Implementation of a Clinician-led Medication Adherence Intervention Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: Medication nonadherence in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) leads to poor clinical outcomes. We developed a clinician-led adherence intervention that involves reviewing real-time pharmacy refill data and using effective communication to address nonadherence. Prior pilot testing showed promising effects on medication adherence. Here, we describe further evaluation of how clinicians implemented the intervention and identify areas for improvement. METHODS: We audio recorded encounters of clinicians with patients who were nonadherent (90-day proportion of days covered [PDC] < 80% for SLE medications). We coded recordings for intervention components performed, communication quality, and time spent discussing adherence. We also conducted semistructured interviews with patients and clinicians on their experiences and suggestions for improving the intervention. We assessed change in 90-day PDC post intervention. RESULTS: We included 25 encounters with patients (median age 39, 100% female, 72% Black) delivered by 6 clinicians. Clinicians performed most intervention components consistently and exhibited excellent communication, as coded by objective coders. Adherence discussions took an average of 3.8 minutes, and 44% of patients had ≥ 20% increase in PDC post intervention. In structured interviews, many patients felt heard and valued and described being more honest about nonadherence and more motivated to take SLE medications. Patients emphasized patient-clinician communication and financial and logistical assistance as areas for improvement. Some clinicians wanted additional resources and training to improve adherence conversations. CONCLUSION: We provide further evidence to support the feasibility, acceptability, and fidelity of the adherence intervention. Future work will optimize clinician training and evaluate the intervention's effectiveness in a large, randomized trial.

Evaluation of Type 2 SLE symptoms in patients with a range of lupus nephritis activity.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) symptoms, including fatigue, fibromyalgia, and brain fog, contribute to poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with lupus. To test the hypothesis that Type 1 (classical inflammatory lupus) activity is associated with Type 2 SLE activity, we characterized the features of Type 2 SLE in patients with a range of lupus nephritis (LN) activity. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of SLE patients [American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1997 or Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) 2012 classification criteria] from June 2018 to March 2020. Patients completed the Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ) and the Polysymptomatic Distress Scale. Patients were divided into groups based on their renal status. Active nephritis was defined using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) lupus nephritis parameter. Differences across groups were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and ANOVA. RESULTS: In this cohort of 244 patients (93% female, mean age 43 years, 58% Black), 10% had active nephritis, 35% had historical nephritis, and 55% never had nephritis (non-nephritis). Active nephritis and non-nephritis patients had a similar burden of Type 2 SLE symptoms, despite a difference in Type 1 SLE activity. Patients with active nephritis had higher Type 2 PGA (Physician Global Assessment) scores and reported more Type 2 SLE symptoms than inactive nephritis patients. Patients with inactive nephritis had the lowest Type 2 SLE activity. CONCLUSIONS: While Type 2 SLE symptoms are common in SLE, our findings suggest that patients with active nephritis experience significant Type 2 SLE symptoms that may be ameliorated as nephritis improves. We also observed that non-nephritis patients had a similar burden of Type 2 SLE symptoms as patients with active nephritis, despite having on average lower Type 1 SLE activity. Therefore, the etiology of Type 2 SLE symptoms is likely multifactorial and may be driven by inflammatory and non-inflammatory biopsychosocial factors. Key Points • Patients with active nephritis experienced significant Type 2 symptoms that may be ameliorated as nephritis improves. • Non-nephritis patients had a similar burden of Type 2 SLE symptoms as patients with active nephritis, despite having on average lower Type 1 SLE activity. • Because etiology of Type 2 SLE symptoms is likely multifactorial and may be driven by inflammatory and non-inflammatory biopsychosocial factors.

A qualitative study of facilitators of medication adherence in systemic lupus erythematosus: Perspectives from rheumatology providers/staff and patients.

