Qualitative Analysis of a Teacher's Reflections on Medical Students Using Public Narratives to Promote Health.

A qualitative, inductive content analysis was done to explore a teacher's reflections on the experiences of a team of medical students using public narratives to promote health within a Colombian university. Data were collected from the teacher's written reflective journal and an academic report, the latter, submitted by the medical students. 'Being mobilized' emerged as an overarching category. The experiences were described in three interrelated categories: team involvement, barriers and countering these barriers. In terms of team involvement, students were motivated, committed, connected with people and frustrated. On the other hand, barriers such as doubts and discomfort remarked, and finally these barriers were countered through training, practice and teamwork. As conclusion, the public narrative framework has changed the way medical students think about how to mobilize people for health promotion in a university. Narrative approaches are gaining strength as sources of motivation to support the adoption of healthy behaviors.

Enseñanza y aprendizaje de los determinantes sociales en salud en la región de las Américas / Teaching and learning of social determinants in health in the region of the Americas

Introducción: La región de las Américas es considerada como la más desigual del mundo. Los recursos humanos en salud resultan fundamentales para superar estas diferencias mediante el abordaje de los Determinantes Sociales. Objetivo: Revisar los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje de los Determinantes Sociales en programas de ciencias de la salud en la región de las Américas. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura mediante la búsqueda de documentos oficiales y artículos en las bases de datos Web of Science, Clinicalkey, PubMed, Science Direct y Lilacs. Se seleccionaron 68 documentos para su análisis. Resultados: La región de las Américas ha tenido un avance significativo en cuanto a la inclusión de las políticas públicas que actúan sobre los Determinantes y que ayudan a que los recursos humanos en salud se formen con enfoque de atención primaria. Sin embargo, es importante que las facultades de ciencias de la salud de la región profundicen en el conocimiento de estrategias pedagógicas y de investigación, y que faciliten la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los Determinantes. A su vez, se observan avances en la inclusión de la Educación Interprofesional en la región. Conclusiones: Los programas de ciencias de la salud deben profundizar en la aplicación de estrategias pedagógicas y de investigación, que faciliten la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los Determinantes, los cuales promueven la reflexión del papel de profesional en la disminución de las inequidades sociales y el mejoramiento en la salud de la población(AU)

Introduction: The region of the Americas is considered as the most unequal in the world. Human resources in health are essential for overcoming these differences, by means of addressing social determinants. Objective: To review the processes of teaching and learning about social determinants in health science programs in the region of the Americas. Methods: A literature review was carried out by searching for official documents and articles in the databases ofWeb of Science, Clinicalkey, PubMed, Science Direct and Lilacs databases. Sixty-eight documents were selected for the analysis. Results: The region of the Americas has made significant progress in terms of including public policies influencing on determinants and helping human resources in health to be trained under a primary care approach. However, it is important thathealth sciences schools in the region deepen their knowledge of pedagogical and research strategies, as well as they facilitate teaching and learning of the determinants. At the same time, progress has been observed regarding the inclusion of interprofessional education in the region. Conclusions: Health sciences programs should deepen the application of pedagogical and research strategies that facilitate teaching and learning of the determinants, which foster reflection about the role of professionals in reducing social inequalities and improving population health(AU)

An educational strategy that promotes healthy habits in elderly people with hypertension in a municipality of Colombia: a participatory action research study. / Estrategia educativa que promueve los hábitos saludables en adultos mayores con hipertensión arterial en un municipio de Colombia: estudio de investigación-acción participativa.

