[Immunity and cancer: the role of PSA IgM Immune complexes for prostate cancer]. / Immunità e cancro: ruolo degli immunocomplessi PSA-IGM nel cancro della prostata.

Immunoediting is a new concept in cancer surveillance. Immunity is involved in detecting cellular waste, and taking off transformed cells. In particular, natural IgM antibodies play an important role in immunosurveillance mechanisms against transformed cells in humans.? Scientific evidence indicates that biomarkers for different types of cancer, such as liver and colorectal cancer, circulate in blood associated with immunoglobulin M (IgM) to form complexes that improve diagnosis in comparison to circulating free biomarkers. In prostate cancer it has been demonstrated that testing for serum levels of the PSA-IgM immune complex improves the diagnostic performance of total PSA. Preliminary reports indicate that the combination of PSA-IgM with total PSA is the best approach to reduce the number of negative prostatic mapping thus improving the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Occurrence rates and predictors of lower urinary tract symptoms and incontinence in female athletes.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: To assess the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and incontinence in female athletes and to determine the etiological factors. METHODS: An anonymous self-questionnaire was collected from 623 casual female athletes aged 18 to 56 years, who were involved in 12 different sports. The surveys were distributed by hand to the athletes, during their sports fitness tests, in a sports center. We investigated the relationship between urinary disorders and factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), parity, duration of physical exercise, and type of sport. RESULTS: The prevalence of LUTS was 54.7%, and 30% for urinary incontinence. Changes in urinary frequency were detected in 91 (14.6%) women. Prevalence of dysuria was 13.3%, urinary straining was present in 173 (27.8%) athletes, whereas urinary urgency had an estimated prevalence of 37.2% with 232 athletes suffering from this disorder. Urgency was very common in volleyball players, as was dysuria among hockey and basketball players, whereas straining mainly affected aerobic participants and cyclists. Long training hours and competitive practices were correlated with the onset of LUTS. High-impact sports were more frequently associated with incontinence, while low-impact sports with LUTS. The sport with the main number of incontinent people was football. Urge incontinence affected a lot of athletes, mainly cyclists and football players. Stress incontinence was more frequent in hockey and volleyball players. CONCLUSIONS: LUTS and incontinence are prevalent in female athletes. In many cases, the disorders were present only during sports activities. In this sample, the presence of urinary disorders did not seem to be a barrier during sports or exercise.

Cancer in kidney transplantation.

Cancer in the transplanted kidney is rare, and its clinical and surgical management can be controversial. We report 3 cases of cancer in renal transplantation (1 case of renal cell carcinoma and 2 cases of transitional cell carcinoma) and their treatment. Our data and those reported in the literature suggest that these cancers can be treated like a neoplasm in the general population. However, a higher number of cases and longer follow-up periods are necessary to confirm our findings.

[Renal cell carcinoma associated with incidental presentation of renal artery aneurysm: surgical management].

The Renal Artery Aneurysm (RAA) is a relatively uncommon vascular lesion. A renal artery disease coexisting in patients with Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is an even more infrequent clinical presentation. We reported on the treatment of a rare case of incidentally intraoperative renal artery aneurysm discovered during a nephron-sparing surgery for RCC. After the surgery the patient did not need hypertension therapy any longer. This event is well-known, in fact a number of possible contributions to a renin-mediated hypertension management has been postulated.

[Surgery for renal carcinoma metastases].

During the last few years, the increasing use of diagnostic imaging (especially ultrasound) has allowed a remarkable rise in the detection of asymptomatic, early-stage renal neoplasms, possibly treatable by radical surgery. Renal cell carcinoma, however, is still the renal neoplastic condition with the highest mortality rate, due in most cases to the presence of distal metastases. Because of a lack of agreement on an efficient systemic therapeutic approach, surgery is generally considered to be the most suitable option to remove metastases: it is technically easy to perform, it can increase survival and the patient's psychological compliance, though metastasectomy is unlikely to cure the metastatic patient. In our experience, we studied 1475 patients who underwent surgery for renal cell carcinoma from 1983 on. 304 (20%) developed a metastasis; 4 subjects only (5.4%) out of the 74 having multiple metastatic anatomical sites were long-surviving. 39 subjects (16.9%) out of the 230 having single-site metastases are currently disease-free (mean follow-up: 80 months from diagnosis): 33 out of the 111 patients who underwent metastasectomy, 4 out of the 57 who received a medical therapy, 1 out of the 14 being administered radiotherapy, and 1 out of the 48 who were cared under palliative purposes only. Therefore we concluded that, in case of single-site (lung or adrenal) metastases, surgery is the most suitable and advisable therapeutic approach, being the only option able to achieve survival even for a small amount of patients. New biologic drugs are currently under investigation, which can interfere with tumor proliferation and angiogenesis: the study results are still preliminary, nevertheless these drugs open the way to a multimodal medical option of treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

[Fluorescence endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of superficial bladder neoplasms]. / L'indagine fotodinamica nella diagnosi e nel trattamento della neoplasia vseicale superficiale.