OBJECTIVE: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disproportionately affects patients from racial and ethnic minority groups. Medication adherence is lower among these patient populations, and nonadherence is associated with worse health outcomes. We aimed to identify factors that enable adherence to immunosuppressive medications among patients with SLE from racial and ethnic minority groups. METHODS: Using a qualitative descriptive study design, we conducted in-depth interviews with purposefully selected (1) patients with SLE from racial and ethnic minority groups who were taking immunosuppressants and (2) lupus providers and staff. We focused on adherence facilitators, asking patients to describe approaches supporting adherence and for overcoming common adherence challenges and providers and staff to describe actions they can take to foster patient adherence. We used applied thematic analysis and categorized themes using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behavior (COM-B) model. RESULTS: We interviewed 12 patients (4 adherent and 8 nonadherent based on medication possession ratio) and 12 providers and staff. Although each patient described a unique set of facilitators, patients most often described social support, physical well-being, reminders, and ability to acquire medications as facilitators. Providers also commonly mentioned reminders and easy medication access as facilitators as well as patient education/communication and empowerment. CONCLUSION: Using an established behavioral change model, we categorized a breadth of adherence facilitators within each domain of the COM-B model while highlighting patients' individual approaches. Our findings suggest that an optimal adherence intervention may require a multi-modal and individually tailored approach including components from each behavioral domain-ensuring medication access (Capability) and utilizing reminders and social support (Opportunity), while coupled with internal motivation through improved communication and empowerment (Motivation).

The Type 1 & 2 systemic lupus erythematosus model: Perspectives of people living with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: In the new Type 1 & 2 model for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Type 1 SLE represents classic inflammatory manifestations, such as arthritis, while Type 2 SLE encompasses symptoms such as pain and fatigue where the relationship to inflammation is less clear. The objective of this study was to interview individuals living with SLE to determine the content and face validity of the Type 1 & 2 SLE model. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with a purposeful sample of participants who met classification criteria for SLE. Participants were asked to describe their experiences with Type 1 & 2 SLE symptoms and treatments, and they indicated if and how their personal experiences aligned with the Type 1 & 2 SLE model. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed; applied thematic analysis identified the most frequent and salient themes. RESULTS: We interviewed 42 participants with SLE. Type 2 SLE symptoms, such as pain and fatigue, were very common, with almost all participants experiencing some Type 2 symptoms at some point during their disease course. Participants described Type 1 SLE symptoms as being acute flares and life-threatening and Type 2 SLE symptoms as "everyday lupus" that affected their daily lives and were a dominant part of their SLE disease experience. Most participants stated they want their rheumatologists to discuss Type 2 symptoms during clinical appointments in order to address their full symptom experience. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated content and face validity of the Type 1 & 2 SLE model with people living with SLE. Participants in our study largely understood the model and felt it accurately reflected their experience living with SLE. Type 2 SLE symptoms are very common in individuals with SLE and impact patients' quality of life. Using the model to address Type 2 SLE symptoms allows the rheumatologist to incorporate the patient's perspective and provide patient-centered care.

Patient and Physician Perspectives of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Flare: A Qualitative Study.

OBJECTIVE: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flares are associated with increased damage and decreased health-related quality of life. We hypothesized that there is discordance between physicians' and patients' views of SLE flare. In this study, we aimed to explore patient and physician descriptions of SLE flares. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using in-depth interviews with a purposeful sample of patients with SLE (who met 1997 American College of Rheumatology or Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria) and practicing rheumatologists. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using applied thematic analysis. RESULTS: Forty-two patient participants with SLE, representing a range of SLE activity, completed interviews. The majority described flare symptoms as joint pain, fatigue, and skin issues lasting several days. Few included objective signs or laboratory measures, when available, as features of flare. We interviewed 13 rheumatologists from 10 academic and 3 community settings. The majority defined flare as increased or worsening SLE disease activity, with slightly more than half requiring objective findings. Around half of the rheumatologists included fatigue, pain, or other patient-reported symptoms. CONCLUSION: Patients and physicians described flare differently. Participants with SLE perceived flares as several days of fatigue, pain, and skin issues. Providers defined flares as periods of increased clinical SLE activity. Our findings suggest the current definition of flare may be insufficient to integrate both perceptions. Further study is needed to understand the pathophysiology of patient flares and the best way to incorporate patients' perspectives into clinical assessments.

