was independently associated with less education, but more assets. Hypertension, central obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia, but not hypercholesterolaemia were consistently associated with total diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes prevalence is already high in most sites. Identifying undiagnosed cases is essential to quantify population burden, particularly in least developed settings where diagnosis is uncommon. Metabolic risk factors and associated lifestyles may play an important part in aetiology, but this requires confirmation with longitudinal data. Given the high prevalence among older people, more population research is indicated to quantify the impact of diabetes, and to monitor the effect of prevention and health system strengthening on prevalence, treatment and control.

The performance of laboratory tests in the management of a large outbreak of orally transmitted Chagas disease.

Orally transmitted Chagas disease (ChD), which is a well-known entity in the Brazilian Amazon Region, was first documented in Venezuela in December 2007, when 103 people attending an urban public school in Caracas became infected by ingesting juice that was contaminated with Trypanosoma cruzi. The infection occurred 45-50 days prior to the initiation of the sampling performed in the current study. Parasitological methods were used to diagnose the first nine symptomatic patients; T. cruzi was found in all of them. However, because this outbreak was managed as a sudden emergency during Christmas time, we needed to rapidly evaluate 1,000 people at risk, so we decided to use conventional serology to detect specific IgM and IgG antibodies via ELISA as well as indirect haemagglutination, which produced positive test results for 9.1%, 11.9% and 9.9% of the individuals tested, respectively. In other more restricted patient groups, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provided more sensitive results (80.4%) than blood cultures (16.2%) and animal inoculations (11.6%). Although the classical diagnosis of acute ChD is mainly based on parasitological findings, highly sensitive and specific serological techniques can provide rapid results during large and severe outbreaks, as described herein. The use of these serological techniques allows prompt treatment of all individuals suspected of being infected, resulting in reduced rates of morbidity and mortality.

The performance of laboratory tests in the management of a large outbreak of orally transmitted Chagas disease

Orally transmitted Chagas disease (ChD), which is a well-known entity in the Brazilian Amazon Region, was first documented in Venezuela in December 2007, when 103 people attending an urban public school in Caracas became infected by ingesting juice that was contaminated with Trypanosoma cruzi. The infection occurred 45-50 days prior to the initiation of the sampling performed in the current study. Parasitological methods were used to diagnose the first nine symptomatic patients; T. cruzi was found in all of them. However, because this outbreak was managed as a sudden emergency during Christmas time, we needed to rapidly evaluate 1,000 people at risk, so we decided to use conventional serology to detect specific IgM and IgG antibodies via ELISA as well as indirect haemagglutination, which produced positive test results for 9.1%, 11.9% and 9.9% of the individuals tested, respectively. In other more restricted patient groups, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provided more sensitive results (80.4%) than blood cultures (16.2%) and animal inoculations (11.6%). Although the classical diagnosis of acute ChD is mainly based on parasitological findings, highly sensitive and specific serological techniques can provide rapid results during large and severe outbreaks, as described herein. The use of these serological techniques allows prompt treatment of all individuals suspected of being infected, resulting in reduced rates of morbidity and mortality.

Ocurrencia de Isospora belli, Cryptosporidium spp y Cyclospora cayetanenesis en pacientes urbanos evaluados por síntomas gastrointestinales con o sin imnunosupresión / Occurrence of Isospora belli, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora cayetanenesis spp in urban patients evaluated for gastrointestinal symptoms with or without immunosuppresion