OBJECTIVE: To identify resources of the municipality of Sopó-Cundinamarca, Colombia, that are also opportunities to strengthen the development of an educational strategy that promotes healthy habits (healthy diet and exercise) as part of the comprehensive management of hypertension in the elderly. METHODS: A qualitative study of a participatory-action research initiative in the Community Day Center of Sopó in the second semester of 2015. It was developed in three stages: first, a community diagnosis showed the need to integrate the culture, traditions and resources of the municipality as inputs that allow the adherence of healthy styles by the elderly for the control of hypertension; in the second stage, a work plan was established based on actions provided by the community; and in the third stage, we reflected on the results. RESULTS: An effective and sustainable intervention for the elderly can be achieved through the following activities: appropriation of the agricultural resources, the strengthening of dance as a form of exercise, use of motivational strategies, support of institutions that work with the welfare of the elderly, and the empowerment of facilitators. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions aimed at supporting the adherence of healthy lifestyles to the elderly should include and preserve the context of the community of which they are part, where community resources are the inputs that allow health promotion.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los recursos del municipio de Sopó-Cundinamarca, Colombia, como oportunidades de fortalecimiento para el desarrollo de una estrategia educativa que promueva los hábitos saludables (alimentación y actividad física) como parte del manejo integral de la hipertensión arterial en el adulto mayor. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo, tipo investigación-acción participativa en la comunidad del centro día de Sopó en el segundo semestre de 2015. Se desarrolló en tres etapas. En la primera, a partir del contacto con la comunidad, se obtuvo un diagnóstico comunitario. Este fue la necesidad de integrar la cultura, las tradiciones y los recursos del municipio como insumos que permitan la adherencia de estilos de vida saludables por parte del adulto mayor para el control de la hipertensión arterial. En la segunda se estableció el plan de trabajo por medio de acciones proporcionadas por la comunidad; y en la tercera etapa se dio la reflexión de los resultados obtenidos. RESULTADOS: A partir de la apropiación de los recursos agrícolas, el fortalecimiento del baile como actividad física, la incorporación de estrategias motivacionales, el soporte de instituciones que le apuestan al bienestar del adulto mayor y el empoderamiento de los facilitadores; se logra una intervención eficaz y sostenible para el cuidado de la salud del adulto mayor. CONCLUSIONES: Las intervenciones encaminadas a promover la adherencia de estilos de vida saludables en los adultos mayores, deben incluir y preservar el contexto de la comunidad de la cual ellos son parte, donde los recursos de la misma sean los insumos que permitan la promoción de la salud.

The pursuit of healthier communities through a community health medical education program.

BACKGROUND: Distinct periods in the community health undergraduate medical program at the University of La Sabana (Colombia) were identified in its evolution from 1999 to 2013. We describe each period and explain the succesion of changes toward improvement. METHODS: An ordered review of the community health program was constructed based on the retrospective recollection, classification, and analysis of information from document archives and interviews with participants. The review of the experience reconstructs periods of the program, organizing the evolution of its learned lessons and identified changes across the development of community health projects (CHPs) and the phases followed in their implementation. RESULTS: Two principal stages were identified, the first when students' CHPs involved only schools, and the second when students worked in a broader array of community settings. Identified phases of the community health cycle leading to identifying changes across the program timeline were focus of the community-campus partnership; development of relationships among participants; health and health determinants' assessment; defining project goals and objectives; devising a project activity plan; implementing and gathering results; disseminating project achievements; and building sustainability of program activities. Periods were bounded by important new characteristics introduced in the pursuit of healthier communities. DISCUSSION: Understanding the evolution of the program revealed the key concepts and practices in setting community health apprenticeship scenarios for the various participants. Overall, trust and commitment from stakeholders requires competent facilitators able to build meaningful and sustainable collaborations that can translate the purpose of community health practice into an effective teaching-learning experience. Institutional capacity building and collaborative practice contribute to improvements in the community health program and its ability to be flexible to adapt to different contexts. Periods reflecting improvement in this school's programs over time can help others identify key elements that need to be integrated into a community health medical education program.

Necesidades de formación para el desarrollo integral de la primera infancia: perspectiva desde un estudio regional / Training needs for comprehensive early childhood development: perspective from a regional study

Objetivo: Caracterizar las fortalezas y debilidades de los programas de formación de profesionales de la salud para el desarrollo de competencias en cuidado de la salud para el desarrollo integral (CSDI) de niños menores de 6 años, en 16 municipios de Cundinamarca y Boyacá (Colombia). Métodos: Estudio descriptivo mixto (cuantitativo y cualitativo) mediante entrevistas (n=126) y grupos de discusión (n=3) con profesionales en formación, entrevistas a informantes clave (n=3), revisión de contenidos de planes de estudio (n=9), encuestas a profesionales de la salud (n=111) y acompañantes (n=111) y revisión de historias clínicas (n=54) relacionadas con la atención de niños menores de 6 años. Los resultados se analizaron según cuatro dominios: Preparación para la vida, Prácticas cotidianas para el cuidado de la salud, Seguridad e integridad corporal y Educación inicial. Resultados: Se destaca la inclusión de contenidos sobre preparación para la vida y prácticas cotidianas para el cuidado de la salud, como también la orientación del currículo hacia la atención integral; así como la ausencia de contenidos sobre seguridad e integridad corporal y sobre educación inicial. Un elemento importante de la atención integral hace referencia al conocimiento de los signos de alarma por parte de las familias; pero un 40 % de estas familias no han recibido esta información por parte de profesionales de la salud. Por último, el entorno, redes de apoyo y otras vulnerabilidades son poco exploradas en los servicios de salud. Conclusiones: En programas de formación en salud se destaca la orientación hacia la atención integral. Atención integral que se puede fortalecer en el profesional de la salud en formación desde las capacidades del ser y saber.