Using PROMIS-29 to determine symptom burdens in the context of the Type 1 and 2 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) model: a cross sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To account for heterogeneity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and bridge discrepancies between patient- and physician-perceived SLE activity, we developed the Type 1 and 2 SLE model. We examined PROMIS-29 scores, a composite patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure, through the lens of the model. METHODS: Patients completed PROMIS-29 and the polysymptomatic distress scale (PSD). Rheumatologists completed the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI), and physician's global assessments (PGAs) for Type 1 and 2 SLE. We defined Type 1 SLE using SLEDAI, Type 1 PGA, and active nephritis, and Type 2 SLE using PSD and Type 2 PGA. We compared PROMIS-29 T-scores among Type 1 and 2 SLE groups and explored whether PROMIS-29 can predict Type 1 and 2 SLE activity. RESULTS: Compared to the general population, patients with isolated Type 1 SLE reported greater pain and physical dysfunction but less depression and improved social functions; patients with high Type 2 SLE (irrespective of Type 1 activity) reported high levels of pain, fatigue, and social and physical limitations. Patients with minimal Type 1 and 2 SLE had less depression and greater physical functioning with other domains similar to national norms. PROMIS-29 predicted Type 2 but not Type 1 SLE activity. CONCLUSION: PROMIS-29 similarities in patients with high Type 2 SLE, with and without active Type 1 SLE, demonstrate the challenges of using PROs to assess SLE inflammation. In conjunction with the Type 1 and 2 SLE model, however, PROMIS-29 identified distinct symptom patterns, suggesting that the model may help clinicians interpret PROs.

Development and psychometric evaluation of a physician global assessment for type 2 systemic lupus erythematosus symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: Manifestations of SLE can be categorised as type 1 (classic signs and symptoms of SLE) or type 2 (fatigue, widespread pain and brain fog with an unclear relationship to inflammation). While measures of type 1 SLE activity exist, most current physician-reported measures do not encompass type 2 SLE manifestations. To better evaluate type 2 SLE symptoms, we developed and psychometrically evaluated a physician-reported measure of type 2 symptoms, the Type 2 Physician Global Assessment ('Type 2 PGA'). METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The Type 2 PGA was developed and evaluated by six rheumatologists practising in the same academic lupus clinic. The study began with a roundtable discussion to establish consensus guidelines for scoring the Type 2 PGA. Following the roundtable, the Type 2 PGA was psychometrically evaluated using data prospectively collected from 263 patients with SLE enrolled in the Duke Lupus Registry. RESULTS: There was strong intra-rater and inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.83), indicating the Type 2 PGA scores were consistent within a rheumatologist and across rheumatologists. The Type 2 PGA was correlated with patient-reported symptoms of polysymptomatic distress (r=0.76), fatigue (r=0.68), cognitive dysfunction (r=0.63), waking unrefreshed (r=0.62) and forgetfulness (r=0.60), and weakly correlated with the Type 1 PGA and the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index. CONCLUSION: The Type 2 PGA performed well as a physician-reported measure of type 2 SLE symptoms. The incorporation of the Type 2 PGA into a routine rheumatology visit may improve patient care by bringing the provider's attention to certain symptoms not well represented in conventional measures of disease activity.

Virtual Learning and Assessment in Rheumatology Fellowship Training: Objective Structured Clinical Examination Revisited.

OBJECTIVE: With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, an annual multi-institutional face-to-face rheumatology objective structured clinical examination (ROSCE) was transformed into a virtual format. The educational goals of the virtual ROSCE (vROSCE) were to reproduce the educational value of the previous in-person ROSCE, providing a valuable formative assessment of rheumatology training activities encompassing the 6 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competencies for fellows-in-training (FITs). This article describes the novel design, feasibility, and stakeholder value of a vROSCE. METHODS: Through an established collaboration of 5 rheumatology fellowship training programs, in February 2021, a vROSCE was created and conducted using a Zoom platform. Station development included learning objectives, FIT instructions, faculty proctor instructions, and a checklist by which to provide structured formative feedback. An anonymous, optional web-based survey was sent to FIT participants to evaluate the experience. RESULTS: Twenty-three rheumatology FITs from 5 institutions successfully rotated through 6 stations in the vROSCE. Immediate feedback was given to each FIT using standardized rubrics structured around ACGME core competencies. A total of 65% of FITs (15 of 23) responded to the survey, and 93% of survey respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the vROSCE was a helpful educational activity and identified individualized opportunities for improvement. CONCLUSION: A vROSCE is an innovative, feasible, valuable, and well-received educational technology tool. The vROSCE enriched rheumatology FITs' education and offered collaborative learning experiences across institutions.

