Evaluating dietary considerations in hidradenitis suppurativa: a critical examination of existing knowledge.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic condition that can overwhelm patients, and the effectiveness of supplementary dietary treatments remains uncertain. The primary aim of this review is to explore the connection between diet and HS progression. However, it is imperative to note that the evidence supporting a substantial role of the diet in HS remains weak. Dietary alterations alone should not be considered independent solutions for managing HS. Medical therapy continues to be indispensable for adequate treatment. Research indicates that the Mediterranean lifestyle and diet may provide cost-effective and beneficial adjustments when combined with traditional therapies. Conversely, foods with a high glycemic index and dairy could worsen HS symptoms, conceivably through mechanisms linked to insulin resistance and inflammation. Zinc, known for its antioxidant properties, shows promise as an adjunct therapy. Moreover, evidence suggests a connection between vitamin D deficiency and HS severity, although the findings are inconclusive. Brewer's yeast-free diet, B12 supplementation, intermittent fasting, and reducing the intake of refined sugar and dairy merit further investigation. In conclusion, this review highlights the need for additional research because of the lack of standardized reporting of clinical effects in the studies under scrutiny. A deeper exploration of the pathophysiology focusing on dietary modifications and their potential associations with HS severity is essential. Furthermore, it is crucial to recognize that patients' willingness to experiment with new diets makes them vulnerable to fraudulent interventions, highlighting the importance of evidence-based dietary guidance.

SGLT-2 inhibitors in nephrotic-range proteinuria: emerging clinical evidence.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are a class of novel oral anti-hyperglycemic agents which are increasingly used in clinical practice. SGLT-2 inhibitors improve glycemic control and cardiorenal outcomes, promote weight loss, and reduce blood pressure. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce proteinuria and delay progression of kidney disease in patients with albuminuria. However, whether SGLT-2 inhibitors have similar benefits in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria has not been well established. Evidence to date has been limited to case reports, case series and secondary analyses of randomized controlled trials. This is the first comprehensive review on the effectiveness of SGLT-2 inhibitors for the treatment of patients with nephrotic-range albuminuria or proteinuria. Overall findings support a likely beneficial role of SGLT-2 inhibitors in reducing proteinuria and delaying chronic kidney disease progression in patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria.