RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rainbow trout is a significant fish farming species under temperate climates. Female reproduction traits play an important role in the economy of breeding companies with the sale of fertilized eggs. The objectives of this study are threefold: to estimate the genetic parameters of female reproduction traits, to determine the genetic architecture of these traits by the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL), and to assess the expected efficiency of a pedigree-based selection (BLUP) or genomic selection for these traits. RESULTS: A pedigreed population of 1343 trout were genotyped for 57,000 SNP markers and phenotyped for seven traits at 2 years of age: spawning date, female body weight before and after spawning, the spawn weight and the egg number of the spawn, the egg average weight and average diameter. Genetic parameters were estimated in multi-trait linear animal models. Heritability estimates were moderate, varying from 0.27 to 0.44. The female body weight was not genetically correlated to any of the reproduction traits. Spawn weight showed strong and favourable genetic correlation with the number of eggs in the spawn and individual egg size traits, but the egg number was uncorrelated to the egg size traits. The genome-wide association studies showed that all traits were very polygenic since less than 10% of the genetic variance was explained by the cumulative effects of the QTLs: for any trait, only 2 to 4 QTLs were detected that explained in-between 1 and 3% of the genetic variance. Genomic selection based on a reference population of only one thousand individuals related to candidates would improve the efficiency of BLUP selection from 16 to 37% depending on traits. CONCLUSIONS: Our genetic parameter estimates made unlikely the hypothesis that selection for growth could induce any indirect improvement for female reproduction traits. It is thus important to consider direct selection for spawn weight for improving egg production traits in rainbow trout breeding programs. Due to the low proportion of genetic variance explained by the few QTLs detected for each reproduction traits, marker assisted selection cannot be effective. However genomic selection would allow significant gains of accuracy compared to pedigree-based selection.
Asunto(s)
Oncorhynchus mykiss , Animales , Femenino , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Genómica , Oncorhynchus mykiss/genética , Fenotipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Reproducción/genética , Selección GenéticaRESUMEN
In rainbow trout farming, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease, is responsible for important economic losses. Resistance to F. psychrophilum is heritable, and several quantitative trait loci (QTL) with moderate effects have been detected, opening up promising perspectives for the genetic improvement of resistance. In most studies however, resistance to F. psychrophilum was assessed in experimental infectious challenges using injection as the infection route, which is not representative of natural infection. Indeed, injection bypasses external barriers, such as mucus and skin, that likely play a protective role against the infection. In this study, we aimed at describing the genetic architecture of the resistance to F. psychrophilum after a natural disease outbreak. In a 2000-fish cohort, reared on a French farm, 720 fish were sampled and genotyped using the medium-throughput Axiom™ Trout Genotyping Array. Overall mortality at the end of the outbreak was 25%. Genome-wide association studies were performed under two different models for time to death measured on 706 fish with validated genotypes for 30 060 SNPs. This study confirms the polygenic inheritance of resistance to F. psychrophilum with a few QTL with moderate effects and a large polygenic background, the heritability of the trait being estimated at 0.34. Two new chromosome-wide significant QTL and three suggestive QTL were detected, each of them explaining between 1% and 4% of genetic variance.
Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Infecciones por Flavobacteriaceae/veterinaria , Oncorhynchus mykiss , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Animales , Infecciones por Flavobacteriaceae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Flavobacteriaceae/genética , Infecciones por Flavobacteriaceae/inmunología , Flavobacterium/fisiología , Francia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/genética , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Sitios de Carácter CuantitativoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate postgraduate Oral Medicine training worldwide and to begin to identify minimum requirements and/or core content for an International Oral Medicine curriculum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Countries where there was believed to be postgraduate training in Oral Medicine were identified by the working group. Standardized emails were sent inviting participants to complete an online survey regarding the scope of postgraduate training in Oral Medicine in their respective countries. RESULTS: We received 69 total responses from 37 countries. Of these, 22 countries self-identified as having postgraduate Oral Medicine as a distinct field of study, and they served as the study group. While there is currently considerable variation among Oral Medicine postgraduate training parameters, there is considerable congruency in clinical content of the Oral Medicine syllabi. For example, all of the training programs responded that they did evaluate competence in diagnosis and management of oral mucosal disease. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study provides the first evidence regarding international Oral Medicine postgraduate training, from which recommendations for an international core curriculum could be initiated. It is through such an initiative that a universal clinical core syllabus in postgraduate Oral Medicine training may be more feasible.
