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This study aims to understand the impact of concrete ingredients on the environment. To analyze the effect of, three significant indexes have been taken into consideration, which are embodied carbon dioxide index (e-CO2), embodied energy consumption (e-energy), and embodied resource consumption (e-resource) index. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology has considered veto comprehending the probable application of sandstone waste in the form of a slurry (Sslurry) and powder (Spowder) for the development of self-compacting concrete (SCC). This study can be proven beneficial to evaluate the potential adverse effects from environmental and energy perspectives. One reference mix and eighteen design mixes of SCC have been designed and developed to perform an experimental program. An environmental impact comparison of the "hybrid" SCC was performed using the OpenLCA life cycle analysis software with Ecoinvent LCIA methods. The outcomes of this experimental program reveal that the partial replacement of pozzolana Portland cement (PPC) with Sslurry can reduce e-CO2 emission along with the e-energy and e-resource parameters. When Spowder was used as the partial substitution of fine aggregate (FA), only the e-resource index decreased, and e-CO2 and e-energy increased. Minimalist impact on the environment has been noticed when SCC is prepared with Sslurry and Spowder. A detailed LCA analysis study justifies the utilization of Sslurry and Spowder in SCC, which exhibits encouraging results concerning strength and quality. Hence, it was observed that Sslurry and Spowder in developing green and sustainable SCC with moderate strength characteristics are beneficial from an environmental impact perspective.
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Bimetallic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors have the potential to overcome the drawbacks of individual metals, but the effect of the configuration of the two metallic layers on the performance of the sensors has not been explored. This study examines the influence of different positions of a thin layer of silver in relation to a copper layer on the sensitivity of such a bimetallic SPR sensor. The design of this configuration aims to improve the SPR reflectance curve and strengthen the evanescent electric field to improve the sensor efficiency. Our findings indicate that, by optimizing the architectures of SPR sensors and using a silver-copper bimetallic structure, we can achieve superior performance compared to devices that utilize only silver or copper. The optimized Ag (5 nm)/Cu (55 nm) sensor design, with the best sensitivity of 299.09° RIU-1, can detect a change of 0.43°/(g dl-1) for hemoglobin in blood, 0.35°/(g dl-1) for glucose in urine, and 0.1°/(%) for methanol in ethanol. We also demonstrate the importance of signal quality by introducing two new parameters that offer a better quantitative indication of the efficiency of a sensor than is obtained by using only sensitivity.
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In the present study, attempts have been made to identify the presence of plastic rice in adulterated raw and cooked rice by comparing the compositional and morphological properties of fake rice and real rice using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Various rice samples from the national capital region of India were studied for their compositional and morphological properties. The surface morphology of real rice and plastic rice was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Results suggest that plastic rice used as an adulterant in raw or cooked rice is made up of polystyrene, which is a well-known toxic chemical entity. The studies suggest that these techniques can be used as a scientific tool to detect and identify the presence of plastic rice in adulterated raw and cooked rice.
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Oryza , Oryza/química , Plásticos , Culinaria/métodos , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Poliestirenos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de FourierRESUMEN
Lanolin, also known as wool wax, is derived from sheep and has diverse applications in food, cosmetic, textile and lubricant industries. Owing to its direct contact with human, there is a need of studying pesticide residues as contaminants in lanolin. The present study describes a single novel hyphenated gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) technique for the quantification of 14 organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (tecnazene, propetamphos, diazinon, dichlofenthion, chlorpyrifos methyl, fenchlorphos, malathion, chlorpyrifos, pirimiphos ethyl, bromophos ethyl, tetrachlorvinphos, ethion, phosalone, and coumaphos) in lanolin using electrospray ionization (EI) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) acquisition mode. The method is simple in terms of sample preparation steps based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). The method was found to be linear over the analytical range of 0.05-2.0 µg/g, with acceptable coefficient of determination (r2 ≥ 0.99) for all the 14 pesticides. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were found to be less than 0.05 and 0.1 µg/g, respectively, for all the 14 OP pesticide residues. The precision and accuracy of the method were found to be within the acceptable limits, that is, recoveries in the range of 83.5%-104.1% with less than 12.5% of relative standard deviation for all the pesticides. The multiresidue method for estimating pesticide residues employing GC-MS/MS technique will be useful for OP pesticide levels in large number of lanolin samples.
