Avaliação das salas de imunização de uma capital do nordeste do Brasil / Evaluation of immunization rooms in a capital in northeast Brazil

A avaliação das salas de vacina se faz necessária pelos diversos fatores que podem interferir na qualidade dos imunobiológicos presentes no local e assim comprometer sua eficácia, por meio da identificação de problemas que comprometem a concretização dos protocolos determinados pelo Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI). Com isso, é possível obter resultados satisfatórios e reordenar a execução e a oferta de serviços de qualidade. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as salas de imunização da cidade de São Luís, Maranhão. Trata-se de estudo avaliativo realizado no município de São Luís ­ MA, em 65 salas que administram vacinas através do Instrumento de Supervisão em Sala de Vacinação (PAISSV). Nenhuma sala foi considerada como ideal, mas 58,46% obtiveram o escore bom. Contudo, 67,69% das salas apresentaram temperatura diferente de 18ºC a 20ºC, 75,38% não realizava o registro de data e hora de abertura do frasco, 70,77% não organizava os cartões de controle por data de retorno, em 60,00% não era realizada a busca ativa de faltosos, o informativo não desligar o disjuntor na caixa de distribuição elétrica não estava presente em 78,46% e o programa de manutenção preventiva e/ou corretiva para o refrigerador era inexistente em 64,62%. As salas de vacinas dos serviços de saúde pública de São Luís foram consideradas como boas, porém não exime a necessidade de fiscalização e avaliação, juntamente com estratégias de qualificação dos profissionais.

The evaluation of vaccine rooms is necessary due to the various factors that can interfere with the quality of the immunobiologicals present in the place and thus compromise their effectiveness, through the identification of problems that compromise the implementation of the protocols determined by the National Immunization Program (PNI). With this, it is possible to obtain satisfactory results and reorganize the execution and provision of quality services. The present study aimed to evaluate the immunization rooms in the city of São Luís, Maranhão. This is an evaluative study carried out in the city of São Luís ­ MA, in 65 rooms that administer vaccines through the Instrument of Supervision in the Vaccination Room (PAISSV). No room was considered ideal, but 58.46% had a good score. However, 67.69% of the rooms had a temperature different from 18ºC to 20ºC, 75.38% did not record the date and time of opening the bottle, 70.77% did not organize the control cards by return date, in 60 .00% the active search for faults was not carried out, the information not to turn off the circuit breaker in the electrical distribution box was not present in 78.46% and the preventive and/or corrective maintenance program for the refrigerator was non-existent in 64.62 %. Vaccination rooms at public health services in São Luís were considered good, but this does not exempt the need for inspection and evaluation, along with professional qualification strategies.

High prevalence of hepatitis B virus and low vaccine response in children and adolescents in Northeastern Brazil.

Children have an increased likelihood of becoming carriers of the chronic hepatitis B virus. A total of 1,381 children and adolescents were assessed in five municipalities of Maranhao State, Brazil, for detection of anti-HBc, HBsAg and anti-HBs serologic markers and sociodemographic and behavioral features. Among those who were HBsAg negative and anti-HBc negative, the proportion of anti-HBs positives was calculated after the individuals had completed the vaccination schedule. The robust variance of the Poisson's regression model was used in order to have adjusted tables and calculate the prevalence ratio. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the prevalence of anti-HBc with or without HBsAg and the vaccine response. It was observed that 163 children were anti-HBc positive and nine individuals were HBsAg positive. The factors associated with the infection were: municipality of residence (residing in Morros municipality or Humberto de Campos municipality), residence in a rural area, aged between 13 and 15 years old, and illicit drug use. The percentage of individuals who were anti-HBc negative and received all three doses of the vaccine was 48.5%. Among these, only 276 (38.9%) had antibodies at protective concentrations. In an adjusted analysis, Morros municipality presented an increased positivity of vaccine response (p < 0.001), and the age ranging between 6 and 10 years old presented a reduced frequency of response. This study reveals a high prevalence of current and past HBV infection within the targeted age group which, in addition to the low vaccination coverage and serological responses, raises concerns about the management of prevention measures, especially the quality of vaccination in these locations.

High prevalence of hepatitis B virus and low vaccine response in children and adolescents in Northeastern Brazil

ABSTRACT Children have an increased likelihood of becoming carriers of the chronic hepatitis B virus. A total of 1,381 children and adolescents were assessed in five municipalities of Maranhao State, Brazil, for detection of anti-HBc, HBsAg and anti-HBs serologic markers and sociodemographic and behavioral features. Among those who were HBsAg negative and anti-HBc negative, the proportion of anti-HBs positives was calculated after the individuals had completed the vaccination schedule. The robust variance of the Poisson's regression model was used in order to have adjusted tables and calculate the prevalence ratio. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the prevalence of anti-HBc with or without HBsAg and the vaccine response. It was observed that 163 children were anti-HBc positive and nine individuals were HBsAg positive. The factors associated with the infection were: municipality of residence (residing in Morros municipality or Humberto de Campos municipality), residence in a rural area, aged between 13 and 15 years old, and illicit drug use. The percentage of individuals who were anti-HBc negative and received all three doses of the vaccine was 48.5%. Among these, only 276 (38.9%) had antibodies at protective concentrations. In an adjusted analysis, Morros municipality presented an increased positivity of vaccine response (p < 0.001), and the age ranging between 6 and 10 years old presented a reduced frequency of response. This study reveals a high prevalence of current and past HBV infection within the targeted age group which, in addition to the low vaccination coverage and serological responses, raises concerns about the management of prevention measures, especially the quality of vaccination in these locations.

