La cirugía ortognática en el tratamiento del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño / Orthognathic surgery in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño provoca somnolencia diurna; incide negativamente sobre el sistema cardiovascular y disminuye la calidad de vida. La cirugía ortognática provoca cambios en el espacio aéreo faríngeo, por lo que ha sido empleada en el tratamiento de dicho síndrome. Objetivo: Caracterizar las técnicas en cirugía ortognática más empleadas en el tratamiento del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño, sus influencias sobre la vía aérea faríngea y efectividad terapéutica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica desde diciembre del 2016 a junio del 2017 a través de los buscadores de información y plataformas SciELO, Medline, Pubmed y Hinari. Los descriptores empleados para la búsqueda fueron cirugía ortognática, síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño, vía aérea faríngea, avance máxilo mandibular y sus combinaciones. Se obtuvieron 127 artículos de los que se seleccionaron 28 por su contenido, actualidad y objetividad. Análisis e integración de la información: El adelanto quirúrgico del maxilar, mandíbula, mentón o sus combinaciones minimiza los efectos del síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño. Es recomendable la cirugía bimaxilar en la corrección de las clases III esqueletales para atenuar posibles efectos perjudiciales sobre la vía aérea por la retroposición mandibular aislada. Conclusiones: La cirugía ortognática de avance, incrementa el espacio faríngeo y mejora la calidad del sueño. Los movimientos de retroposición pueden tener efecto inverso, aspecto importante en la corrección de las clases III esqueletales(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome causes daytime sleepiness, affects the cardiovascular system and reduces the quality of life. Since orthognathic surgery brings about changes in the pharyngeal airway space, it has been used to treat this syndrome. Objective: Characterize the orthognathic surgery techniques most commonly used to treat obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, their impact on the pharyngeal airway and their therapeutic effectiveness. Methods: A bibliographic review was conducted from December 2016 to June 2017 using the search engines and platforms SciELO, Medline, Pubmed and Hinari. The search words used were orthognathic surgery, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, pharyngeal airway, maxillomandibular advancement, and combinations thereof. Of the 127 papers obtained, 28 were selected based on their content, topicality and objectivity. Data analysis and integration: Surgical advancement of the maxilla, mandible, chin or combinations thereof minimizes the effects of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Bimaxillary surgery is recommended to correct skeletal class III malocclusion so as to lessen potential damaging effects on the airway caused by isolated mandibular retroposition. Conclusions: Advancement orthognathic surgery broadens the pharyngeal airway space and improves the quality of sleep. The fact that retroposition movements may have an opposite effect is an important aspect to be considered in the correction of skeletal class III malocclusions(AU)

Improving electroencephalographic source localization of epileptogenic zones with time-frequency analysis.

The combination of recently developed methods for electroencephalographic (EEG) space-time-frequency analysis can provide noninvasive functional neuroimages necessary for obtaining an accurate localization of the epileptogenic zone. The aim of this study was to determine if time-frequency (TF) analysis, followed by EEG source localization, would improve the detection and identification of epileptogenic and related activity. Seventeen patients with refractory frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) were studied using video EEG recording. TF analysis identified the first epileptogenic EEG changes. Using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) approach, we compared brain electromagnetic tomographic (BET) images, constructed from the TF domain, with BET images constructed from the time domain only. We determined if the localization identified by BET images was concordant with the localization from medical history and video EEG recording. TF analysis provided a clear display of subtle EEG features, including EEG lateralization, and more concordant and delimited epileptogenic zones, compared with time-domain source analysis. In conclusion, EEG TF analysis improves source localization. After a thorough validation, this methodology could become a useful noninvasive tool for localizing the epileptogenic zone in clinical practice.

Síndrome de apnea hipopnea del sueño: rol protagónico del ortodontista / Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome: leading role of the orthodontist

Introducción: el síndrome de Apnea Hipopnea del Sueño es la entidad de mayor gravedad entre las alteraciones respiratorias del sueño. Afecta tanto a niños como adultos, en muchas ocasiones no se tiene en cuenta sus consecuencias clínicas y sociales. Objetivo: describir las características básicas del síndrome, la relación que tiene con la especialidad de ortodoncia y las posibilidades terapéuticas que esta brinda. Material y Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica automatizada en las bases de datos de los sistemas MEDLINE, PubMed, Hinari Y Google. Resultados: el síndrome de Apnea Hipopnea del Sueño trae asociada una disminución considerable de la calidad de vida con deterioro progresivo de la salud del paciente y afecta considerablemente el desarrollo físico general y maxilofacial de los niños. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento debe ser realizado por un equipo multidisciplinario donde el ortodoncista juega un rol determinante. Un minucioso interrogatorio y el análisis cefalométrico de las vías aéreas superiores permiten detectar tempranamente su posible existencia y gravedad. El empleo de aparatos intrabucales es una terapéutica generalizada a nivel mundial por su efectividad, economía y buena tolerancia. Conclusiones: el ortodoncista debe tener pleno conocimiento de las herramientas diagnósticas existentes y de la variedad de tratamientos disponibles a su alcance. Aunque no puede diagnosticar ni tratar por sí solo el síndrome, debe formar parte activa del equipo multidisciplinario que brinda atención a estos pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome is the most serious entity between sleep disordered breathing. It affects both children and adults, often being undervalued both clinical and social consequences. Objective: to describe the basic features of the syndrome and the relationship that the specialty of orthodontics and therapeutic offers. Material and Methods: a literature review is conducted in automated databases systems of MEDLINE, PubMed, Hinari and Google. Results: the Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome bring associated a considerable decrease in quality of life with progressive deterioration of the patient's health and affects considerably the maxillofacial development and general physical development of children. Its diagnosis and treatment must be performed by a multidisciplinary team where the orthodontist plays a decisive role. A thorough examination and cephalometry analysis of the upper airways allow early detection of their possible existence and severity. The use of intraoral appliances is a generalized therapeutic around the world for their effectiveness, economy and good tolerance. Conclusions: the orthodontist must have full knowledge of existing diagnostic tools and the variety of treatments available to them. Although he can not diagnose or treat the syndrome alone, should be an active part of the multidisciplinary team that provides care to these patients and should be in possession of the knowledge and means to take responsibility therapeutic(AU)

