Clinical characteristics and outcome of dogs with presumed primary renal lymphoma.

OBJECTIVES: To characterise the presentation, clinicopathologic data and outcome of 29 dogs with presumed primary renal lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of medical records of dogs with suspected primary renal lymphoma from 11 institutions. RESULTS: All dogs were substage b, and lethargy and gastrointestinal signs were common presenting complaints, as were azotaemia (n=25; 86%) and erythrocytosis (n=15; 51%) on biochemical testing. Ultrasonography typically revealed bilateral renal lesions (n=23; 79%), renomegaly (n=22; 76%) and abdominal lymphadenopathy (n=14; 48%). Chemotherapy was the only treatment in 23 dogs, of which 11 responded, all considered partial responses. For all dogs the median progression-free survival and median overall survival times were 10 days (range: 1 to 126) and 12 days (range: 1 to 212), respectively, and for dogs that responded to chemotherapy 41 days (range: 10 to 126) and 47 days (range: 10 to 212), respectively. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Primary renal lymphoma in dogs appears to be associated with a poor prognosis and short-lived response to chemotherapy.

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound Dogs.

BACKGROUND: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure, electrolyte homeostasis, and renal function. Blood pressure, serum sodium concentrations, and urinary albumin excretion are higher in Greyhounds than other purebred and mixed-breed dogs. HYPOTHESIS: Alterations in the RAAS in Greyhounds are associated with hemodynamic and clinicopathologic differences observed in the breed. ANIMALS: Clinically healthy Greyhound and non-Greyhound dogs consecutively enrolled as blood donors (n = 20/group). METHODS: Prospective study. Standard chemical analysis was performed on serum and urine. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was determined by fluorometric assay. All other RAAS hormones were determined by radioimmunoassay. Symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) was measured by immunoassay. Measurements were compared to blood pressure and urine albumin concentration. Data are presented as mean ± SD or median, range. RESULTS: Serum creatinine (1.5 ± 0.2 vs 1.0 ± 0.1 mg/dL, P < .001), sodium (149, 147-152 vs 148, 146-150 mEq/L, P = .017), and SDMA (16.1 ± 2.9 vs 12.2 ± 1.8 µg/dL, P < .001) were significantly higher in Greyhounds versus non-Greyhounds, respectively. Plasma renin activity (0.69, 0.10-1.93 vs 0.65, 0.27-2.93 ng/mL/h, P = .60) and ACE activity (4.5, 2.1-8.5 vs 4.6, 2.1-11.4 activity/mL; P = .77) were similar between groups and did not correlate with higher systolic pressures and albuminuria in Greyhounds. Plasma aldosterone concentration was significantly lower in Greyhounds versus non-Greyhounds (11, 11-52 vs 15, 11-56 pg/mL, respectively, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Basal RAAS activation did not differ between healthy Greyhounds and non-Greyhounds. Lower aldosterone concentration in Greyhounds is an appropriate physiologic response to higher serum sodium concentration and blood pressure, suggesting that angiotensin II effects in the renal tubule predominate over those of aldosterone.

Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its Association with Hypofolatemia and Other Clinicopathologic Variables.

BACKGROUND: Folate and cobalamin are essential cofactors for homocysteine (HCY) metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia, a multifactorial condition, may reflect B vitamin deficiency and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and neurodegenerative and chronic gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported in Greyhounds with suspected chronic enteropathy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the frequencies of and the association between hypofolatemia and hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds. ANIMALS: Data and serum samples from 559 Greyhounds. METHODS: Nested case-control study. The frequency of hypofolatemia in Greyhounds was determined by a laboratory database search. The relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia (measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and hypocobalaminemia and hypofolatemia was evaluated, and its frequency compared between healthy Greyhounds and Greyhounds with thrombosis or chronic diarrhea. RESULTS: Hypofolatemia was identified in 172 of 423 (41%) Greyhounds and was more common in hypo- than in normocobalaminemic dogs (49% vs. 35%; P = .0064). Hyperhomocysteinemia was detected in 53 of 78 (68%) of Greyhounds, being more common in hypo- than in normofolatemic dogs (88% vs. 59%; P = .0175). All healthy Greyhounds, 21 of 30 (70%) of dogs with chronic diarrhea and 6 of 8 (75%) of those with thrombosis, were hyperhomocysteinemic. Serum HCY concentrations were inversely correlated with serum folate concentration (ρ = -0.28; P = .0386) and were positively associated with serum albumin concentration (ρ = 0.66; P = .0022). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hyperhomocysteinemia occurs frequently in the Greyhound population. Its association with hypofolatemia suggests decreased intracellular availability of B vitamins, but the functional implications warrant further investigation. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds potentially may serve as a spontaneous canine model to further investigate hyperhomocysteinemia in humans.