PAGE-B and REACH-B Predicts the Risk of Developing Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients from Northeast, Brazil.

This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of the PAGE-B and REACH-B scores in predicting the risk of developing HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis B regularly followed up at a reference service in the State of Maranhão. A historical, longitudinal, retrospective cohort study, carried out from the review of medical records of patients with chronic Hepatitis B. PAGE-B and REACH-B scores were calculated and the accuracy of the scores in predicting the risk of HCC in the studied population was evaluated. A total of 978 patients were included, with a median age of around 47 years, most of them female and not cirrhotic. HCC was identified in 34 patients. Thrombocytopenia, high viral load, male gender and age were associated with the occurrence of HCC. The ROC curve for the PAGE-B score showed a value of 0.78 and for the REACH-B score of 0.79. The cutoff point for PAGE-B was 11 points for greater sensitivity and for REACH-B 7.5 points considering greater sensitivity and 9.5 points considering greater specificity. PAGE-B and REACH-B scores were able to predict the risk of developing HCC in the studied population. The use of risk stratification scores is useful to reduce costs associated with HCC screening.

Does infection by the hepatitis C virus decrease the response of immunization against the hepatitis B virus in individuals undergoing dialysis? / Infecção pelo virus da hepatite C diminui a resposta vacinal para o vírus da hepatite B em uma população em diálise?

Abstract Introduction: Vaccination is the most effective tool in preventing transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). The patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis appear to be at greater risk of becoming infected with this virus and does not show the same vaccine response when compared to patients without uremia. Objectives: To evaluate the results related to the HBV vaccine and identify factors associated with the response in patients with CKD on hemodialysis. Methods: Individuals with HBsAG and negative anti-HBC, under hemodialysis were assessed in two units of São Luis, Maranhão and were undergone full vaccination schedule for HBV. They were divided in groups: anti-HBs10 mUI/mL and compared as to age, gender, presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), time on dialysis and anti-HCV status. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with the vaccine response. p10mUI/Ml (or = 5.239 IC: 1.279-21.459, p = 0.021). Conclusion: The rate of vaccine response to HBV in patients with CKD on dialysis was 70% and the lack of anti-HCV infection was associated with seroconversion of anti-HBs suggesting that infection by the hepatitis C virus may be a factor that decreases the response of the HBV vaccine in dialysis CKD patients.

Resumo Introdução: A vacinação é a medida mais efetiva na prevenção da transmissão do vírus da hepatite B (HBV). O portador de doença renal crônica (DRC) em diálise apresenta maior risco de se contaminar com este vírus e não tem a mesma resposta vacinal quando comparada com indivíduos sem uremia. Objetivos: Avaliar os resultados da vacina para o HBV e identificar fatores associados à resposta, em portadores de DRC em hemodiálise. Metodologia: Foram avaliados indivíduos com HBsAg e anti-HBc negativos, que estavam sob hemodiálise em duas unidades de São Luís, Maranhão e que haviam sido submetidos ao esquema completo de vacinação para o HBV. Foram distribuídos em dois grupos: anti-HBs < 10mUI/mL e anti-HBs ≥ 10mUI/mL e comparados quanto à idade, gênero, presença de diabetes mellitus (DM), tempo em diálise e status do anti-HCV. Análise de regressão logística foi realizada para identificar fatores independentemente associados à resposta vacinal. Anti-HBs ≥ 10mUI/mL(OR = 5.239 IC:1.279-21.459, p = 0.021) Conclusões: A taxa de resposta vacinal ao HBV em portadores de DRC em diálise foi de 70% e a ausência do anti-HCV foi associada à soroconversão do anti-HBs, sugerindo que a infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C pode ser um fator que diminui a resposta da vacina para o HBV em indivíduos portadores de DRC em diálise.

Does infection by the hepatitis C virus decrease the response of immunization against the hepatitis B virus in individuals undergoing dialysis?

INTRODUCTION: Vaccination is the most effective tool in preventing transmission of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). The patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis appear to be at greater risk of becoming infected with this virus and does not show the same vaccine response when compared to patients without uremia. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the results related to the HBV vaccine and identify factors associated with the response in patients with CKD on hemodialysis. METHODS: Individuals with HBsAG and negative anti-HBC, under hemodialysis were assessed in two units of São Luis, Maranhão and were undergone full vaccination schedule for HBV. They were divided in groups: anti-HBs10 mUI/mL and compared as to age, gender, presence of diabetes mellitus (DM), time on dialysis and anti-HCV status. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with the vaccine response. p10mUI/Ml (or = 5.239 IC: 1.279-21.459, p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: The rate of vaccine response to HBV in patients with CKD on dialysis was 70% and the lack of anti-HCV infection was associated with seroconversion of anti-HBs suggesting that infection by the hepatitis C virus may be a factor that decreases the response of the HBV vaccine in dialysis CKD patients.