Este estudio de corte transversal, estimó la ocurrencia de infecciones por coccidias intestinales (CI) en pacientes urbanos procedentes de Caracas-Venezuela. Se analizaron, 1 831 referencias de pacientes externos de ambos sexos y con edad promedio ± desviación estándar de 28,8 ± 22,93 años. En la Sección de Geohelmintiasis del Instituto de Medicina Tropical (SGH-IMT), se evaluaron 4 650 muestras de heces seriadas, por examen directo, formol tritón éter y Baermann, pertenecientes a 1 550 pacientes. Adicionalmente, la prueba de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada, se aplicó a las muestras fecales de 150 pacientes, por solicitud del médico tratante o sugerencia de SGH-IMT. La eosinofilia (40,54 por ciento; 225/555) constituyó el principal motivo de referencia y consulta. El promedio ± DS de contaje absoluto de eosinófilo (3 151 ± 5 161) demostró eosinofilias leves (63/204) y moderadas (25/204). Otros motivos de consulta fueron: dolor abdominal (27,72 por ciento; 122/440), náuseas/vómitos (19,03 por ciento; 83/436), pujo/tenesmo (16,05 por ciento; 70/436) y por último, la consistencia líquida de las heces (4,87 por ciento; 74/1 477). Los parasitados (43,7 por ciento; 677/1 550) presentaron evacuaciones pastosa (81,25 por ciento; 494/608) y blandas (37 por ciento; 57/608). Sólo, 5,92. por ciento (36/608) presentaron consistencia líquida. La prueba de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada demostró 12 casos positivos (8 por ciento) para CI: Isospora belli (5,33 por ciento; 8/150), Cryptosporidium spp (2 por ciento; 3/150) y Cyclospora cayetanensis (0,66 por ciento; 1/150). El único caso de ciclosporiosis estaba co-infectado con Blastocystis hominis y no presentó cambios en la consistencia de las heces. Estos resultados apoya la idea de que los médicos interconsultantes soliciten la aplicación de exámenes coproparasitológicos adicionales, en forma seriada, de bajo costo, para evaluar pacientes inmunocompetentes urbanos, con síntomas gastrointestinales/ eosinofilia, ...

These two years follow up; cross-sectional study estimates the occurrence of intestinal coccidias in urban patients from the metropolitan area of Caracas-Venezuela. One thousand eight hundred thirty one outpatient case reports were analyzed, both sex and 28.8 ± 22.93 years. Soil-transmitted helminthes laboratory of the Tropical Medicine Institute (SGH-IMT) evaluated 4 650 feces samples from 1 550 outpatients by direct, formol triton ether and Baermann techniques, Additionally, modified Ziehl-Neelsen, were done because of clinicians or SGH-IMT suggestion for 150 outpatients. Eosinophilia (40.54 percent; 225/555) was the major cause of referral and consultation. The mean of the absolute count of eosinophils (3 151+ 5 161) showed low (63/204) and moderate (25/204) eosinophila. Other causes of consultation were: abdominal pain (27.72 percent; 122/440), nausea/ vomiting (19.03 percent; 83/436), tenesmus/constipation (16.05 percent; 70/436) and finally, liquid fecal consistency (4.87 percent; 74/1477). Parasite infected patients (43.7 percent; 677/1550) had normal (81.25 percent; 494/608) and semi liquid feces (37 percent; 57/608). Only, 5.92 percent (36/608) had liquid consistency. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen demonstrates 12 positive IC (8 percent) for: Isospora belli (5.33. percent; 8/150), Cryptosporidium spp (2 percent; 3/150) and Cyclospora cayetanensis (0.66 percent; 1/150). The only case of cyclosporidiosis was co-infected with Blastocystis hominis and had normal feces. These results agrees with the idea for clinicians to ask for additional, low cost, serial parasitological test in feces, to evaluate urban inmunocompetent outpatients, with gastrointestinal symptoms/eosinophilia, even without diarrhea, because the basic feces techniques, used routinely, fails to make the precise parasite diagnostic, underestimating coccidiosis

Estudio de la fasciolosis hepática humana y parasitosis intestinales en el caserío Mesa Arriba del municipio Carache, estado Trujillo,Venezuela / Study of human hepatic fasciolosis and intestinal parasitosis in the Mesa Arriba Village, Carache Municipality, Trujillo State, Venezuela