Plasma Vasoprotective Eicosanoid Concentrations in Healthy Greyhounds and Non-Greyhound Dogs.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension and albuminuria often coexist in Greyhounds, suggesting generalized vascular dysfunction that could contribute to the development of a variety of diseases in this breed. Eicosanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA) mediate endothelial function, vascular reactivity, and proteinuria in humans and in rodent models. HYPOTHESIS: The eicosanoid profile of Greyhounds is shifted toward metabolites that promote vascular dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria. ANIMALS: Healthy Greyhounds (n = 20) and non-Greyhound (n = 20) dogs that were consecutively enrolled in a blood donor program. METHODS: Prospective study. Plasma eicosanoid metabolites were assayed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS) and compared to systolic blood pressure (SP) measurements and urine albumin concentration. RESULTS: Isomers of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) were higher in Greyhounds than non-Greyhounds (median, range in pmol/mL: 5(S)HETE 19.82, 8.55-32.95 versus 13.54, 4.33-26.27, P = .033; 8(S)HETE 9.39, 3.28-19.84 versus 5.80, 2.25-17.66, P = .002; 9(S)HETE 9.46, 2.43-13.79 versus 5.82, 1.50-17.16, P = .026; 12(S)HETE 10.17, 3.81-40.06 versus 7.24, 2.9-16.16, P = .022). Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (DHET) isomers also were higher in Greyhounds compared to non-Greyhounds (mean ± SD in pmol/mL: 8,9DHET 5.78 ± 2.13 versus 4.03 ± 1.36, P = .004; 11,12DHET 11.98 ± 2.86 versus 8.90 ± 3.48, P = .004; 14,15DHET 7.23 ± 2.19 versus 5.76 ± 1.87, P = .028). Albuminuria correlated with total DHET (rs = 0.46, P = .003). SP was positively correlated with 11,12EET (rs = 0.42, P = .006) and 20(S)HETE (rs = 0.38, P = .017). SP and 8,9EET were inversely correlated (rs = -0.49, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Plasma eicosanoid profile in Greyhounds was consistent with activation of metabolic pathways known to promote vascular dysfunction and might contribute to higher blood pressures and albuminuria. Inhibition of these eicosanoid pathways should be evaluated as therapeutic targets in Greyhounds.

Cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy as a cause of acute kidney injury in dogs in the UK.

To describe the signalment, clinicopathological findings and outcome in dogs presenting with acute kidney injury (AKI) and skin lesions between November 2012 and March 2014, in whom cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV) was suspected and renal thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) was histopathologically confirmed. The medical records of dogs with skin lesions and AKI, with histopathologically confirmed renal TMA, were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty dogs from across the UK were identified with clinicopathological findings compatible with CRGV. These findings included the following: skin lesions, predominantly affecting the distal extremities; AKI; and variably, anaemia, thrombocytopaenia and hyperbilirubinaemia. Known causes of AKI were excluded. The major renal histopathological finding was TMA. All thirty dogs died or were euthanised. Shiga toxin was not identified in the kidneys of affected dogs. Escherichia coli genes encoding shiga toxin were not identified in faeces from affected dogs. CRGV has previously been reported in greyhounds in the USA, a greyhound in the UK, without renal involvement, and a Great Dane in Germany. This is the first report of a series of non-greyhound dogs with CRGV and AKI in the UK. CRGV is a disease of unknown aetiology carrying a poor prognosis when azotaemia develops.

Iron status in blood donor dogs.