AIM: The results of a clinical investigation on neoplasm and bladder dysplasia detection by 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA)-induced fluorescence are reported. In this paper the authors report their experience with 5-ALA in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of bladder neoplasms after chemotherapy and endocavitary immunotherapy. METHODS: The 5-ALA was instilled in the bladder 2 h before bladder transurethral resection. This method has been used since December 2000 on 163 patients and a total of 266 biopsies were histologically examined. RESULTS: One-hundred and four benign and 92 malignant/dysplastic areas were biopsied; 46 malignant/dysplastic lesions were not detected during routine white-light cystoscopy but were identified with fluorescence cystoscopy. Sensitivity was 99% but specificity was low (20%). CONCLUSIONS: ALA-based fluorescence cystoscopy is a safe and simple technique that enhances the detection of flat and papillary urothelial neoplasms.

The collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney: a cytogenetical study.

OBJECTIVES: The Heidelberg classification of renal tumours identifies five histotypes of renal cancer, underlining for two of them (conventional and papillary renal cancers) a strict relation between the morphological aspect and the complement of alterations evidenced by the cytogenetic analysis of the neoplastic karyotype. Due to its low incidence, the collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) has not yet been characterized from a cytogenetic point of view. This study analyses the clinical, morphologic and cytogenetic features of the CDC observed and treated in our department. METHODS: From January 1995 to December 2002, among the 591 patients who underwent surgery for renal cancer, we observed 11 cases of CDC (prevalence 1.9%) treated either by radical (9 cases) or partial nephrectomy (2 cases). During radical nephrectomy a loco-regional lymphadenectomy was always performed. In the 9 cases observed after 1997, a complete cytogenetic analysis of the neoplastic karyotype was carried out. RESULTS: At pathological examination the disease was found to be confined to the renal capsule (TNM 1997 stage 1) in only 3 patients; venous neoplastic trombosis and nodal metastasis were present in 3 and 6 cases respectively; 2 patients showed distant metastases (lung, bone). Two of the patients affected with stage 1 tumours are still alive with no evidence of the disease at 48 and 88 months after surgery, while the third died following the systemic progression of a concomitant bladder carcinoma. One patient with stage 4 tumour (no. 11) is alive, but the follow up time is still limited (2 months). All the other 7 patients are dead after a mean survival time of 16.3 months (range 0-45). As for cytogenetic analysis, 2 CDCs didn't grow in culture and in one case no karyotype alterations were reported. In the remaining 6 cases hypodiploid stemlines and a homogeneous chromosome alteration pattern were observed, with multiple numerical and structural aberrations (mean 11.1, range 7-15) and the continuous involvement of chromosomes 1 and X or Y, both as traslocation and deletion/monosomy. Additional abnormalities of chromosomes 22 and 13 were found to be common but less frequent. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical behaviour of the CDC is aggressive and its prognosis is surely poor; surgical treatment seems to be curative only for organ-confined cancer, accounting for the minority of cases. This neoplasm is cytogenetically characterized by hypodiploid stemlines with common involvement of chromosome 1 and the autosomes.

Use of pedicle flap from the labia minora for the repair of female urethral strictures.

INTRODUCTION: We present the method of pedicle labial urethroplasty for urethral reconstruction in female patients treated for urethral strictures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed urethral reconstruction using a pedicle labial flap in 2 female patients (23 and 70 years old) for urethral stricture (posttraumatic and postinflammatory origin). We used as a patch a pedicle skin flap obtained from the labia minora. The pedicle flap is slid beneath the vulvovaginal wall, until the urethra is reached. RESULTS: In both cases a normal micturition was obtained, and cystourethrography after 24 months showed a good urethral silhouette, without residual urine. CONCLUSION: The pedicle labial urethroplasty seems to be a reliable technique for the repair of urethral strictures.

Effects of complete androgen blockade for 12 and 24 weeks on the pathological stage and resection margin status of prostate cancer.

AIMS: To compare the pathological stage and surgical margin status in patients undergoing either immediate radical prostatectomy or 12 and 24 weeks of neoadjuvant hormonal treatment (NHT) in a prospective, randomised study. METHODS: Whole mount sections of 393 radical prostatectomy specimens were evaluated: 128 patients had immediate surgery, 143 were treated for 12 weeks and 122 for 24 weeks with complete androgen blockade. RESULTS: Histopathology revealed organ confined tumours in 40.4% of patients with clinical stage B disease in the immediate surgery group, whereas 12 and 24 weeks of NHT increased the number of organ confined tumours to 54.6% and 64.8%, respectively. Among patients with clinical stage C tumours, pathological staging found organ confined disease in 10.4%, 31.4%, and 61.2% in the immediate surgery, 12 weeks of NHT, and 24 weeks of NHT groups, respectively. Preoperative NHT caused a significant decrease in positive margins both in patients with clinical stage B and C disease. The extent of margin involvement was not influenced by preoperative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant androgenic suppression is effective in reducing both the pathological stage and the positive margin rate in patients with stage B and C prostatic cancer undergoing radical surgery. Some beneficial effects are evident in those patients treated for 24 weeks, and it is reasonable to assume that the optimal duration of NHT is longer than three months.