Se realizó un estudio clínico epidemiológico para determinar la ocurrencia de fasciolosis hepática humana y parasitosis intestinales en el caserío Mesa Arriba, municipio Carache. estado Trujillo, Venezuela, zona descrita como endémica para fasciolosis bovina, donde dos casos aislados, se han reportado en humanos. Se estudiaron 98 personas previo consentimiento informado, a quienes se les realizó una encuesta epidemiológica, examen físico, hematología, aminotransferasas, estudio coproparasitológico y serológico: ELISA con antígeno de excreción-secreción de adultos de Fasciola hepatica (AFhES) y “Western blot”(WB). Con base en los datos obtenidos, se conoció que el 88,8% de los participantes había consumido berro silvestre (Rorippa nasturtium aquaticum) y 59,2% tuvo contacto con ganado vacuno. En el estudio coproparasitológico se encontró que el 47,9% presentó algún tipo de parásito intestinal, 20,4% correspondió a helmintos, 15,3% a protozoarios y 12,2% a infecciones mixtas. No se encontraron huevos de Fasciola hepatica. El 18,4% de las personas mostró eosinofilia. Se obtuvo un suero positivo por el método de ELISA, con bandas inespecíficas al WB-AFhES. Se administró tratamiento específico para parásitos intestinales. No se demostró fasciolosis humana en este trabajo, a pesar de encontrar factores favorables a la infección, pero el mismo representó una aproximación a su estudio epidemiológico en el estado Trujillo.

A clinical-epidemiological study to determine the occurrence of human hepatic fasciolosis and intestinal parasitosis was done at the Mesa Arriba Village, Carache Municipality, Trujillo State, Venezuela, area which has been described as endemic for bovine fasciolosis and where two isolated cases have been reported in humans. The study included 98 persons who, after previously signing an informed consent form, answered an epidemiological survey and were physically examined and submitted to the following laboratory tests: complete hematology, aminotransferase, and coproparasitology and serology; ELISA using Fasciola hepatica adult excretion-secretion antigen (AFhES) and “Western Blot” (WB). Based on the results obtained, it was found that 88.8% of participants had consumed wild watercress (Rorippa nasturtium aquaticum) and 59.2% had contact with bovine cattle. The coproparasitological study showed that 47.9% had some type of intestinal parasite: 20.4% corresponded to helmints, 15.3% to protozoa, and 12.2% mixed infections. There were no Fasciola hepatica eggs; 18.4% of the individuals showed eosinophilia. The ELISA test gave one positive serum with non-specific WB-AFhES bands. Specific anti-intestinal parasite treatment was indicated. Human fasciolosis was not demonstrated in this study, in spite of finding favorable factors for this infection, but is represents and approximation to its epidemiological study at Trujillo State.

Importancia de la referencia médica en el diagnóstico de parasitosis intestinales por métodos coproparasitológicos / Medical reference importance in the intestinal parasitic diagnosis for coproparasitologic method

La Sección de Geohelmintiasis del Instituto de Medicina Tropical estudia las muestras de heces por examen seriado que incluyen examen directo, Formol-Tritón-Éter y Baermann. Otras técnicas coproparasitológicas como: Graham, Kinyoun y Kato-Katz, se realizan por solicitud del médico tratante. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: valorar la calidad de la referencia médica, el impacto en el diagnóstico al aplicarse las técnicas coproparasitológicas y la ocurrencia de óarasitosis intestinales de los pacientes que asiste a esta Sección. A cada referencia médica se le colocó una puntuación entre 0 y 12 puntos según la presencia o no de determinados parámetros de calidad. Para un total de 392 referencias: 170 procedentes de hospitales públicos, 157 del Instituto de Medicina Tropical, 38 de instituciones privadas y 27 sin información, el promedio de puntuación fue de 4 puntos. La baja calidad de las referencia médica impidió valorar el impacto de las mismas en el diagnóstico parasitario por técnicas coproparasitológicas. Los parásitos de mayor ocurrencia (n = 460) fueron Blastocystis hominis (8,7 por ciento), Entamoeba coli (3,5 por ciento), Ascaris lumbricoides (2,9 por ciento) y Giardia intestinalis (2,3 por ciento). De los pacientes virus de inmunodeficiencia humana +, a 5 se indicó Kinyoun en la referencia médica (10/173), uno fue positivo para Cryptosporidium sp. Dos pacientes referidos por prurito anal e indicación de Graham, ambos negativos para Enterobius vermicularis. Cuatro pacientes fueron referidos por esquistosomosis sin indicación de Kato-Katz. Una referencia médica completa contribuye en la aplicación de las técnicas coproparasitológicas de elección, favoreciendo un diagnóstico certero y oportuno. A partir de estos resultados se estructuró una referencia médica piloto para iniciar una labor educativa al personal de salud sobre las técnicas coproparasitológicas.