BACKGROUND: Despite the popularity of canine blood donor (BD) programs, there is scarce scientific information regarding iron status in this canine population of dogs. OBJECTIVE: To assess iron status in dogs used in a blood donor program. ANIMALS: A total of 130 healthy dogs (75 BD, 55 controls [C]) were included. A subset of dogs (n = 12) were used to evaluate the effects of repetitive donations by having a second and more recent sample analyzed. METHODS: Serum iron concentration (SI), unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and percentage transferrin saturation (%SAT) were obtained. Values were compared using a 2-way ANOVA (factors: BD status, breed). For the subset of BD, the first sample (less frequent donors -LD-, after a mean of 3.8 donations) was compared to a second sample (experienced donors -ED-, mean 13.6 donations) using a paired t-test. RESULTS: SI (183.7 ± 55.3 µg/dL) and %SAT (55.7 ± 17.4%) were higher and UIBC (152.6 ± 73.3 µg/dL) was lower in BD dogs than in C (153.9 ± 51.7 µg/dL, 43.8 ± 17.8%, and 224.1 ± 120.6 µg/dL, respectively). Also, UIBC and TIBC were lower, and %SAT higher in Greyhounds when compared with non-Greyhounds. ED had decreased %SAT and increased UIBC and TIBC when compared with LD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Our canine BD population did not have iron deficiency and had higher SI concentration than C. However, ED (~14 consecutive blood donations every ~8 weeks) developed a mild iron deficiency, although values were still within canine reference intervals. Greyhounds have higher %SAT than non-Greyhounds, which might be a breed-specific peculiarity.

Effects of racing on reticulocyte concentrations in Greyhounds.

BACKGROUND: Greyhounds have several hematologic variables that are outside of the respective reference intervals of other dog breeds. In addition, increases in HCT, total protein and HGB concentration, and RBC and WBC counts occur immediately after exercise; these values return to resting values within a few hour after racing. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of exercise on the concentration of reticulocytes in circulating blood in racing Greyhounds. We hypothesized that reticulocyte numbers are significantly increased immediately after a race, and return to baseline within one to 2 h postrace. METHODS: Fifty actively racing Greyhounds at the Wheeling Island Racetrack and Casino were included in the study. Samples were collected by jugular venipuncture one day prior to racing at the kennel (resting), immediately after racing, and one to 2 h after the race (recovery). Reticulocyte counts were determined with an IDEXX ProCyte Dx Hematology Analyzer (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA). Due to a nonparametric distribution, the results were statistically compared using the Friedman test. RESULTS: Reticulocyte concentrations were significantly different among the 3 sample collection times (P < .0001). There was a significant increase in reticulocyte concentration immediately after racing (P < .001); one to 2 h after racing, the reticulocyte numbers decreased significantly (P < .001) to counts comparable to resting samples. CONCLUSION: The increase in reticulocyte concentration is probably related to splenic contraction secondary to the release of catecholamines, although premature bone marrow release could also account for these changes. Thus, it is important to consider a Greyhound's activity and degree of excitement when interpreting selected hematologic data in a clinical setting.

Markers of iron metabolism in retired racing Greyhounds with and without osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Greyhounds have well-described clinicopathologic idiosyncrasies, including a high prevalence of osteosarcoma (OSA). Hematocrit, HGB, and HGB oxygen affinity are higher than in other dogs, while haptoglobin concentration is lower, so we hypothesized that Greyhounds have a different iron metabolism. To our knowledge, there are no reports on serum iron profiles in Greyhounds. OBJECTIVES: To elucidate iron metabolism in Greyhounds, we wanted to compare serum iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and percent transferrin saturation (%SAT) in healthy retired racing Greyhounds (RRGs) with OSA (RRGs - OSA), and also with non-Greyhounds (NGs), without and with OSA (NGs - OSA). METHODS: Serum iron concentration and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) were measured by standard methods, and TIBC and %SAT were calculated in RRGs (n = 25), RRGs - OSA (n = 28), NGs (n = 30), and NGs - OSA (n = 32). RESULTS: TIBC was lower in RRGs than in NGs (P < .0001), and in RRGs - OSA than in NGs - OSA (P < .0001). NGs - OSA had lower TIBC than healthy NGs (P = .003). Percent SAT was higher in RRGs than in NGs (P < .0001) and in RRGs - OSA (P = .008), and %SAT was also lower in NGs than in NGs - OSA (P = .004). Percent SAT was also higher in RRGs - OSA than in NGs - OSA (P = .001). Both RRGs - OSA (P = .02) and NGs - OSA (P < .0001) had lower serum iron concentrations than their healthy counterparts. CONCLUSION: Lower TIBC and higher %SAT may constitute another Greyhound idiosyncrasy compared with other dogs. In this study, all dogs with OSA had higher serum iron concentrations and %SAT than healthy dogs.

