Who is Anaemic in India? Intersections of class, caste, and gender.

Anaemia severely impacts physical and mental abilities, raises health risks, and diminishes the quality of life and work capacity. It is a leading cause of adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal mortality, especially in developing nations like India, where recent data on anaemia from National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-4) (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-21) indicate a tremendous rise. Anaemia is a marker of poor nutrition and health, and socio-economic factors such as gender norms, race, income, and living conditions influence its impact. As a result, there are disparities in how anaemia affects different segments of society. However, existing research on health inequity and anaemia often employs a single-axis analytical framework of social power. These studies operate under the assumption that gender, economic class, ethnicity, and caste are inherently distinct and mutually exclusive categories and fail to provide a comprehensive understanding of anaemia prevalence. Therefore, the study has adopted the theoretical framework of intersectionality and analysed the NFHS-5 (2019-21) data using bivariate cross-tabulations and binary logistic regression models to understand how gender, class, caste, and place of residence are associated with the prevalence of anaemia. The results suggest that the women of Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC) share a disproportionate burden of anaemia. This study confirms that economic class and gender, geographical location, level of education, and body mass index significantly determine the prevalence of anaemia. The ST and SC women who are economically marginalised and reside in rural areas with high levels of poverty, exclusion, and poor nutritional status have a higher prevalence of anaemia than other population groups. Thus, the study suggests that intersections of multiple factors such as caste, class, gender, and place of residence significantly determine 'who is anaemic in India'.

Enhancing soil health and fruit yield through Tephrosia biomass mulching in rainfed guava (Psidium guajava L.) orchards.

Leguminous crop Tephrosia candida has high biomass production and contains a substantial quantity of nutrients within its biomass. Starting in 2019, a long-term study was done to find the best Tephrosia candida dose for mulching in guava orchards. The study had four treatments: T1 = 3.0 kg dry biomass m-2 of the plant basin, T2 = 2.0 kg, T3 = 1.0 kg, and T4 = control (no mulch). Every year, the treatments imposed in the month of August. The third year (2021-2022) results indicated that mulching with 3 kg of biomass m-2 increased trunk diameter, fruit yield, fruit weight, specific leaf area, total leaf chlorophyll, and leaf macro- and micro-nutrients. At 3.0 kg m-2, mulching improved soil properties such as EC, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, DTPA extractable micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn), total organic carbon (Ctoc), soil organic carbon (Csoc), organic carbon fractions, and microbial biomass carbon between 0-0.15 m and 0.15-0.30 m. There was an increasing trend in dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The Tephrosia leaf litter exhibited decay constants of 1.27 year-1, and the carbon content was 40.11%. Therefore, applying Tephrosia biomass mulching at a rate of 3.0 kg m-2 is a viable long-term solution for enhancing soil fertility and sequestering carbon.

Generation of elliptical perfect optical vortex beams and their propagation in free-space.

We investigate the generation of an elliptical perfect optical vortex (EPOV) beam through the optical Fourier transformation of an elliptical Bessel-Gaussian beam and derive an analytical expression for its complex field amplitude. Our analysis includes the examination of the beam's propagation in free-space and the influence of topological charge on its transmission. The EPOV beam's propagation in free-space can be categorized into non-diffracting and diffracting stages. During the non-diffracting stage, the beam intensity and profile size are effectively preserved over a short transmission distance. Subsequently, in the diffracting stage, the beam profile initially contracts and then expands with a change in the beam intensity. Notably, the impact of topological charge on the beam intensity and profile size varies across different stages of propagation. We compare our results with those of the circular perfect optical vortex beam propagating in free-space, observing that the EPOV beam exhibits non-diffracting behavior for short propagation distances compared to its circular counterpart. The signature of the focusing behavior of the EPOV beam is observed at a relatively small propagation distance compared to the circular case.

Rhizospheric soil chromium toxicity and its remediation using plant hyperaccumulators.

The hyper-accumulation of chromium in its hexavalent form is treated as a hazardous soil pollutant at industrial and mining sites. Excessive accumulation of Cr6+ in soil threatens the environmental health and safety of living organisms. Out of two stable forms of chromium, Cr6+ is highly responsible for ecotoxicity. The expression of the high toxicity of Cr6+ at low concentrations in the soil environment indicates its lethality. It is usually released into the soil during various socio-economic activities. Sustainable remediation of Cr6+ contaminated soil is of utmost need and can be carried out by employing suitable plant hyperaccumulators. Alongside the plant's ability to sequester toxic metals like Cr6+, the rhizospheric soil parameters play a significant role in this technique and are mostly overlooked. Here we review the application of a cost-effective and eco-friendly remediation technology at hyperaccumulators rhizosphere to minimize the Cr6+ led soil toxicity. The use of selected plant species along with effective rhizospheric activities has been suggested as a technique to reduce Cr6+ toxicity on soil and its associated biota. This soil rectification approach may prove to be sustainable and advantageous over other possible techniques. Further, it may open up new solutions for soil Cr6+ management at polluted sites.