Effect of complete androgen blockade on pathologic stage and resection margin status of prostate cancer: progress pathology report of the Italian PROSIT study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the pathologic stage and surgical margin status in patients undergoing either immediate radical prostatectomy or surgery preceded by 3 or 6 months of neoadjuvant hormonal treatment (NHT) in a prospective, randomized study. METHODS: Four hundred thirty-one men with prostate cancer were enrolled in the Italian randomized prospective PROSIT study. The whole-mount sectioning technique was used. By May 1999, the reviewing pathologist had evaluated 303 specimens. One hundred seven patients were untreated before radical prostatectomy was performed, and 114 and 82 patients had been treated for 3 and 6 months, respectively, with complete androgen blockade. RESULTS: Pathologic organ-confined disease was found in 63.1% of patients with clinical Stage B disease treated with 6 months of NHT versus 61.0% after 3 months of NHT and 37.5% after immediate surgery. Among patients with clinical Stage C tumors, pathologic staging found organ-confined disease in 62.5%, 32.1%, and 11.1% of patients after 6 months of NHT, 3 months of NHT, and immediate surgery, respectively. Three months of NHT produced a significant increase in negative margins both in patients with clinical Stage B and C disease, but the addition of another 3 months of treatment did not significantly improve this result. A lower degree of benefit was observed in patients with clinical Stage C tumors. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that complete androgen blockade before surgery is beneficial in men with clinical Stage B disease. The effects are more pronounced after 6 months of NHT than after 3 months.

[Conservative therapy of renal parenchymal neoplasia]. / Terapia conservativa della neoplasia renale parenchimale.

We review our overall experience in 1375 patients, who underwent surgery for renal cell carcinoma in the Departments of Urology of Brescia and Bergamo from 1983 to 1996. 185 (13.4%) patients had nephron-sparing surgery: imperative procedure was performed in 74 cases, while an elective surgery was done in 111 patients. Three years minimal follow up was considered in order to evaluate the outcome of surgical treatment in 48 patients who underwent imperative nephron-sparing surgery and in 73 with an elective procedure. Disease specific survival was 80.8% in the first group and it was 97% in the latter.

[Urodynamic evaluation of replacement bladders (Mainz)]. / Valutazione urodinamica delle vesciche di sostituzione (M.A.I.N.Z.).

42 ileo-colonic orthotopic reservoirs (M.A.I.N.Z.) following radical cystectomy were evaluated with urodynamic studies. Long term results in 19 patients with a follow up longer than 36 months were compared to the findings of 23 patients with a shorter follow-up. Urodynamic evaluation showed a reservoir with large capacity and low pressure in both groups. Nocturnal incontinence occasionally occurred. Many factors may account for this problem. Instillation of hyperosmotic solution during cystometry resulted in increased amplitudes and frequency of intracavitary pressure waves: the nocturnal increase in urine osmolality could be in correlation with nocturnal incontinence.

[Morbidity of transperineal echo-guided prostatic biopsy, our experience]. / Morbilità da biopsia prostatica ecoguidata transperineale, nostra esperienza.

We present a review of 1245 patients undergone to ultrasound guided transperineal prostatic biopsy. We examined the complications' incidence of this technique to confirm or exclude presence of prostate cancer. Indications to a prostatic biopsy include an abnormal digital rectal examination, TRUS or PSA values increased. Single biopsy or systematic mapping of prostate were performed. For prostate biopsy a "Biopsy Gun" with 18 G. needle was used. Of 1245 patients, only 31 (2.48%) showed complications. Our experience demonstrates that ultrasound guided transperineal prostatic biopsy is a safe and easy technique and it is well accepted by the patient.

[Vascular and lymphatic anatomy of the penis]. / Cenni di anatomia emo-linfatica del pene.

Anatomic considerations of the penis and its lymphatic drainage are analyzed in this issue. The precise anatomic location of the inguinal and iliac lymph nodes and the fascial planes of the femoral canal is very important to the surgeon to reduce the high morbility of lymphadenectomy.

[Carcinoma of the penis. Staging]. / Il carcinoma del pene. La stadiazione.

The two main classifications for staging carcinoma of the penis are the Jackson, which is probably the most commonly employed, and the UICC, TNM. A consistent method of staging penile cancer as been difficult, as there is no standard use of classifications. The ideal system would directly or indirectly predict the natural life expectancy of the host, the malignant potential of the tumor, the extent of the tumor and dictate the response of the tumor to treatment. Currently, using a grading system in addiction to the staging system has not improved correlation with prognosis. Prognosis appears to correlate only with stage at presentation, and the most reliable prognostic indicator of survival is the presence or absence of lymph nodes involvement at presentation.

[Multicenter study of penile cancer]. / Studio multicentrico sul cancro del pene.

The authors report the experience about diagnosis, treatment, results and follow-up on penile cancer of 15 department of urology of Lombardia region. The aim of the study is to find, through the historical experience, the better way to menage this rare cancer.