Pilot Intervention to Improve Medication Adherence Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Using Pharmacy Refill Data.

OBJECTIVE: Despite high rates of medication nonadherence among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), effective interventions to improve adherence in SLE are limited. We aimed to assess the feasibility of a pilot intervention and explore its effect on adherence. METHODS: The intervention used pharmacy refill data to monitor nonadherence and prompt discussions surrounding SLE medications during clinic encounters. Over 12 weeks, the intervention was delivered through routine clinic visits by providers to patients with SLE who take SLE-specific medications. We measured acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility using provider surveys. We also measured acceptability by patient surveys and feasibility by medical record documentation. We explored change in adherence by comparing percent of patients with medication possession ratio (MPR) ≥80% 3 months before and after the intervention visit using the McNemar's test. RESULTS: Six rheumatologists participated; 130 patients were included in the analysis (median age 43, 95% female, and 59% racial and ethnic minorities). Implementation of the intervention was documented in 89% of clinic notes. Provider surveys showed high scores for feasibility (4.7/5), acceptability (4.4/5), and appropriateness (4.6/5). Among patient surveys, the most common reactions to the intervention visit were feeling determined (32%), empowered (32%), and proud (19%). Proportion of patients with MPR ≥80% increased from 48% to 58% (P = 0.03) after the intervention visit. CONCLUSION: Our intervention showed feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness and led to a statistically significant improvement in adherence. Future work should refine the intervention, assess its efficacy in a controlled setting, and adapt its use among other clinic settings.

Association of Hurried Communication and Low Patient Self-Efficacy With Persistent Nonadherence to Lupus Medications.

OBJECTIVE: Medication nonadherence is common among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and adherence often fluctuates with time. Underrepresented racial minorities have disproportionately lower rates of medication adherence and more severe SLE manifestations. We aimed to identify modifiable factors associated with persistent medication nonadherence. METHODS: Patients taking ≥1 SLE medication were enrolled. Adherence data were obtained at baseline and at follow-up roughly 1 year later using both self-reported adherence and pharmacy refill data. Covariates included patient-provider interaction, patient self-efficacy, and clinical factors. We compared characteristics of patients in 3 groups using the Kruskal-Wallis H test: persistent nonadherence (low adherence by self-report and refill rates at both time points); persistent adherence (high adherence by self-report and refill rates at both time points); and inconsistent adherence (the remainder). RESULTS: Among 77 patients (median age 44 years, 53% Black, 96% female), 48% had persistent nonadherence. Compared with other adherence groups, patients with persistent nonadherence were younger and more likely to be Black, have lower income, take ≥2 SLE medications, have higher SLE-related damage at baseline, and have higher physician global assessment of disease activity at follow-up. Persistently nonadherent patients also rated more hurried communication with providers (particularly fast speech and difficult word choice) and had lower self-efficacy in managing medications. CONCLUSION: Potential avenues to improve medication adherence include optimizing patient-provider communication, specifically avoiding difficult vocabulary and fast speech, and enhancing patient self-efficacy, particularly among younger Black patients with lower income who are at higher risk for nonadherence.

Development and Initial Validation of a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Specific Measure of the Extent of and Reasons for Medication Nonadherence.

OBJECTIVE: Medication nonadherence is common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and negatively affects outcomes. To better recognize and address nonadherence in this population, there is a need for an easily implementable tool with interpretable scores. Domains of Subjective Extent of Nonadherence (DOSE-Nonadherence) is a measure that captures both extent of and reasons for nonadherence. We refined and evaluated DOSE-Nonadherence for patients with SLE. METHODS: We refined the reasons for the nonadherence domain of DOSE-Nonadherence through rheumatologist feedback and patient cognitive interviewing. We then administered the refined instrument to patients prescribed oral SLE medications and compared the results to the Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), the Medication Adherence Self-Report Inventory (MASRI), medication possession ratios (MPRs), and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) blood levels using Pearson correlations. RESULTS: Five rheumatologists provided feedback; 16 patients (median age 43 yrs, 100% female, 50% Black) participated in cognitive interviews and 128 (median age 49 yrs, 95% female, 49% Black, 88% on antimalarials, and 59% on immunosuppressants) completed the refined instrument. Items assessing extent of nonadherence produced reliable scores (α 0.89) and identified 47% as nonadherent. They showed convergent validity with MASRI (r = -0.57), HCQ blood levels (r = -0.55), to a lesser extent MPRs (r = -0.34 to -0.40), and discriminant validity with BMQ domains (r = -0.27 to 0.32). Nonadherent patients reported on average 3.5 adherence barriers, the most common being busyness/forgetting (62%), physical fatigue (38%), and pill fatigue (33%). CONCLUSION: Our results support the reliability and validity of DOSE-Nonadherence for SLE medications. This refined instrument, DOSE-Nonadherence-SLE, can be used to identify, rigorously study, and guide adherence intervention development in SLE.