Objective: To characterize the strengths and weaknesses of the training programs of health professionals for the development of skills in Healthcare for Integral Development (HID) in early childhood, in 16 municipalities of Cundinamarca and Boyacá (Colombia). Methods: A mixed-methods descriptive study (quantitative and qualitative), carried out through interviews (n = 126) and focus groups (n = 3) with health professionals in training, key informant interviews (n = 3), revision of curriculum content (n = 9), surveys of health professionals (n = 111) and companions (n = 111), and medical record review (n = 54), related to the care of early childhood. The results were analyzed according to four domains: preparation for life, everyday practices for health care, safety and bodily integrity and early education. Results: It is highlighted the inclusion of content on life skills and daily practices for health care, as well as the orientation of the curriculum toward comprehensive care; and the absence of contents on security and bodily integrity, and early education. An important element of comprehensive care refers to the knowledge of the warning signs on the part of families, but 40 % of these families have not received this information from health professionals. Finally, the environment, support networks and other vulnerabilities are little explored in health services. Conclusions: It is highlighted the orientation toward comprehensive care in health training programs. Comprehensive care can strengthen the health professional training from the capabilities of being and knowing.

Reflexiones sobre el concepto de salud comunitaria y consideraciones para su aplicación / Reflections on the concept of community health and considerations for application

Aproximarse a la salud comunitaria exige precisar conceptos como salud y comunidad, sus relaciones, y el contexto en el que ocurren, pues estos conceptos condicionan formas específicas de intervención. La medicina moderna está estructurada sobre las ciencias positivistas que se han desarrollado a partir de la revolución científica de los siglos XV y Las intervenciones de promoción de la salud también están condicionadas por los conceptos clásicos de enfermedad, transmisión y riesgo, los cuales orientan las intervenciones comunitarias. Los sistemas de atención sanitaria están llamados a pasar de un enfoque asistencialista y curativo, hacia un enfoque preventivo y promotor de la salud y la vida, como lo menciona la estrategia de Atención Primaria en Salud. Para ello es crucial revisar el concepto de salud imperante, a la luz de una flexibilización o apertura epistemológica.

Approaching community health requires to clarify concepts such as health and community, its relationships, and the context in which they occur, as these concepts determine specific forms of intervention. Modern medicine is structured on the positivist science developed from the scientific revolution of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The interventions of health promotion are also conditioned by the classical concepts of disease, transmission and risk, which guide community interventions. The health care systems are called to move from a welfare and curative approach to a preventive approach and promoting health and life, as mentioned by the strategy of Primary Health Care. It is crucial to review the concept of health prevailing, in the light of an easing or epistemological opening.

Construcción de entornos saludables en el marco de la Atención Primaria en Salud: el caso de la enseñanza de Salud Comunitaria en el Programa de Medicina de la Universidad de La Sabana / Assembling healthy environments under a Primary Health Care framework: the teachinglearning experience of community health at Universidad de La Sabana undergraduate medical program

Este artículo presenta la reflexión de una experiencia educativa de salud comunitaria en el marco de la Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) en el Programa de Medicina de la Universidad de La Sabana; proceso que articula a estudiantes, ciudadanos y gestores de equipos interdisciplinarios para trabajar por la salud de la población a través del apoyo a la gestión de "entornos saludables". Se profundiza en los elementos que han caracterizado el ejercicio de enseñanza y aprendizaje en APS, el proceso de construcción del programa académico, la confluencia de la Salud Pública y la Medicina Familiar en la APS, la orientación pedagógica de las actividades docente - asistenciales hacia la formulación y ejecución de planes de mejoramiento en salud, proyectos de salud comunitaria y el fomento de entornos saludables en las distintas organizaciones y comunidades abordadas, y se describe la evolución del proceso. Por último, se concluye resaltando aquellos aspectos estratégicos en las competencias médicas y de otros profesionales de la salud necesarios para fortalecer la salud de la población a través de este tipo de programas, y se destaca la importancia de la APS en los procesos de docencia, investigación, proyección social y su articulación con otros sectores afines a la iniciativa.