Phytoremediation is an eco-friendly technology that has been widely used for the treatment of Cr⁶⁺ contaminated soils. Most of the phytoremedial studies either focus on the ability of plant hyperaccumulators alone or in association with rhizospheric microbes for the successful remediation of Cr⁶⁺. The current study lays emphasis on different soil parameters and interactions (both biotic and abiotic) at the plant rhizosphere that is much essential for providing a sustainable remedial solution for Cr⁶⁺ contaminated soils.

Ovarian follicle transcriptome dynamics reveals enrichment of immune system process during transition from small to large follicles in cyclic Indian Ghoongroo pigs.

Ovarian follicular development is a critical determinant of reproductive performance in litter bearing species like pigs, wherein economic gains depend on litter size. The study aimed to gain insight into the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signalling pathways regulating follicular growth and maturation in Ghoongroo pigs. Transcriptome profiling of porcine small follicles (SF) and large follicles (LF) was conducted using NovaSeq600 sequencing platform and DEGs were identified using DESeq2 with threshold of Padj. < 0.05 and log2 fold change cut off 0.58 (LF vs. SF). Functional annotations and bioinformatics analysis of DEGs were performed to find out biological functions, signalling pathways and hub genes regulating follicular dynamics. Transcriptome analysis revealed 709 and 479 genes unique to SF and LF stages, respectively, and 11,993 co-expressed genes in both the groups. In total, 507 DEGs (284 upregulated and 223 downregulated) were identified, which encoded for diverse proteins including transcription factors (TFs). These DEGs were functionally linked to response to stimulus, lipid metabolic process, developmental process, extracellular matrix organisation along with the immune system process, indicating wide-ranging mechanisms associated with follicular transition. The enriched KEGG pathways in LF stage consisted of ovarian steroidogenesis, cholesterol and retinol metabolism, cell adhesion molecules, cytokine receptor interaction and immune signalling pathways, depicting intra-follicular control of varied ovarian function. The hub gene analysis revealed APOE, SCARB1, MMP9, CYP17A1, TYROBP as key regulators of follicular development. This study identified candidate genes and TFs providing steroidogenic advantage to LFs which makes them fit for selection into the ovulatory pool of follicles.

Comparative muscle transcriptome of Mali and Hampshire breeds of pigs: a preliminary study.

Muscle development is an important priority of pig breeding programs. There is a considerable variation in muscularity between the breeds, but the regulation mechanisms of genes underlying myogenesis are still unclear. Transcriptome data from two breeds of pigs with divergent muscularity (Mali and Hampshire) were integrated with histology, immunofluorescence and meat yield to identify differences in myogenesis during the early growth phase. The muscle transcriptomics analysis revealed 17,721 common, 1413 and 1115 unique transcripts to Hampshire and Mali, respectively. This study identified 908 differentially expressed genes (p < 0.05; log2FC > ±1) in the muscle samples, of which 550 were upregulated and 358 were downregulated in Hampshire pigs, indicating differences in physiological process related to muscle function and development. Expression of genes related to myoblast fusion (MYMK), skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation (ANGPT1, CDON) and growth factors (HGF, IGF1, IGF2) were higher in Hampshire than Mali, even though transcript levels of several other myogenesis-related genes (MYF6, MYOG, MSTN) were similar. The number of fibers per fascicle and the expression of myogenic marker proteins (MYOD1, MYOG and PAX7) were more in Hampshire as compared to Mali breed of pig, supporting results of transcriptome studies. The results suggest that differences in muscularity between breeds could be related to the regulation of myoblast fusion and myogenic activities. The present study will help to identify genes that could be explored for their utility in the selection of animals with different muscularities.

Emergence of a Non-Van der Waals Magnetic Phase in a Van der Waals Ferromagnet.

Manipulation of long-range order in 2D van der Waals (vdW) magnetic materials (e.g., CrI3 , CrSiTe3 ,etc.), exfoliated in few-atomic layer, can be achieved via application of electric field, mechanical-constraint, interface engineering, or even by chemical substitution/doping. Usually, active surface oxidation due to the exposure in the ambient condition and hydrolysis in the presence of water/moisture causes degradation in magnetic nanosheets that, in turn, affects the nanoelectronic /spintronic device performance. Counterintuitively, the current study reveals that exposure to the air at ambient atmosphere results in advent of a stable nonlayered secondary ferromagnetic phase in the form of Cr2 Te3 (TC2 ≈160 K) in the parent vdW magnetic semiconductor Cr2 Ge2 Te6 (TC1 ≈69 K). The coexistence of the two ferromagnetic phases in the time elapsed bulk crystal is confirmed through systematic investigation of crystal structure along with detailed dc/ac magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and magneto-transport measurement. To capture the concurrence of the two ferromagnetic phases in a single material, Ginzburg-Landau theory with two independent order parameters (as magnetization) with a coupling term can be introduced. In contrast to the rather common poor environmental stability of the vdW magnets, the results open possibilities of finding air-stable novel materials having multiple magnetic phases.

Androgen receptor gene deficiency results in the reduction of steroidogenic potential in porcine luteal cells.

Luteal steroidogenesis is critical to implantation and pregnancy maintenance in mammals. The role of androgen receptors (AR) in the progesterone (P4) producing luteal cells of porcine corpus luteum (CL) remains unexplored. The aim of the present study was to establish AR gene knock out (KO) porcine luteal cell culture system model by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology and to study the downstream effects of AR gene deficiency on steroidogenic potential and viability of luteal cells. For this purpose, genomic cleavage detection assay, microscopy, RT-qPCR, ELISA, annexin, MTT, and viability assay complemented by bioinformatics analysis were employed. There was significant downregulation (p < 0.05) in the relative mRNA expression of steroidogenic marker genes STAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B1 in AR KO luteal cells as compared to the control group, which was further validated by the significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the P4 production. Significant decrease (p < 0.05) in relative viability on third passage were also observed. The relative mRNA expression of hypoxia related gene HIF1A was significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated in AR KO luteal cells. Protein-protein interaction analysis mapped AR to signaling pathways associated with luteal cell functionality. These findings suggests that AR gene functionality is critical to luteal cell steroidogenesis in porcine.

Floquet quantum thermal transistor.

We apply periodic control to realize a quantum thermal transistor, which we term as the Floquet quantum thermal transistor. Periodic modulation allows us to control the heat flows and achieve large amplification factors even for fixed bath temperatures. Importantly, this transistor effect persists in the cutoff region, where traditional quantum thermal transistors operating in the absence of periodic modulation, fail to act as viable heat modulation devices.

Factors Responsible for Prehospital Delay in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in Bangladesh.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains a cause of high morbidity and mortality among adults, despite advances in treatment. Treatment modality and outcomes of ACS mainly depend on the time yielded since the onset of symptoms. Prehospital delay is the time between the onset of myocardial ischemia/infarction symptoms and arrival at the hospital, where either pharmacological or interventional revascularization is available. This delay remains unacceptably long in many countries worldwide, including Bangladesh. The current study investigates several sociodemographic characteristics as well as clinical, social, and treatment-seeking behaviors, with an aim to uncover the factors responsible for the decision time to get medical help and home-to-hospital delay. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2019 and June 2020 in 21 district hospitals and 6 medical college hospitals where cardiac care facilities were available. The population selected for this study was patients with ACS who visited the studied hospitals during the study period. Following confirmation of ACS, a semi-structured data sheet was used to collect the patient data and was subsequently analyzed. Results: This study evaluated 678 ACS patients from 30 districts. The majority of the patients were male (81.9%), married (98.2%), rural residents (79.2), middle-aged (40-60 years of age) (55.8%), low-income holders (89.4%), and overweight (56.9%). It was found that 37.5% of the patients received their first medical care after 12 h of first symptom presentation. The study found that the patients' age, residence, education, and employment status were significant factors associated with prehospital delay. The patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) and chest pain arrived significantly earlier at the hospital following ACS onset. Location of symptom onset, first medical contact with a private physician, distance from symptom onset location to location of first medical contact, the decision about hospitalization, ignorance of symptoms, and mode of transportation were significantly associated with prehospital delay. Conclusions: Several factors of prehospital delay of the ACS patients in Bangladesh have been described in this study. The findings of this study may help the national health management system identify the factors related to treatment delay in ACS and thus reduce ACS-related morbidity and mortality.

Prevalence and Determinants of Antibiotic Self-Administration Among Adult Antibiotic Users: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Introduction: Each year, antibiotics save hundreds of thousands of lives; nonetheless, antibiotic self-administration is a major concern all over the world. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of antibiotic self-administration among two-month adult antibiotic users as well as the factors contributing to this prevalence. Method and Participants: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 295 Bangladeshi adults between May 22nd and June 15th, 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics included frequency distribution, while inferential statistics included the Pearson chi-square test. For data analysis, the statistical software STATA-16 was used. Results: In this study, the prevalence of antibiotic self-administration was 17.97%. Antibiotic self-administration was found to be significantly more prevalent among those who were unable to take antibiotic on time, incomplete doses, did not know over prescriptions may cause antibiotic resistance, and could not correctly recognize amoxicillin and azithromycin are antibiotics. Conclusion: Due to the increased rate of antibiotic self-administration among adults in Bangladesh, the responsible authority should give more attention towards the factors responsible for antibiotic self-administration and revise their current policy to ensure the safe and effective use of antibiotics.

Therapeutic Potential and Ethnopharmacology of Dominant Mangroves of Bhitarkanika National Park, Odisha, India.

Bhitarkanika National Park is the second largest contiguous mangrove forest of India. Approximately 0.15 million mangrove depending population are found residing in and around 307 villages within the National Park. Despite being one of the most diverse mangrove habitations of India, the ethnopharmacological practices are meager in comparison to the other mangrove regions of India and Southeast Asia. The present review is aimed to congregate information on the therapeutic potential and ethnopharmacology of nine dominant mangrove species of the National Park, such as Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicenia marina, Avicenia officinalis, Ceriops decandra, Excoecaria agallocha, Heritiera fomes, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora mucronata, and Sonneratia apetala. Our aim is to generate social awareness among the mangrove dwellers to promote uses of folklore medicine using these tremendously potential mangrove plants, as a complementary step to strengthen community health. Further, we also want to grab the attention of researchers working in related disciplines, for their holistic and extensive studies towards bio-prospectation of the dominant mangrove plants of Bhitarkanika National Park.

Manipulating Edge Current in Hexagonal Boron Nitride via Doping and Friction.

We map spatially correlated electrical current on the stacking boundaries of pristine and doped hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) to distinguish from its insulating bulk via conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM). While the pristine edges of hBN show an insulating nature, the O-doped edges reveal a current 2 orders of higher even for bulk layers where the direct transmission through tunnel barrier is implausible. Instead, the nonlinear current-voltage characteristics (I-V) at the edges of O-doped hBN can be explained by trap-assisted lowering of the tunnel barrier by adopting a Poole-Frenkel (PF) model. However, in the stacked heterostructure with multilayer graphene (MLG) on top, the buried edge of pristine hBN shows a signature of electron conduction in the scanning mode which contradicts the first-principle calculation of spatial distribution of local density of states (LDOS) data. Enhancement of friction between the Pt-tip and MLG at the step-edge of the heterostructure while scanning in the contact mode has prompted us to construct a phenomenological model where the localization of opposite surface charges on two conducting plates (MLG and Si substrate) containing a dielectric film (hBN) with negatively charged defects creates an internal electric field opposite to the external electric field due to the applied voltage bias in the CAFM setup. An equivalent circuit with a parallel resistor network based on a vertical conducting channel through the MLG/hBN edge and an in-plane surface carrier transport through MLG can successfully analyze the current maps on pristine/doped hBN and the related heterostructures. These results yield fundamental insight into the emerging field of insulatronics in which defect-induced electron transport along the edge can be manipulated in an 1D-2D synergized insulator.

A missed medial humeral epicondyle fracture with incarcerated fragment in the elbow joint and ulnar nerve palsy: A rare case report.

Medial epicondyle fracture associated with incarcerated intra-articular fragment and ulnar nerve palsy is uncommon and frequently missed. We report a case of 13-year-old boy with incarcerated medial epicondyle fracture fragment in ulnohumeral joint and ulnar nerve palsy, which was managed successfully by open reduction internal fixation and ulnar nerve transposition.

Endemic HBV among hospital in-patients in Bangladesh, including evidence of occult infection.