Asunto(s)
Educación de Posgrado en Odontología , Medicina Oral/educación , Competencia Clínica , Curriculum/normas , Diagnóstico Bucal/educación , Educación de Posgrado en Odontología/clasificación , Educación de Posgrado en Odontología/normas , Dolor Facial/diagnóstico , Dolor Facial/terapia , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Enfermedades de la Boca/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Boca/terapia , Patología Bucal/educación , Farmacología/educación , Radiología/educación , Radiología Intervencionista/educación , Enfermedades de las Glándulas Salivales/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Glándulas Salivales/terapia , Especialidades Odontológicas/clasificación , Especialidades Odontológicas/educación , Especialidades Odontológicas/normas , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus, or DM, in the United States is increasing steadily. The increasing longevity of the American population and more effective diagnostic protocols mean that the dental practitioner will be treating an increasing number of patients with the disease. METHODS: The authors present relevant information about DM, including a recently revised nomenclature system, pathophysiology, complications, new diagnostic criteria, medical and dental management considerations, and associated oral conditions. CONCLUSIONS: There are many important medical and dental management issues that dentists should consider when treating patients with DM. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The information presented in this report should help general dentists deliver optimum treatment to patients with DM.
Asunto(s)
Atención Dental para Enfermos Crónicos , Diabetes Mellitus , Síndrome de Boca Ardiente/etiología , Caries Dental/etiología , Complicaciones de la Diabetes , Diabetes Mellitus/clasificación , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatología , Dieta , Humanos , Hipoglucemia/etiología , Insulina/efectos adversos , Insulina/metabolismo , Liquen Plano Oral/etiología , Micosis/etiología , Úlceras Bucales/etiología , Enfermedades Periodontales/etiología , Enfermedades de las Glándulas Salivales/etiología , Terminología como AsuntoRESUMEN
Three doses of famciclovir were tested for treatment of experimental ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced herpes labialis. Patients received 125, 250, or 500 mg of famciclovir or placebo 3 times a day for 5 days beginning 48 h after UVR exposure, a model of early episodic intervention. Of 248 patients irradiated, 102 developed lesions while on treatment. There were no significant differences between groups in the number of lesions. The mean maximal lesion size was reduced in a dose-proportional manner: 139, 105, 77, and 55 mm2 for the placebo and 125-, 250-, and 500-mg famciclovir groups, respectively (P=.040, linear regression). Median time to healing was faster in the 500-mg famciclovir group than in the placebo group, both by investigator (4 vs. 6 days, 33% reduction, P=.010) and patient assessment (3.0 vs. 5.8 days, 48% reduction, P=.008) analyses. These findings suggest that evaluation of higher drug doses for herpes labialis treatment is warranted.
Asunto(s)
2-Aminopurina/análogos & derivados , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Herpes Labial/tratamiento farmacológico , 2-Aminopurina/administración & dosificación , 2-Aminopurina/efectos adversos , 2-Aminopurina/uso terapéutico , Administración Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Antivirales/administración & dosificación , Antivirales/efectos adversos , Método Doble Ciego , Famciclovir , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dolor , Factores de Tiempo , Rayos UltravioletaRESUMEN
Previous methods for evaluating the color of oral epithelial tissues have relied primarily on subjective indices and interpretation. In this study, a narrow-band reflectance spectrophotometer was used to measure melanin and hemoglobin pigmentation in the lips and skin of individuals who self-reported their skin type from a choice of white, olive, or black. Significant differences in melanin pigmentation were observed among skin types and at most anatomical sites evaluated between skin types. Hemoglobin levels were not significantly different among skin types at most anatomical sites, but differences were observed among anatomical sites within each skin color group. Within each skin type, melanin (except in blacks) and hemoglobin were significantly higher for both the upper and lower lips compared with most other anatomical sites. Results suggest that reflectance spectrophotometry is a useful tool for quantifying differences in melanin and hemoglobin pigmentation in oral tissues.