This article presents the reflection of an education experience in community health, within the framework of Primary Health Care (PHC) in the program of Medicine at Universidad de La Sabana, a process that articulates students, citizens and managers of interdisciplinary teams to work for populations’ health collaborating in the making of "healthy environments". It delves into the elements that have characterized the experience of teaching and learning in PHC, the process of building the academic program, the confluence of Public Health and Family Medicine in PHC, the pedagogical orientation of theoretical and practical activities in health care education, the formulation and implementation of improvement plans in health, community health projects and promoting healthy environments in different organizations and communities, while describing the evolution of the process. Conclusions emphasize strategic areas necessary in physicians and other health professionals, competencies necessary to strengthen population health through this kind of programs, stressing the importance of PHC and healthy environments in teaching, researching, and social action in coordination with other sectors related to the initiative.

Aspectos bioétcoos en la salud comuittaria / Bioetical issuess in community health / Aspectos bioétioos na saúde comunitáiaa

La investigación y las intervenciones que se realizan desde la salud comunitaria requieren de criterios y pautas que consideren las particularidades de este trabajo en contraste con disciplinas que han elaborado códigos de ética para su desarrollo. Algunos principios ofrecen aspectos fundamentales para tener en cuenta, tales como la dignidad y el respeto, la protección, la autonomía, la justicia distributiva, la equidad, la interculturalidad, la intersectorialidad y la interdisciplinariedad. Con estas consideraciones iniciales, algunas organizaciones e instituciones han formulado pautas, códigos y principios que van conformando ese cuerpo de conocimientos adecuado al trabajo en salud comunitaria, aunque sigue siendo necesario un mayor desarrollo del tema y una consolidación de estos aspectos para que sean más considerados e incluidos en las iniciativas que se llevan a cabo en colectivos. Este artículo hace una revisión inicial del concepto de salud comunitaria y sus elementos fundamentales, para luego exponer los principios éticos que deben guiar el trabajo en salud comunitaria y revisar algunos de los que se han propuesto desde organizaciones e instituciones que, de una u otra manera, trabajan en el tema para finalmente proponer algunas reflexiones que contribuyan a consolidar una orientación bioética de la investigación y la intervención desde la salud comunitaria.

The research and interventions that are made from the community-based health require criteria and guidelines to address the peculiarities of this work in contrast to disciplines that have developed codes of ethics for their development. Some principles provide key aspects to be taken into consideration, such as dignity and respect, protection, autonomy, distributive justice, equity, interculturality, intersectorality and interdisciplinarity. With these initial considerations, some organizations and institutions have developed guidelines, codes and principles that shape this body of knowledge ideally suited for working in the community health area, although a further elaboration and consolidation of these aspects still needs to be taken more into consideration and included in the initiatives being undertaken in the collectives. This paper does an initial review of the concept of community health and its key elements, to then expose the ethical principles that should guide the work within the community health area and examine some of those that have been proposed by organizations and institutions which, one way or another, work in the field to finally propose some thoughts that contribute to consolidating a bioethics orientation of the research and involvement from the community health services.

A pesquisa e as intervenções que se realizam na saúde comunitária requerem critérios e normas que considerem as particularidades desse trabalho em comparação a disciplinas que têm elaborado códigos de éticas para seu desenvolvimento. Alguns princípios oferecem aspectos fundamentais para serem considerados: a dignidade e o respeito, a proteção, a autonomia, a justiça distributiva, a equidade, a interculturalidade, a intersetorialidade e a interdisciplinariedade. Com essas considerações iniciais, algumas organizações e instituições têm formulado normas, códigos e princípios que vão conformando esse corpo de conhecimentos adequado ao trabalho em saúde comunitária, embora continue sendo necessário um maior desenvolvimento do tema e uma consolidação desses aspectos para que sejam mais considerados e incluídos nas iniciativas que se realizam em coletivos. Este artigo faz uma revisão inicial do conceito de saúde comunitária e seus elementos fundamentais para, em seguida, expor os princípios éticos que devem guiar o trabalho em saúde comunitária e revisar alguns dos quais foram propostos, provenientes de organizações e instituições que, de uma ou outra maneira, trabalham no tema. Finalmente, propõem-se algumas reflexões que contribuam para consolidar uma orientação bioética da pesquisa e da intervenção a partir da saúde comunitária.