Classroom aerosol dispersion modeling: experimental assessment of a low-cost flow simulation tool.

The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of a low-cost flow simulation tool for an indoor air modeling application by comparing its outputs with the results of a physical experiment, as well as those from a more advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package. Five aerosol dispersion tests were performed in two different classrooms by releasing a CO2 tracer gas from six student locations. Resultant steady-state concentrations were monitored at 13 locations around the periphery of the room. Subsequently, the experiments were modeled using both a low-cost tool (SolidWorks Flow Simulation) and a more sophisticated tool (STAR-CCM+). Models were evaluated based on their ability to predict the experimentally measured concentrations at the 13 monitoring locations by calculating four performance parameters commonly used in the evaluation of dispersion models: fractional mean bias (FB), normalized mean-square error (NMSE), fraction of predicted value within a factor of two (FAC2), and normalized absolute difference (NAD). The more sophisticated model performed better in 15 of the 20 possible cases (five tests at four parameters each), with parameters meeting acceptance criteria in 19 of 20 cases. However, the lower-cost tool was only slightly worse, with parameters meeting acceptance criteria in 18 of 20 cases, and it performed better than the other tool in 3 of 20 cases. Because it provides useful results at a fraction of the monetary and training cost and is already widely accessible to many institutions, such a tool may be worthwhile for many indoor aerosol dispersion applications, especially for students or researchers just beginning CFD modeling.

Effects of location, classroom orientation, and air change rate on potential aerosol exposure: an experimental and computational study.

This study examined the dispersion of potentially infectious aerosols in classrooms by means of both a CO2 tracer gas, and multizone contaminant transport modeling. A total of 20 tests were conducted in three different university classrooms at multiple air change rates (4.4-9.7/h), each with two different room orientations: one with the tracer gas released from six student desks toward the air return, and one with the same tracer gas released away from it. Resulting tracer concentrations were measured by 19 different monitors arrayed throughout the room. Steady-state, mean tracer gas concentrations were calculated in six instructor zones (A-F) around the periphery of the room, with the results normalized by the concentration at the return, which was assumed to be representative of the well-mixed volume of the room. Across all classrooms, zones farthest from the return (C, D) had the lowest mean normalized concentrations (0.75), while those closest to the return (A, F) had the highest (0.95). This effect was consistent across room orientations (release both toward and away from the return), and air change rates. In addition, all zones around the periphery of the room had a significantly lower concentration than those adjacent to the sources. Increasing the ventilation rate reduced tracer gas concentrations significantly. Similar trends were observed via a novel approach to CONTAM modeling of the same rooms. These results indicate that informed selection of teaching location within the classroom could reduce instructor exposure.

Classroom aerosol dispersion: desk spacing and divider impacts.

A study of aerosol dispersion was conducted in a university classroom using a CO2 tracer gas emitted from three source locations in a steady release, one source location per test. The tracer gas emitted from the single source location represented the potentially infectious aerosol droplets emitted from a single student and was thus a way to examine the influence of one sick student on the rest of the class. Two parameters were adjusted during the testing-the spacing of the desks, which included a spread and compressed configuration, and the inclusion of three-sided clear dividers attached to the student desk surfaces. Tracer dispersion was measured through the use of monitors in 13 locations within the classroom, with eight monitors representing seated student locations, four monitors representing a standing instructor along the classroom front, and one monitor at the return vent in the ceiling. As expected, spacing strongly influenced concentration levels at desks adjacent to the source location. The use of dividers reduced overall student and instructor location tracer concentrations when compared to desks without dividers in most cases. Finally, the influence of air change differences on the results was noted with consistent trends. The experimental construct provides a systematic means for classroom testing that may be broadly applicable to various configurations of classrooms beyond the one tested.

Identifying and quantifying secondhand smoke in source and receptor rooms: logistic regression and chemical mass balance approaches.

Identifying and quantifying secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) that drifts between multiunit homes is critical to assessing exposure. Twenty-three different gaseous and particulate measurements were taken during controlled emissions from smoked cigarettes and six other common indoor source types in 60 single-room and 13 two-room experiments. We used measurements from the 60 single-room experiments for (i) the fitting of logistic regression models to predict the likelihood of SHS and (ii) the creation of source profiles for chemical mass balance (CMB) analysis to estimate source apportionment. We then applied these regression models and source profiles to the independent data set of 13 two-room experiments. Several logistic regression models correctly predicted the presence of cigarette smoke more than 80% of the time in both source and receptor rooms, with one model correct in 100% of applicable cases. CMB analysis of the source room provided significant PM2.5 concentration estimates of all true sources in 9 of 13 experiments and was half-correct (i.e., included an erroneous source or missed a true source) in the remaining four. In the receptor room, CMB provided significant estimates of all true sources in 9 of 13 experiments and was half-correct in another two.