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Cloropirifos , Residuos de Plaguicidas , Plaguicidas , Ovinos , Animales , Humanos , Plaguicidas/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Lanolina/análisis , Lanolina/química , Compuestos Organofosforados/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Cloropirifos/análisisRESUMEN
Bifenthrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, and pyriproxyfen, a plant growth regulator, are used extensively in agriculture for controlling the different insect pests. The present study was undertaken to examine the dissipation behavior of a formulation with a combination of pyriproxyfen and bifenthrin on chili and brinjal under field conditions at four different locations. Dissipation study of combination of pyriproxyfen and bifenthrin revealed swift degradation in both crops with a half-life of 2.5-2.6 and 2.0-2.1 days in brinjal and chili, respectively. Also, a simple method for simultaneous quantification of pyriproxyfen and bifenthrin was developed and validated using modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) technique on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Recovery of the method was found to be under an acceptable range of 90.0%-93.5% and 88.7%-94.3% in chili and 92.4%-96.6% and 97.4%-100.9% in brinjal for pyriproxyfen and bifenthrin, respectively. At harvest time, the terminal residues of bifenthrin and pyriproxyfen were below the maximum residue limits set by European Union in chili and brinjal, respectively, suggesting that the use of this pesticide formulation is safe and does not impose harmful effects on human health. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this paper, dissipation behavior of a pesticide formulation with a combination of pyriproxyfen and bifenthrin was undertaken under field conditions at four different locations on chili and brinjal in India. The simultaneous quantification of pyriproxyfen and bifenthrin using LC-MS/MS technique has been validated incorporating modified QuEChERS extraction method with limit of detection at 0.005 µg/g and limit of quantification at 0.01 µg/g, which is well below the EU-MRLs (European Union legislation Maximum Residue Level) of pyriproxyfen and bifenthrin in both chili and brinjal. Furthermore, dissipation kinetics of a formulation undertaken under field conditions at four different locations on chili and brinjal suggested that the terminal residues of both bifenthrin and pyriproxyfen were below the maximum residue limits set by European Union in chili and brinjal, respectively, at the time of harvest and that the use of this pesticide formulation is safe.
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Residuos de Plaguicidas , Piretrinas , Solanum melongena , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Semivida , Humanos , Cinética , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Piridinas , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodosRESUMEN
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin produced by the fungi of Fusarium genera, which contaminates the cereals and food stuffs worldwide. Fusarium mycotoxins are considered as important metabolites related to animal and human health. Evidences indicate that ZEA has been found to be present in different food stuffs from developed countries like USA, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, etc. and developing nations like Egypt, Thailand, Iran, Croatia, Philippines, etc. The toxicokinetic studies reveal that following oral exposure of ZEA, the compound is absorbed through gastrointestinal tract (GIT), gets metabolized and distributed to different body parts. ZEA has been shown to cause reproductive disorders in laboratory animals. Although the toxicity of ZEA in humans have not been conclusively established nonetheless, limited evidences indicate that ZEA can cause hyper estrogenic syndrome. Though, ZEA causes low acute toxicity, but reports are available confirming the systemic toxicity caused by ZEA. There is no review available that addresses the occurrence, systemic toxicity and the probable mechanisms of ZEA toxicity. This review shall address the world-wide occurrence and in vivo & in vitro toxicity studies of ZEA over the past 20 years. The review shall also discuss the toxicokinetics of ZEA and metabolites; illustrates the systemic toxicity and probable mechanisms of action leading to the risk associated with ZEA.
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Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Fusarium/química , Micotoxinas/toxicidad , Zearalenona/toxicidad , Animales , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , Humanos , Micotoxinas/metabolismo , Micotoxinas/farmacocinética , Zearalenona/metabolismo , Zearalenona/farmacocinéticaRESUMEN
Rhizospheric and plant root associated microbes generally play a protective role against arsenic toxicity in rhizosphere. Rhizospheric microbial interaction influences arsenic (As) detoxification/mobilization into crop plants and its level of toxicity and burden. In the present investigation, we have reported a rhizospheric fungi Aspergillus flavus from an As contaminated rice field, which has capability to grow at high As concentration and convert soluble As into As particles. These As particles showed a reduced toxicity to soil dwelling bacteria, fungi, plant and slime mold. It does not disrupt membrane potential, inner/outer membrane integrity and survival of the free N2 fixating bacteria. In arbuscular mycorrhiza like endophytic fungi Piriformospora indica, these As particles does not influence mycelial growth and plant beneficial parameters such as phosphate solubilizing enzyme rAPase secretion and plant root colonization. Similarly, it does not affect plant growth and chlorophyll content negatively in rice plant. However, these As particles showed a poor absorption and mobilization in plant. These As particle also does not affect attachment process and survival of amoeboid cells in slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. This study suggests that the process of conversion of physical and chemical properties of arsenic during transformation, decides the toxicity of arsenic particles in the rhizospheric environment. This phenomenon is of environmental significance, not only in reducing arsenic toxicity but also in the survival of healthy living organism in arsenic-contaminated rhizospheric environment.