Síndrome de apnea hipopnea del sueño: rol protagónico del ortodontista / Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome: leading role of the orthodontist

Introducción: el síndrome de Apnea Hipopnea del Sueño es la entidad de mayor gravedad entre las alteraciones respiratorias del sueño. Afecta tanto a niños como adultos, en muchas ocasiones no se tiene en cuenta sus consecuencias clínicas y sociales. Objetivo: describir las características básicas del síndrome, la relación que tiene con la especialidad de ortodoncia y las posibilidades terapéuticas que esta brinda. Material y Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica automatizada en las bases de datos de los sistemas MEDLINE, PubMed, Hinari Y Google. Resultados: el síndrome de Apnea Hipopnea del Sueño trae asociada una disminución considerable de la calidad de vida con deterioro progresivo de la salud del paciente y afecta considerablemente el desarrollo físico general y maxilofacial de los niños. Su diagnóstico y tratamiento debe ser realizado por un equipo multidisciplinario donde el ortodoncista juega un rol determinante. Un minucioso interrogatorio y el análisis cefalométrico de las vías aéreas superiores permiten detectar tempranamente su posible existencia y gravedad. El empleo de aparatos intrabucales es una terapéutica generalizada a nivel mundial por su efectividad, economía y buena tolerancia. Conclusiones: el ortodoncista debe tener pleno conocimiento de las herramientas diagnósticas existentes y de la variedad de tratamientos disponibles a su alcance. Aunque no puede diagnosticar ni tratar por sí solo el síndrome, debe formar parte activa del equipo multidisciplinario que brinda atención a estos pacientes.

Introduction: Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome is the most serious entity between sleep disordered breathing. It affects both children and adults, often being undervalued both clinical and social consequences. Objective: to describe the basic features of the syndrome and the relationship that the specialty of orthodontics and therapeutic offers. Material and Methods: a literature review is conducted in automated databases systems of MEDLINE, PubMed, Hinari and Google. Results: the Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome bring associated a considerable decrease in quality of life with progressive deterioration of the patient's health and affects considerably the maxillofacial development and general physical development of children. Its diagnosis and treatment must be performed by a multidisciplinary team where the orthodontist plays a decisive role. A thorough examination and cephalometry analysis of the upper airways allow early detection of their possible existence and severity. The use of intraoral appliances is a generalized therapeutic around the world for their effectiveness, economy and good tolerance. Conclusions: the orthodontist must have full knowledge of existing diagnostic tools and the variety of treatments available to them. Although he can not diagnose or treat the syndrome alone, should be an active part of the multidisciplinary team that provides care to these patients and should be in possession of the knowledge and means to take responsibility therapeutic.

Exploring event-related brain dynamics with tests on complex valued time-frequency representations.

A question subject to intense debate is whether scalp-recorded event-related brain potentials are due to phase resetting of the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) or rather to the superimposition of time-locked components on background activity. The two hypotheses are usually assessed by means of statistics in the time-frequency domain, for example, through wavelet transformation of multiple EEG trials that yield for each time and frequency a scatter plot of complex values coefficients. Currently, intertrial phase correlation (phase locking or phase coherence) is taken as evidence for phase resetting at a given frequency and latency. Here we present a formal analysis using a complex t-statistic to illustrate that such measures are, in effect, tests for the mean vector of the repeated trials, and as such on their own are inappropriate measures of phase resetting. We also propose simple t-like statistics for testing changes in (i) the mean (presence of an event-related potential), (ii) the amplitude variance (presence of (de)synchronization) and (iii) the concentration of phases (phase locking). The first two statistics are found to be proper measures of the presence of a non-zero mean activity and induced activity, respectively. In the third case, two different tests are introduced: one based on measuring the alignment of coefficients in the complex plane and another derived from the argument that phase locking persists when the mean of the coefficients is removed. Both statistics gave unambiguous evidence of the presence of phase locking suggesting that they constitute promising tools in the analysis of event-related brain dynamics.