Is pannexin the pore associated with the P2X7 receptor?

The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), an ATP-gated cation channel, is expressed predominantly in leukocytes. Activation of P2X7R has been implicated in the formation of a cytolytic pore (i.e., a large conductance channel) that allows the passage of molecules up to 900 Da in macrophages. At least two hypotheses have been presented to explain the conversion of a nonselective cation channel to a cytolytic pore. One hypothesis suggests that the pore is a separate molecular structure activated by P2X7R, and the second asserts that this is an intrinsic property of P2X7R (pore dilation). Based on connexin knockout and hemichannel antagonist studies, some groups have concluded that connexins and pannexins, the hemichannel-forming proteins in vertebrates, are fundamental components of the large conductance channel associated with P2X7R. Dye uptake and electrophysiology experiments were used to evaluate the efficacy and specificity of some hemichannel antagonists under conditions known to open the large conductance channel associated with P2X7R. Hemichannel antagonists and interference RNA (RNAi) targeting pannexin-1 did not affect P2X7R macroscopic currents [ATP, 1,570±189 pA; ATP+100 µM carbenoxolone (CBX), 1,498±100 pA; ATP+1 mM probenecid (Prob), 1,522±9 pA] or dye uptake in a FACS assay (ATP, 63±5%; ATP+100 µM CBX, 51.51±8.4%; ATP+1 mM Prob, 57.7±4.3%) in mouse macrophages. These findings strongly suggest that the high-permeability pore evident after prolonged P2X7R activation does not occur through connexin or pannexin hemichannels in murine macrophages. Another membrane protein may be involved in P2X7R pore formation.

Haematological and biochemical values in North American Scottish deerhounds.

OBJECTIVE: Sighthounds, including deerhounds, have unique physiological traits that result in laboratory test results that may lie outside reference intervals for the general dog population. Although reference intervals for most analytes are thought to be similar among sighthounds, breed-specific reference intervals are available mainly for greyhounds. The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for haematology and serum biochemical profiles in deerhounds. METHODS: Venous blood samples were collected from healthy deerhounds. Haematological and biochemical analytes were examined and reference intervals were established using the 5th and 95th percentiles. RESULTS: The reference intervals obtained from 96 dogs for platelets, reticulocytes, total thyroxine, chloride, gamma glutamyl transferase, bilirubin and glucose were lower than the general dog population. Reference intervals for mean cell volume, potassium, urea, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol were higher than the general dog population. Reference intervals for eosinophils and globulin were wider than that of the general population. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These results confirm that differences in haematological and biochemical values exist in the deerhound. Some appear to be shared by all sighthounds but others may be unique to this breed.

Arterial blood pressure, proteinuria, and renal histopathology in clinically healthy retired racing greyhounds.

BACKGROUND: Physiologic peculiarities of Greyhounds as compared to other dogs make interpretation of laboratory results in this breed challenging for veterinarians. Hypertension in retired racing Greyhounds (RRG) can contribute to microalbuminuria (MA), overt proteinuria, and renal histologic lesions. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate clinicopathologic findings, hemodynamic status, and renal histology in a population of healthy RRG. ANIMALS: RRG presented to Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine for inclusion in a spay and neuter program. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. RRG were classified as normotensive (<160 mmHg) or hypertensive (>160 mmHg) based on blood pressure (BP) determinations using Doppler and oscillometric methods. Of the dogs evaluated, 62% (n = 29) were hypertensive and 38% (n = 18) were normotensive. Health status was evaluated using routine clinicopathologic tests (CBC, serum biochemistry, urinalysis) as well as evaluation of fractional excretion of electrolytes and MA determinations. Adequate renal biopsy specimens (n = 15) were evaluated using light, immunofluoresence, and electron microscopy. RESULTS: All serum biochemistry results were normal in 45/49 dogs, but MA was more common in hypertensive (84% positive for MA) as compared with normotensive (18% positive for MA) RRG. Observed renal lesions were mild and renal biopsy scores were low in this sample of RRG. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension is common in RRG and might be breed-related. It is associated with MA, but observed renal lesions are mild. Whether or not hypertension and MA in RRG leads to progressive renal damage requires longitudinal study.

Haematological, blood gas and acid-base values in the Galgo Español (Spanish greyhound).