The use of patient-reported outcome measures to classify type 1 and 2 systemic lupus erythematosus activity.

OBJECTIVE: We developed a model that categorizes systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity into two dimensions: Type 1 SLE consists of inflammatory activity, including arthritis, nephritis, and rashes; Type 2 SLE includes fatigue, myalgia, mood disturbance, and cognitive dysfunction. Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures have received attention as a way to capture symptomatology of SLE. The objective of this study was to explore the use of existing PRO measures to classify Type 1 and 2 SLE activity. METHODS: Systemic lupus erythematosus patients completed three questionnaires: Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ), Polysymptomatic Distress Scale (PSD), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2). SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) and physician global assessments (PGA; 0-3) for Type 1 and Type 2 activity were also recorded. High Type 1 SLE activity was defined as cSLEDAI ≥4 (scored without labs), SLEDAI ≥6, active nephritis, or Type 1 PGA ≥1.0. High Type 2 SLE activity was defined as Type 2 PGA ≥1.0. Patients with both high Type 1 and 2 activity were defined as Mixed SLE, and patients with low Type 1 and 2 activity were defined as Minimal SLE. Data were reduced with a factor analysis. Using a reduced set of 13 variables, multinomial logistic regression models estimated the probability of Minimal, Type 1, Type 2, and Mixed SLE classification. RESULTS: The study included 208 patients with SLE. The model accurately predicted the clinician-based Type 1 and 2 SLE classification in 63% of patients; 73% of patients had their Type 1 SLE activity accurately predicted; and 83% had their Type 2 SLE activity accurately predicted. Performance varied by group: 87% of Minimal patients were correctly predicted to be in the Minimal SLE group, yet only about one-third of patients in the Type 1 group were correctly predicted to be in the Type 1 group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate Type 2 SLE activity can be identified by patient-reported data. The use of PROs was not as accurate at predicting Type 1 activity. These findings highlight the challenges of using PROs to categorize and classify SLE symptoms since some manifestations of Type 1 activity (e.g., nephritis) may be essentially clinically silent while other Type 1 manifestations may cause severe symptoms.

Association of Health Literacy and Numeracy With Lupus Knowledge and the Creation of the Lupus Knowledge Assessment Test.

OBJECTIVE: Limited health literacy and numeracy are associated with worse patient-reported outcomes and higher disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but which factors may mediate this association is unknown. We sought to determine the association of health literacy and numeracy with SLE knowledge. METHODS: Patients with SLE were recruited from an academic center clinic. Participants completed validated assessments of health literacy (Newest Vital Sign [NVS]; n = 96) and numeracy (Numeracy Understanding in Medicine Instrument, Short Version [S-NUMI]; n = 85). They also completed the Lupus Knowledge Assessment Test (LKAT), which consists of 4 questions assessing SLE knowledge that were determined through consensus expert opinion for their wide applicability and importance related to self-management of the disease. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression modeling were used to analyze the results. RESULTS: In our SLE cohort (n = 125), 33% (32/96) had limited health literacy and 76% (65/85) had limited numeracy. The majority correctly identified that hydroxychloroquine prevented SLE flares (91%); however, only 23% of participants correctly answered a numeracy question assessing which urine protein to creatinine (UPC) ratio was > 1000 mg/g. The mean LKAT score was 2.7 out of 4.0. Limited health literacy, but not numeracy, was associated with lower knowledge about SLE as measured by the LKAT, even after adjusting for education. CONCLUSION: Patients with SLE with limited health literacy had lower knowledge about SLE. The LKAT could be further refined and/or used as a screening tool to identify patients with knowledge gaps. Further work is needed to improve patients' understanding of proteinuria and investigate whether literacy-sensitive education can improve care.