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Arsénico/metabolismo , Arsénico/toxicidad , Microbiota/efectos de los fármacos , Micorrizas/metabolismo , Oryza/metabolismo , Microbiología del Suelo , Aspergillus flavus/metabolismo , Biotransformación , Oryza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Oryza/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Rizosfera , Suelo/química , Contaminantes del Suelo/metabolismo , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidadRESUMEN
Some districts of Bihar, especially Muzzaffarpur district, have been known to be affected by annual outbreak, called locally as Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) which became one of the major health concerns in Bihar, due to its high fatality and complications. Several hypotheses like bat virus, heat stroke, pesticide exposure and the presence of a compound - methylenecyclopropyl glycine (MCPG) in Litchi have been proposed by different investigators for AES. When the investigators examined the symptoms, signs and the epidemiological data, bat virus and heat stroke hypothesis were ruled out. Two major hypotheses which remain in question were the exposure to pesticides or MCPG present in litchi. Therefore, this study was designed to check the presence of both in the Muzzaffarpur samples of ripe and semi ripe litchi fruits. The fruit cover of ripe and semi ripe litchi showed the traces of Malathion (0.18-0.19 µg/g) and p'-p'-DDT (0.022-0.023 µg/g), while no pesticide residues were detected in the pulp of ripe or semi ripe litchi thereby ruling out the possibility of pesticide exposure in children of Muzzaffarpur. However, MCPG was detected in the pulp of semi ripe (0.57 µg/g) and ripe litchi fruits (0.19 µg/g). Further, when the human condition was simulated in animals, there was deprivation in body weight and glucose levels in starved litchi seed dosed rats, causing hypoglycemia. These results suggest that the cause of hypoglycemic encephalopathy in Muzzaffarpur is related to the consumption of semi ripe and ripe litchi fruits by undernourished children.
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Encefalopatía Aguda Febril/diagnóstico , Ciclopropanos/toxicidad , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Hipoglucemia/diagnóstico , Litchi/química , Enfermedad Aguda , Encefalopatía Aguda Febril/inducido químicamente , Animales , DDT/toxicidad , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Frutas/química , Glicina/toxicidad , Hipoglucemia/inducido químicamente , India , Malatión/toxicidad , Masculino , Residuos de Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047280.].
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Zearalenone (ZEA) is a toxic metabolite of Fusarium genera that frequently contaminates cereal grains. India being a tropical country provides suitable conditions for fungal invasion to the cereals. In the absence of any regulatory limits for ZEA in India, the present study was carried out to analyze the contamination levels of ZEA in different cereal samples consumed by Indian population and its exposure assessment through intake. Out of 117 cereal samples comprising of wheat, rice, corn, and oats, 70 (84%) were found to be positive for ZEA contamination, among which 24 (33%) samples exceeded the permissible limits proposed by European Union when analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The positive samples were further validated by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis. Based on the quantitative estimation of ZEA contamination in cereals and their daily consumption values, the probable daily intake of ZEA was found to be 16.9- and 7.9-fold higher in rice and wheat samples, respectively, than the tolerable daily intake prescribed by European Food Safety Authority. The presence of ZEA at high levels indicates a higher exposure risk for Indian population as wheat and rice are staple foods in India. Thus, there is an immediate need to set the permissible levels of ZEA in India to safeguard the health of 1.34 billion people. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: High levels of ZEA contaminated wheat and rice samples suggest that the consumers are at a greater exposure risk. The study will help the Indian regulatory bodies to set the permissible level of ZEA in different cereal grains so as to safeguard the health of common masses. This can happen by simply adopting to European Food Safety Authority standards or depending on the consumption pattern of food and its occurrence, the new safe limit can be prescribed in India like in other Asian countries.