OBJECTIVES: Haematologic profiles, electrolyte concentrations, blood gas values and acid-base balance have been studied and reported in healthy greyhounds; however, there is only one study published on blood gas values in Galgos Españoles. Because of their purported common origins with greyhounds (same group and class), it was hypothesised that Galgos Españoles also have differences in haematologic values, electrolyte concentrations, blood gas values and acid-base balance compared to other non-sporting breeds. METHODS: Venous blood samples from 30 Galgos Españoles and 20 dogs from different breeds were collected, and complete blood counts, electrolyte concentrations, blood gas values and acid-base balance were measured. RESULTS: From the 24 parameters analysed, 5 had statistically significant differences (P<0·05). Galgos Españoles had higher haematocrit (P<0·001), haemoglobin concentration (P=0·003), erythrocyte count (P=0·016) and pH (P=0·03), and lower platelet count (P=0·005), than those in other-breed dogs. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These results confirm that significant haematologic differences exist in Galgos Españoles when compared with other dogs, although these differences are not as striking as in greyhounds. Practitioners need to be aware of these breed-specific differences in order to make accurate diagnoses in Galgos Españoles.

Clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds.

Owing to the development of Greyhounds as racing sighthounds, these dogs have acquired unique physiologic adaptations that distinguish them from other breeds. Reference intervals for many analytes in retired racing Greyhounds (RRGs) differ from those of other breeds; most of the hematologic differences have also been described in other sighthounds. In this review, we provide a survey of the literature on clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds and results of laboratory testing, including analysis of CBCs, biochemical profiles, coagulation tests, and blood gases, in RRGs at The Ohio State University. Major clinicopathologic differences in this breed include higher RBC mass, creatinine concentration, glomerular filtration rate, activities of hepatic enzymes, and concentration of cardiac troponin, as well as lower WBC, neutrophil, and platelet counts, thromboelastographic values, and concentrations of serum haptoglobin, total globulins, and T4.

White-coat effect on systemic blood pressure in retired racing Greyhounds.

BACKGROUND: Greyhounds are known to have a higher systemic arterial blood pressure (BP) than non-Greyhound dogs. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the high systemic BP was because of the white-coat effect. ANIMALS: Twenty-two healthy retired racing Greyhounds (RRG) enrolled in a blood donation program. MATERIALS/METHODS: We prospectively measured systemic BP in 3 environments: in the hospital by the investigator (Hosp), in the home by the investigator (H/I), and in the home by the owner (H/O). Five serial measurements of systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures (SAP, DAP, MAP) as well as heart rate (HR) were measured by an oscillometric method on the distal forelimb and distal hind limb in all 3 environments. RESULTS: There was a significant difference for SAP, MAP, and HR between the Hosp and both H/I and H/O (P < .001); there were no significant differences for any of the parameters between the H/I and H/O environments. HR, but not SAP, MAP, or DAP (P < .05) decreased in RRG with multiple hospital visits for blood donation before this study. The hind limb SAP was significantly higher than the forelimb SAP (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: We conclude that the high SAP, MAP, and HR seen in the hospital setting are likely because of a white-coat effect. Furthermore, consideration should be given to defining the parameters of normal BP in RRG according to the environment in which they are obtained.

Prevalence of elevated alanine transaminase activity in dogs treated with CCNU (Lomustine)*.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate prevalence of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) elevation in dogs receiving lomustine (CCNU) and to analyse the pattern of occurrence and potential risk factors. Serum ALT activity in 109 dogs during single-agent CCNU chemotherapy was retrospectively analysed. The median initial dose, dose-intensity and cumulative dose of CCNU were 64 mg m(-2), 21 mg m(-2) week(-1) and 171 mg m(-2), respectively. The overall prevalence of major ALT elevation [> 5-fold upper reference limit (URL)] was 29% (32/109) and developed most commonly after one to three doses of CCNU. These ALT elevations occurred without preceding mild ALT elevation in 53% (17/32) of the cases. Three dogs (2.8%) developed clinical hepatopathy. For severe ALT elevation (>10-fold URL), age < or =5-year-old was associated with higher risk. The findings of this study showed that elevation of ALT is common during CCNU chemotherapy in dogs and severe elevation can develop on a sudden onset.