Bangladesh is one of the top-ten most heavily burdened countries for viral hepatitis, with hepatitis B (HBV) infections responsible for the majority of cases. Recombinant and occult HBV infections (OBI) have been reported previously in the region. We investigated an adult fever cohort (n=201) recruited in Dhaka, to determine the prevalence of HBV and OBI. A target-enrichment deep sequencing pipeline was applied to samples with HBV DNA >3.0 log10 IU ml-1. HBV infection was present in 16/201 (8 %), among whom 3/16 (19 %) were defined as OBI (HBsAg-negative but detectable HBV DNA). Whole genome deep sequences (WGS) were obtained for four cases, identifying genotypes A, C and D. One OBI case had sufficient DNA for sequencing, revealing multiple polymorphisms in the surface gene that may contribute to the occult phenotype. We identified mutations associated with nucleos(t)ide analogue resistance in 3/4 samples sequenced, although the clinical significance in this cohort is unknown. The high prevalence of HBV in this setting illustrates the importance of opportunistic clinical screening and DNA testing of transfusion products to minimise OBI transmission. WGS can inform understanding of diverse disease phenotypes, supporting progress towards international targets for HBV elimination.

High Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of Bacterial Communities Associated with Melon Fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

The next generation sequencing (NGS) approach has facilitated the investigations of gut microbiota with high throughput and resolution. The present study was focused on the taxonomic and functional characterization of bacterial community associated with different developmental stages of melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons metagenomics. Z. cucurbitae is considered an invasive and most staid polyphagous pest of cucurbitaceous and other related crops. The taxonomic analysis of highly variable V3-V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the bacterial community associated with Z. cucurbitae consists of a total of 23 bacterial phyla (including unclassified and unassigned bacteria), comprising 32 classes, 69 orders, 99 families and 130 genera. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Tenericutes were dominant phyla of which family, Enterobacteriaceae was the most abundant in the larval and adult female stages, whereas Mycoplasmataceae was the dominant in the pupal stage. In larval stages of Z. cucurbitae, genus Providencia and Comamonas were the most abundant. However, genus Candidatus-Bacilloplasma and Klebsiella were the most dominant in pupae and adult females of Z. cucurbitae, respectively. PICRUSt analysis conducted for prediction of metabolic activities revealed that associated microbiota were involved in membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, replication and repair processes as well as cellular processes and signalling. The higher number of OTUs was annotated for phosphoglycerate mutase and transketolase in adult females followed by larval stages, which may support the digestive function of the microbiota in larvae and adult females. Our findings provide insights about the high variation in microbiota across developmental stages and basis for microbiota-based management strategies of fruit flies.

Availability and use of technology for e-learning: to what extent do these impact Bangladeshi university students? A cross-sectional study.

Background: E-learning is making education globally and conveniently attainable with the deliverance of advanced technology. However, this mode of academia is still not commonly practiced locally. Thus, the study aimed to investigate technological availability, usability, and association to university students' perceived stress due to e-learning curriculum. Methods: A cross-sectional study commenced among Bangladeshi university students enrolled in the e-learning curriculum. A total of 1162 university students were included. The main explanatory variables were related to the availability of technology and the use of technology. The outcome variable was perceived e-learning stress. In statistical analysis, p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant with a 95% confidence interval. Results: In this study, lack of technological availability and usability were associated with higher level of perceived e-learning stress. Being female, living in rural areas, and outside of Dhaka division were found the associated factors in the lack of technological availability and usability. Conclusions: A significant association between the availability and usability of technology with perceived e-learning stress was observed. Thus, measures should be taken to initialize e-learning adaptivity by increasing technological growth across the nation, considering educational preparedness for future catastrophes.

Developmental stage-associated microbiota profile of the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and their functional prediction using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding sequencing.

The different developmental stage-associated microbiota of the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae), was characterized using 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4 region) metabarcoding on the Illumina HiSeq platform. Taxonomically, at 97% similarity, there were total 16 bacterial phyla, comprising of 24 classes, 55 orders, 90 families and 134 genera. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla with Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia and Bacilli being the most abundant classes. The bacterial genus Enterobacter was dominant in the larval and adult stages and Pseudomonas in the pupal stage. A total of 2645 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, out of which 151 OTUs (core microbiota) were common among all the developmental stages of B. zonata. The genus Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pantoea were dominant among the core microbiota. PICURSt analysis predicted that microbiota associated with B. zonata may be involved in membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, replication and repair processes as well as in cellular processes and signalling. The microbiota that was shared by all the developmental stages of B. zonata in the present study could be targeted and the foundation for research on microbiota-based management of fruit flies.

A supramolecular hydrogel derived from a simple organic salt capable of proton conduction.

The supramolecular hydrogel of a simple organic salt derived from a primary amine and a mono-sulfonic acid displayed a proton conductivity of 1.2 × 10-4 S cm-1. The hitherto unknown example of the supramolecular gel displaying proton conductivity provides an intriguing alternative to liquid electrolyte or polymer gel electrolytes.