Asunto(s)
Labio/anatomía & histología , Pigmentación de la Piel , Piel/anatomía & histología , Análisis de Varianza , Brazo/anatomía & histología , Población Negra , Mejilla/anatomía & histología , Color , Epitelio/anatomía & histología , Femenino , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Humanos , Masculino , Melaninas/análisis , Mucosa Bucal/anatomía & histología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Espectrofotometría/métodos , Población BlancaRESUMEN
Viral infections can cause severe morbidity in immunosuppressed cancer patients. A case of rapidly enlarging, biopsy-documented oral verruca vulgaris in a patient undergoing conditioning chemotherapy prior to bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is described. Human papillomavirus infections in immunosuppressed patients are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante de Médula Ósea , Linfoma de Células B/terapia , Enfermedades de la Boca/etiología , Verrugas/etiología , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades de la Boca/patología , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Verrugas/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Oral mucositis is a common complication of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) conditioning therapy. Sequelae consist of increased risk for infection, moderate to severe pain, compromised oral function, and bleeding. This study investigated helium-neon laser treatment for prevention of conditioning-induced oral mucositis in BMT patients. Patterns and severity of mucositis for specific conditioning drug regimens also were analyzed. METHODS: Twenty patients received laser radiation to their oral mucosa, either left or right of midline. The contralateral side was sham-treated and served as a control. Mucositis severity was scored independently by two modified versions of the Oral Mucositis Index Scale (OMI-A and OMI-B) and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Oral Toxicity Scale; pain severity was scored by subjects on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Cumulative scores were analyzed for differences between the laser-treated and sham-treated sides. RESULTS: Oral mucositis and pain scores were significantly lower for the treated versus the untreated side by OMI-A and B (P < 0.005) and VAS (P = 0.027) criteria, respectively. Ulcerative lesions occurred in all patients bilaterally; severity increased until Day +6, and lesions resolved by Day +21. Mucositis was more severe for patients conditioned with busulfan/carboplatin/thiotepa than for patients conditioned with busulfan/cyclophosphamide/etoposide. CONCLUSIONS: Helium-neon laser treatment was well-tolerated and reduced the severity of conditioning-induced oral mucositis in BMT patients.
Asunto(s)
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Trasplante de Médula Ósea/efectos adversos , Terapia por Láser , Estomatitis/etiología , Estomatitis/radioterapia , Adulto , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Helio , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mucosa Bucal/efectos de la radiación , Neón , Estudios Prospectivos , Estomatitis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
A method using polyvinylsiloxane (PVS), a high-resolution dental impression material, to obtain negative images of lingual surfaces is described. Epoxy-resin tongue replicas made from these impressions were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This method has been developed to visualize structural details of the tongue surface of living human beings and laboratory animals. The utility of the method is demonstrated with hamster tongues, which have well-defined fungiform papillae with single taste pores, and human tongues, which have more variable surface structures. Replicas made from PVS impressions of tongues of living hamsters were compared with the same tongues after fixation. The replicas contained much of the detail present in fixed tongues. With SEM, it was possible to identify individual fungiform papillae, which contained depressions with the size and the location of hamster taste pores. Individual papillae could also be recognized in human-tongue replicas, but taste pores could not be identified with certainty. These replicas provide permanent, three-dimensional records of tongue topography that could be used to document changes due to trauma, disease and aging.