Soil transmitted helminthes laboratory of the Tropical Medicine Institute studies feces by simple method, Formol-Triton-Eter and Baermann. Other coproparasitologic techniques like: Graham, Kinyoun and Kato-Katz are process if they are asked by physicians. The objectives of the current study were: evaluate the reference quality of the medical record, the impact in the final diagnosis applying coproparasitologic techniques and the occurrence of parasitic intestinal disease. Each reference was evaluated between 0 and 12 points, depending on the presence of quality parameters. For a total of 392 reference: 170 patients from public hospital, 157 from Tropical Medicine Institute, 38 from private hospital and 27 without information, the mean reference evaluation was 4 points. The poor quality of the reference did not permit to measure the impact in the final parasitologic diagnosis. The most frequent parasites were Blastocystis hominis (8,9 percent), Entamoeba coli (3,5 percent), Ascaris lumbricoides and Giardia intestinalis (both with 2,54 percent). For the total HIV positive (10/173), only for 5, Kinyoun technique was solicited by the reference, Cryptosporidium sp. was positive for one. Two patients were referred because of pruritus ani and indication of Graham, both were negative for Enterobius vermicularis. Four patients referred with suspect of schistosomiasis without a Kato-Katz indication by the doctor. A complete reference of the medical record contributes to the application of the first choice of coproparasitologic techniques, to favor real diagnosis towards the benefit of the patients. We structured a new model of reference of the medical record to initiate an education labor of the health personal about the coproparasitologic techniques.

Brote familiar de fascioliasis en Venezuela / Family outbreak of fascioliasis in Venezuela

De los 9 casos de fascioliasis humana registrados en Venezuela, 4 han sido publicados en los últimos 10 años, siendo 2 de éstos procedentes de la región andina. El riesgo de endemicidad frecuente en bovinos y la condición clínica de una niña de 14 años, con malestar abdominal, vómitos, eosino filia y antecedentes de ingestión abundante de berros, motivó realizar un estudio en su lugar de procedencia (Timotes, Edo. Mérida), para conocer la exposición de la comunidad al riesgo de infección. Se evaluaron 65 personas, a quienes se les realizó historia clínica, con consentimiento previa información, toma de muestras de sangre, exámenes de heces (n=37) y ecografía abdominal (n=33). Se practicó ELISA con extracto soluble de adultos de Fasciola hepatica (ELISA-AFhES), resultando 9 personas positivas. Se practicó “Western blot” (WB) a todos los sueros positivos en ELISA, de los cuales 5 reconocieron moléculas específicas de 9, 14, 27 y 65 kDa, lo que constituye un patrón de positividad al WB. Los cuatro sueros restantes, con débil reactividad al ELISA, no reconocieron estas moléculas. Por estudios coprológicos se encontraron Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Blastocystis hominis, Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana y Ascaris lumbricoides. Tres de las 5 personas positivas por ELISA-AFhES y WB-AFhES resultaron con huevos de Fasciola hepatica en las heces. Los 5 pasos positivos corresponden a niñas de una familia, todas hermanas, cuyos padres resultaron sin infección, a pesar de que todos ingieren berros y ensaladas con productos de la región. El presente estudio constituye el primer reporte de transmisión a humanos en una población de un área bien delimitada en la región andina venezolana.