Intermittent and Persistent Type 2 lupus: patient perspectives on two distinct patterns of Type 2 SLE symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: We have developed a new conceptual model to characterise the signs and symptoms of SLE: the Type 1 and 2 SLE Model. Within the original model, Type 1 SLE consists of inflammatory manifestations like arthritis, nephritis and rashes; Type 2 SLE includes symptoms of fatigue, myalgia, mood disturbance and cognitive dysfunction. Through in-depth interviews, we explored how the Type 1 and 2 SLE Model fits within the lived experience of patients with SLE, with a focus on the connection between Type 1 and Type 2 SLE symptoms. METHODS: Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted among adult participants meeting 1997 American College of Rheumatology or Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria for SLE. Participants were purposefully selected for age, race, sex and nephritis history. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data were analysed through episode profile and thematic analysis. RESULTS: Through interviews with 42 patients with SLE, two patterns of Type 2 SLE emerged: Intermittent (n=18) and Persistent (n=24). Participants with Intermittent Type 2 SLE described feeling generally well when Type 1 is inactive; these participants were younger and had more internal SLE manifestations. Participants with Persistent Type 2 described always experiencing Type 2 symptoms despite inactive Type 1, although the severity may fluctuate. Participants with Persistent Type 2 SLE experienced traditional lupus symptoms of joint pain, hair loss and rash, but less often had severe organ system involvement. CONCLUSIONS: By listening to the stories of our patients, we found two underlying patterns of Type 2 SLE: Intermittent Type 2 symptoms that resolve in synchrony with Type 1 inflammatory symptoms, and Persistent Type 2 symptoms that continue despite remission of Type 1 symptoms.

Barriers to Taking Medications for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Qualitative Study of Racial Minority Patients, Lupus Providers, and Clinic Staff.

OBJECTIVE: Underrepresented racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Racial and ethnic minorities also have more severe SLE manifestations that require use of immunosuppressive medications, and often have lower rates of medication adherence. We aimed to explore barriers of adherence to SLE immunosuppressive medications among minority SLE patients. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of racial minority SLE patients taking oral immunosuppressants (methotrexate, azathioprine, or mycophenolate), and lupus clinic providers and staff. Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed, and analyzed using applied thematic analysis. We grouped themes using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behavior conceptual model. RESULTS: We interviewed 12 SLE patients (4 adherent, 8 nonadherent) and 12 providers and staff. We identified capability barriers to include external factors related to acquiring medications, specifically cost-, pharmacy-, and clinic-related issues; opportunity barriers to include external barriers to taking medications, specifically logistic- and medication-related issues; and motivation factors to include intrinsic barriers, encompassing patients' knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and physical and mental health. The most frequently described barriers were cost, side effects, busyness/forgetting, and lack of understanding, although barriers differed by patient and adherence level, with logistic and intrinsic barriers described predominantly by nonadherent patients and side effects described predominantly by adherent patients. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that interventions may be most impactful if they are designed to facilitate logistics of taking medications and increase patients' motivation while allowing for personalization to address the individual differences in adherence barriers.

What do internal medicine residents know about rheumatology? A needs assessment for curriculum design.

