Spectrophotometric determination for green hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction of Brilliant Blue FCF (E133) from beverages.

In this study, a simple, sensitive, and rapid method called green hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-liquid microextraction was developed to extract Brilliant Blue FCF dye from beverages. This method utilizes hydrophobic DES obtained by forming tetrabutylammonium bromide and 1-octanol in a 1:5 ratio as green extraction solvent. The transition of Brilliant Blue FCF to the DES phase occurred on its own, without the need for any reagents such as added salt or tetrahydrofuran. Several crucial factors were tried to get the best extraction efficiency, including species, DES volume and molar ratio, solution pH, ultrasonication, and centrifugation time. Under optimum conditions, extraction recoveries were achieved in the range of 95.1-101.3 % with the method developed for Brilliant Blue FCF. The detection and determination limits were observed to be 4.1 µg l-1 and 12.1 µg l-1, respectively. In addition, the relative standard deviation values for the method's accuracy were found to be 2.23 % and 3.48 % within and between days, respectively. It has been established that the developed method is highly environmentally friendly thanks to the application of the Analytical GREENness (AGREE) and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools. This study shows that DES applications can be carried out without the use of emulsifiers and dispersants by prioritizing the use of hydrophobic DES compounds as environmentally friendly and green extraction solvents in food samples.

Biological evaluation of benzothiazoles obtained by microwave-green synthesis.

Benzothiazole compounds are known as an important bicyclic ring system with multiple applications. These compounds have a wide range of biological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. In this study, benzothiazole compounds were synthesized and their various biological activities were examined. The synthesized benzothiazoles were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties against various bacterial and fungal strains. The compound 6e is most active ligand in the series against bacteria and fungi as compared to standard antibiotics. Especially, this compound significant effect against Staphylococcus aureus (32.00 ± 1.73 mm). These compounds exhibited potent anticancer activity against gastrointestinal cancer cells, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents. The lowest antiproliferative response after administration of the compounds was observed in HCT116 cells, while the most effective antiproliferative response was observed in AGS cells (> 10 µg/mL). In all cell lines, 40 and 100 µg/mL application values of the selected compounds showed significant increases in the expression of caspase-3, 8 and 9. We also utilized a computational docking approach to investigate the interaction of these benzothiazoles with VEGFR-2 kinase. Our docking studies showed that compounds 6a and 6d may be promising therapeutic agents against gastrointestinal system cancers due to their ability to bind to VEGFR-2 kinase.

Environmentally-friendly supramolecular solvent microextraction method for rapid identification of Sudan I-IV from food and beverages.

A new ultrasonically assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction (UA-SUPRAS-ME) method has been reported. This technique is one of the green methods for rapid microextraction and determination of Sudan I, II, III and IV dyes from food and beverage samples and the study investigated the effects of various parameters such as centrifugation time, 1-octanol volume, pH, supramolecular solvent type, THF volume, ultrasonication time on the optimization of the microextraction process. Addition and recovery of the method were carried out at two different concentrations (10 and 100 ng mL-1) to food and beverage samples and the accuracy of the method was determined. Sudan I dye was detected in red pepper and hot sauce from food samples. Extraction recovery values were found between 90.6 % and 102.5 % which are promising compared to many other methods.

Development of clinoptilolite zeolite-coated magnetic nanocomposite-based solid phase microextraction method for the determination of Rhodamine B in cosmetic products.

Green synthesis of clinoptilolite zeolite/Fe3O4 nanocomposite (MZNC) was carried out using Laurus Nobilis L. leaf extract. Characterization of this MZNC was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer. According to the VSM analysis results, the saturation magnetization of 23 emu/g and coercivity of 23.5 Oe indicate that the synthesized magnetic nanocomposite is superparamagnetic. A new ultrasonic assisted clinoptilolite zeolite-coated magnetic nanocomposite-based solid phase microextraction (MZNC-SPME) method combined with high performance liquid chromatography was developed for the extraction and determination of Rhodamine B. The preconcentration factor for the MZNC-SPME method was found to be 40 under optimal conditions. Under optimal conditions, the linear range, correlation coefficient (R2), limit of detection (LOD), and intra- and interday relative standard deviation (RSD) were found to be 1.00-100.00 ng mL-1, 0.9995, 0.16 ng mL-1, 1.89% and 2.49%, respectively. The developed method was successfully performed to determine Rhodamine B in 6 different cosmetic samples. 6 ions and 5 different dyes were added to the sample solution to show the selectivity of the method. The obtained results show that the determination of Rhodamine B is possible in the presence of these ions and dyes. In order to determine the accuracy of the MZNC-SPME method, two different concentrations of Rhodamine B concentration in cosmetic samples were added as 10 and 50 ng mL-1. Extraction recoveries were found in the range of 92.03-101.52% and these results are quite satisfactory. It is seen that the developed method for the extraction and determination of Rhodamine B from cosmetic samples is applicable due to the easy synthesis of the sorbent and the short, simple, environmentally friendly and low cost of the method.

Thio-Schiff bases derived from 2,2'-disulfanedianiline via nanocerium oxide: antimicrobial effect and antiproliferative effects in melanoma cells.

In this study, the synthesis of dimeric disulfide-Schiff bases was carried out using two methods. The structures of the obtained Schiff bases were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods as well as elemental analysis. The Schiff base derivative compounds (3a-6) were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant microorganisms using microdilution method. All the tested compounds showed varying inhibition zones against the pathogens. According to MIC results, the compound 2 was shown strong inhibitory activity against all the tested microorganisms compared to antibiotics. In addition, all the tested compounds showed different antiproliferative effects on the melanoma cell line (B16F10). Our synthesized dimeric disulfide-Schiff bases have shown significant various effects.