RESUMEN
Enzymes are widely used in biofuels, food, and pharmaceuticals. The immobilization of enzymes on solid supports, particularly magnetic nanomaterials, enhances their stability and catalytic activity. Magnetic nanomaterials are chosen for their versatility, large surface area, and superparamagnetic properties, which allow for easy separation and reuse in industrial processes. Researchers focus on the synthesis of appropriate nanomaterials tailored for specific purposes. Immobilization protocols are predefined and adapted to both enzymes and support requirements for optimal efficiency. This review provides a detailed exploration of the application of magnetic nanomaterials in enzyme immobilization protocols. It covers methods, challenges, advantages, and future perspectives, starting with general aspects of magnetic nanomaterials, their synthesis, and applications as matrices for solid enzyme stabilization. The discussion then delves into existing enzymatic immobilization methods on magnetic nanomaterials, highlighting advantages, challenges, and potential applications. Further sections explore the industrial use of various enzymes immobilized on these materials, the development of enzyme-based bioreactors, and prospects for these biocatalysts. In summary, this review provides a concise comparison of the use of magnetic nanomaterials for enzyme stabilization, highlighting potential industrial applications and contributing to manufacturing optimization.
RESUMEN
Biosensors with nanomaterials and enzymes detect and quantify specific targets in samples, converting recognition into measurable signals. The study explores the intrinsic synergy between these elements for detecting and quantifying particular targets in biological and environmental samples, with results demonstrated through bibliometric analysis and a comprehensive review of enzyme-based biosensors. Using WoS, 57,331 articles were analyzed and refined to 880. Key journals, countries, institutions, and relevant authors were identified. The main areas highlighted the multidisciplinary nature of the field, and critical keywords identified five thematic clusters, revealing the primary nanoparticles used (CNTs, graphene, AuNPs), major application fields, basic application themes, and niche topics such as sensitive detection, peroxidase activity, and quantum dot utilization. The biosensor overview covered nanomaterials and their primary applications, addressing recent advances and inherent challenges. Patent analysis emphasized the U.S. leadership in the industrial sector, contrasting with China's academic prominence. Future studies should focus on enhancing biosensor portability and analysis speed, with challenges encompassing efficient integration with recent technologies and improving stability and reproducibility in the nanomaterial-enzyme interaction.