We sought to determine if analyzing internal medicine (IM) resident performance on the in-training exam (ITE) might reveal curricular needs in rheumatology education beyond those intuitive to learners and educators from their perceptions and experience. We analyzed ITE scores of post-graduate year (PGY) 2 IM residents at our institution from 2010 to 2017. We sorted rheumatology-related educational objectives on the ITEs into 10 disease categories and calculated average scores. We then surveyed our IM residents' self-reported confidence and rheumatology educators' perceptions of IM resident proficiency in the 10 categories on a 10-point Likert scale. Finally, we tallied diagnoses in each category encountered by IM residents in rheumatology clinic. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated for the relationship between these data. The ITEs exposed 402 residents to 63 rheumatology-related educational objectives in the 10 categories; 24 objectives were categorized as "other." Survey respondents included 38 residents and 22 educators. There was no correlation between ITE scores in the 10 categories and resident confidence (r = - 0.226, p = 0.530), educator perception (r = - 0.274, p = 0.445), or diagnoses encountered (r = - 0.310, p = 0.383). There was a strong positive correlation between resident confidence and educator perception (r = 0.934, p < 0.001). ITE performance was low in crystalline arthritis and osteoarthritis despite high resident confidence, educator perception, and number of diagnoses seen. Our analysis of IM resident ITE performance identified curricular gaps not apparent in surveys of learner and educator perceptions or an assessment of learner experience. Key Points • In this study, we demonstrate how a systematic analysis of internal medicine resident performance on the in-training exam can identify important curricular gaps in rheumatology education that are not apparent in assessments of learners and educator perceptions or learner experience in rheumatology clinic. • In-training exam performance was low in crystalline arthritis and osteoarthritis despite high resident confidence, educator perception of proficiency, and number of diagnoses seen in these categories. • When rheumatology curricula for internal medicine residents are developed solely on the basis of learner and educator perceptions, common disorders traditionally considered "easy" may be overlooked.

Using Clinical Characteristics and Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to Categorize Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Subtypes.

OBJECTIVE: The type 1 and type 2 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) categorization system was recently proposed to validate the patients' perspective of disease and to capture a more comprehensive spectrum of symptoms. The objective of this study was to characterize the clinical manifestations of SLE subtypes and to determine the correlation between the patient- and physician-reported measures used in the model. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of patients with SLE in a university clinic. Patients completed the Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ) and 2011 American College of Rheumatology fibromyalgia (FM) criteria. Active SLE was defined as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score ≥6, clinical SLEDAI score ≥4, or active lupus nephritis. We identified 4 groups: type 1 SLE (active SLE without FM), type 2 SLE (inactive SLE with FM), mixed SLE (active SLE with FM), and minimal SLE (inactive SLE without FM). RESULTS: In this cohort of 212 patients (92% female, mean age 45 years), 30% had type 1 SLE, 8% had type 2 SLE, 13% had mixed SLE, and 49% had minimal SLE. Regardless of SLE disease activity, patients with FM (21%), reported higher SLAQ scores, patient global assessment scores, and self-reported lupus flare that resulted in discordance between patient- and physician-reported measures. CONCLUSION: Fatigue, widespread pain, sleep dysfunction, and mood disorders are common symptoms in SLE. Identifying these symptoms as type 2 SLE may be a method to improve patient communication and understanding. The level of type 2 SLE impacts patients' perception of disease and self-reported symptoms. The SLAQ may need to be reinterpreted based on the FM severity scale.

Racial Differences in Patient-provider Communication, Patient Self-efficacy, and Their Associations With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-related Damage: A Cross-sectional Survey.

OBJECTIVE: Despite significant racial disparities in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) outcomes, few studies have examined how disparities may be perpetuated in clinical encounters. We aimed to explore associations between areas of clinical encounters - patient-provider communication and patient self-efficacy - with SLE-related damage, in order to identify potential areas for intervention to reduce SLE outcome disparities. METHODS: We collected cross-sectional data from a tertiary SLE clinic including patient-provider communication, general self-efficacy, self-efficacy for managing medications and treatments, patient-reported health status, and clinical information. We compared racial groups and used logistic regression to assess race-stratified association of patient-provider communication and patient self-efficacy with having SLE-related damage. RESULTS: Among 121 patients (37% White, 63% African American), African Americans were younger, more likely to be on Medicaid, and less likely to be college educated, married, or living with a partner or spouse. African Americans reported less fatigue and better social function, took more complex SLE medication regimens, had lower fibromyalgia (FM) scores, and had higher SLE disease activity and SLE-related damage scores. African Americans reported similar self-efficacy compared to White patients, but they reported more hurried communication with providers, which was reflected in their perception that providers used words that were difficult to understand. Perceiving providers use difficult words and lower general self-efficacy were associated with having SLE-related damage among African American but not White patients. CONCLUSION: African Americans had more severe SLE and perceived more hurried communication with providers. Both worse communication and lower self-efficacy were associated with having SLE-related damage among African American but not White patients, suggesting that these factors should be investigated as potential interventions to reduce SLE racial disparities.