Asunto(s)
Papilas Gustativas/ultraestructura , Animales , Cricetinae , Materiales de Impresión Dental , Humanos , Mesocricetus , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Polivinilos , Técnicas de Réplica , SiloxanosRESUMEN
This article has reviewed selected oral complications that can develop in the head and neck cancer radiation patient. Many of these complications can be prevented by treating diseased oral sites before initiation of cancer therapy. In addition, cancer treatment can often cause changes in oral tissues that require long-term management. The dentist can thus play an important role in the overall care of these critically ill patients.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Irradiación Craneana/efectos adversos , Atención Dental para Enfermos Crónicos/métodos , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello , Enfermedades de la Boca , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/etiología , Neoplasias de Cabeza y Cuello/terapia , Humanos , Enfermedades de la Boca/etiología , Enfermedades de la Boca/prevención & control , Enfermedades de la Boca/terapia , Mucosa Bucal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Bucal/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
This report describes a case of mandibular osteomyelitis after a dental extraction in a patient who subsequently underwent bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for lymphoblastic lymphoma. Surgical guidelines consistent with National Cancer Institute recommendations were followed for the extraction, which was performed before initiation of the myelosuppressive conditioning regimen. However, moderate tenderness developed at the extraction site beginning 10 days after marrow infusion. On day 26 the patient became febrile and blood culture-positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis. Radiographs exposed on day 28 demonstrated changes consistent with low-grade osteomyelitis, including diffuse loss of lamina dura and an irregular osseous rarefaction extending 1 cm posterior to the extraction site. Although the indwelling Hickman catheter was the presumed source for bacteremia, clinical and radiographic data led to consideration of mandibular osteomyelitis as an alternative cause. Characteristics of this infection in BMT recipients are reviewed. Recommendations for dental extractions and prophylactic antibiotic regimens for catheterized BMT recipients are also discussed. Although mandibular osteomyelitic lesions are not common in profoundly immunosuppressed BMT recipients, prompt recognition and treatment are essential when the disease occurs.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante de Médula Ósea/efectos adversos , Atención Dental para la Persona con Discapacidad , Enfermedades Mandibulares/etiología , Osteomielitis/etiología , Extracción Dental/efectos adversos , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Masculino , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/terapia , Premedicación , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/etiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/prevención & control , Staphylococcus epidermidisRESUMEN
As advances in medical diagnostic and treatment modalities continue to increase the life expectancy of the population, the likelihood of encountering patients in dental practice with concomitant medical problems will also rise. Thus it will become increasingly important for practicing dentists to take thorough medical histories, recognize signs of systemic disorders, and work closely with their medical colleagues to ensure that safe dental care is rendered to these medically complex patients. Although acutely ill or severely compromised individuals may be best treated in a hospital setting by those with special training, all dental practitioners should possess the diagnostic and communicative skills needed to manage those who are receiving out-patient medical care.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad , Enfermedades de la Boca/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Dentales/diagnóstico , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Anamnesis/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedades de la Boca/patología , Enfermedades de la Boca/terapia , Planificación de Atención al Paciente , Examen Físico/métodos , Derivación y Consulta , Enfermedades Dentales/patología , Enfermedades Dentales/terapiaRESUMEN
This article has reviewed selected oral complications that can develop in the myelosuppressed or head and neck radiation cancer patient. Many of these complications can be prevented by treating diseased oral sites prior to initiation of cancer therapy. Further, cancer treatment often causes changes in oral tissues that require long-term management. The dentist thus can play an important role in the overall care of many cancer patients.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de la Boca/etiología , Neoplasias/terapia , Enfermedad Aguda , Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Enfermedad Crónica , Humanos , Enfermedades de la Boca/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Boca/terapia , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/radioterapia , Neoplasias/cirugía , Radioterapia/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Thirty-eight patients with neurofibromatosis were examined clinically and radiographically for manifestations of the disease in the head and neck region. Ninety-two percent of the sample had at least one intraoral or radiographic sign of the disease. This suggests that the incidence of jaw and skull involvement in neurofibromatosis may be greater than previously reported in the literature.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Maxilomandibulares/patología , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Neurofibromatosis 1/patología , Neoplasias Craneales/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Maxilomandibulares/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Neoplasias Mandibulares/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Mandibulares/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neurofibromatosis 1/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía , Neoplasias Craneales/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
There is controversy regarding the safe use of local anesthetics in patients who are susceptible to malignant hyperthermia undergoing dental treatment. This article reviews the literature for reports of malignant hyperthermia reactions under local and general anesthesia, and suggests a protocol for the management of these patients in the dental office.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia Dental , Anestésicos Locales , Hipertermia Maligna/fisiopatología , Atención Dental para la Persona con Discapacidad , Humanos , Hipertermia Maligna/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Five film-screen combinations were used to make five density-matched panoramic radiographs of a tissue-equivalent phantom skull using the Midwest/Morita Panoral x-ray machine. The radiographs were evaluated as to their diagnostic quality by twenty dental radiologists. The results demonstrate that proper screen-film selection can significantly reduce patient exposure without compromising diagnostic quality.