Serum cardiac troponin I concentration in retired racing greyhounds.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a polypeptide found specifically in cardiac muscle tissue that has been used as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator of cardiomyopathy. Increases in cTnI are associated with myocardial pathologic processes. However, high serum cTnI concentrations have been observed in normal Greyhounds. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that Greyhounds have cTnI concentrations higher than non-Greyhound dogs, and that a separate reference range should be established for Greyhounds. ANIMALS: Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein from a group of 20 healthy Greyhound blood donors. METHODS: Analysis of serum cTnI was performed with an immunoassay system with a detection level of 0.01 ng/mL, as described previously. The Greyhound values were compared with 2 groups of Boxers with and without arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), and to a group of non-Boxer control dogs from a previous study. RESULTS: The mean cTnI concentration in Greyhounds was significantly higher (P < .0001) than that in non-Greyhound control dogs, although not significantly different from normal Boxers (P= .50), or Boxers with ARVC (P= .58). Greyhound serum cTnI concentrations were in the range found in Boxers with ARVC. The proposed reference range for cTnI in Greyhounds is 0.05-0.16 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Greyhounds have a reference range for serum cTnI concentrations that differs from that of other previously published reference ranges for dogs of other breeds. Until a broader database and more precise reference range can be established, caution should be exercised in interpreting serum cTnI concentrations in Greyhounds with suspected cardiac disease.

Use of domperidone in the treatment of canine visceral leishmaniasis: a clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of domperidone, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Ninety-eight dogs were treated with single-agent domperidone at 1mg/kg twice a day orally for 1 month. Clinical, serological, biochemical and immunological examinations were conducted for the following 12 months. Domperidone was effective in controlling and reducing clinical signs and antibody titre. Significant decreases in reciprocal serum antibodies were seen in 74.3% of the dogs with mild clinical signs and 40% of the dogs became seronegative. In dogs with several clinical signs and high antibody titres, clinical improvement occurred in 86% of animals and the reciprocal serum antibody titres decreased in 38% of these dogs. A significant increase was noted in the immune cellular status, as measured by the leishmanin skin test and a lymphocyte proliferation assay.

Effects of time of collection and sample processing on von Willebrand factor concentration in retired racing greyhounds.

BACKGROUND: Concentrations of von Willebrand factor (vWF) are less than 30% in approximately 10% of Greyhounds. HYPOTHESIS: That sample collection, processing, and storage can affect the concentration of vWF in plasma of Greyhounds. ANIMALS: Nineteen healthy former racing Greyhounds. METHODS: Prospective study: Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein of dogs at 4 times during the day. Samples were divided and processed in each of 3 ways. The 1st tube was centrifuged immediately, the 2nd tube was kept in a household refrigerator, and the 3rd tube was kept at room temperature for 3 hours before centrifugation and processing. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the vWF concentration between different sample storage and processing (P = 5.31). There was no statistically significant diurnal variation in vWF concentration in the samples evaluated (P = .37). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Time of sample collection and short-term storage temperature do not influence the vWF concentration in retired racing Greyhounds.

Postoperative bleeding in retired racing greyhounds.

BACKGROUND: Some retired racing Greyhounds (RRG) that undergo surgery bleed excessively. HYPOTHESIS: Greyhounds that bleed excessively will have one or more preoperative hemostatic abnormalities that can be used to predict the risk and severity of postoperative bleeding. ANIMALS: Eighty-eight RRG undergoing ovariohysterectomy or castration. METHODS: All dogs were evaluated preoperatively with a physical exam, CBC, platelet count, OSPT, APTT, platelet function with PFA-100(a); fibrinogen, d-dimer, plasminogen (Plmg), antiplasmin (AP), antithrombin (AT), and vWF concentration (vWF:Ag); vWF collagen binding assay (vWF:CBA), and Factor XIII assay. Assays were repeated in the dogs that bled, and in an age- and sex-matched control group of RRG. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent of the dogs had bleeding 36-48 hours after surgery. AP (P <.0001) and AT concentration (P= .007) were significantly lower, and vWF:CBA (P= .0284) was higher preoperatively in the dogs with excessive hemorrhage. A lower platelet count (P= .001) and hematocrit (P= .002), shorter OSPT (P= .0002) and higher plasma fibrinogen (P <.0001), and AP (P= .001) concentration were detected at the time of bleeding compared with preoperative values in the dogs that bleed excessively. The same findings were observed postoperatively for the control group, except for the decrease in hematocrit. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The results indicate that this excessive postoperative bleeding is not attributable to a primary or secondary hemostatic defect, but could result from altered fibrinolysis.