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Grano Comestible/química , Zearalenona/análisis , Avena/química , Avena/microbiología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Grano Comestible/microbiología , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Microbiología de Alimentos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Fusarium/aislamiento & purificación , India , Límite de Detección , Oryza/química , Oryza/microbiología , Medición de Riesgo , Triticum/química , Triticum/microbiología , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Consumption of edible oils contaminated with Argemone oil (AO) leads to a clinical condition called "Epidemic dropsy". Earlier studies have reported that metabolism and oxidative stress primarily contributes to AO toxicity, however, the involvement of immune system has not been assessed so far. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to systematically assess the effect of AO exposure on the function of immune system in Balb/c mice. The repeated exposure of AO for 28 days caused prominent regression of spleen and thymus; severe inflammatory changes in spleen depicted by the loss of distinct follicles, increased megakaryocyte infiltration, and enhanced expression levels of inflammatory markers (iNOS & COX-2). At the functional level, AO exposure significantly abrogated the mixed lymphocyte reaction and mitogen-stimulated lymphoproliferative activity of T and B cells, which is reflective of profound lymphocyte dysfunction upon antigen exposure. In concordance with the loss in functional activity of lymphocytes in AO exposed animals, it was found the AO altered the relative percentage of CD3+, CD4+, and CD28â¯+â¯T cells. Further, there was a marked decrease in the relative distribution of cells with prominent MHC I and CD1d expression in AO exposed splenocytes. Moreover, reduced levels of immune stimulatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6), and increased levels of immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 were detected in the serum of AO treated mice. Along with T and B cells, AO exposure also affected the phenotype and activation status of macrophages suggesting the inclination towards "alternative activation of macrophages". Altogether, these functional changes in the immune cells are contributing factors in AO induced immunosuppression.
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Tolerancia Inmunológica/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites de Plantas/toxicidad , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Timo/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Oral , Animales , Antígenos CD1d/metabolismo , Linfocitos B/citología , Linfocitos B/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Interleucinas/sangre , Intestinos/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Bazo/metabolismo , Bazo/patología , Linfocitos T/citología , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Timo/metabolismo , Timo/patología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangreRESUMEN
Consumption of Cassia occidentalis (CO) seeds has been associated with the hepatomyoencephalopathy (HME) in children. Recently, we have characterized the toxic anthraquinones (AQs) such as Emodin, Rhein, Aloe-emodin, Chrysophanol and Physcion in CO seeds and detected these moieties in the bio fluids of CO poisoning cases. As AQs were detected in the serum of HME patients, their interaction with key biomolecules including protein, DNA and glutathione (GSH) is imperative. In this regard, we have previously reported the interaction of these AQs with serum albumin protein and their subsequent biological effects. However, the interaction of these AQs with DNA and GSH remained unexplored. In the present work, we have studied the binding of these AQs of CO seeds with DNA and GSH by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-vis spectral analysis, molecular docking, and biochemical studies. Results indicated a higher binding affinity for Emodin (Kaâ¯=â¯3.854â¯×â¯104â¯Lâ¯mol-1â¯S-1), Aloe-emodin (Kaâ¯=â¯0.961â¯×â¯104â¯Lâ¯mol-1â¯S-1) and Rhein (Kaâ¯=â¯0.034â¯×â¯104â¯Lâ¯mol-1â¯S-1) towards calf thymus DNA may be associated with their higher cytotoxicity. Alternatively, Physcion and Chrysophanol which showed less cytotoxicity in our earlier studies exhibited very low DNA binding. The binding pattern of all these AQs is consistent with the in-silico data. Absorption spectroscopy studies indicated the possible formation of GSH conjugate with Aloe-emodin and Physcion. Further biochemical measurement of GSH and GSSG (Glutathione disulfide) following incubation with AQs indicated that Aloe-emodin (28%) and Rhein (30%) oxidizes GSH to GSSG more as compared to other AQs. Taken together, these results suggest that the higher cytotoxicity of Rhein, Emodin and Aloe-emodin may be attributed to their potent DNA and GSH binding affinity.
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Benzanthrone (BNZ) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in industrial effluent causing skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, nervous and hemopoietic toxicity. While its toxicity has been well studied, its metabolism in humans has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to characterize species differences in the in vitro metabolism of BNZ in rat and human liver microsomes and to identify the CYP isoforms involved in its metabolism. Upon incubation in liver microsomes, BNZ was found to be a direct substrate of phase I metabolism in both rat and human, undergoing oxidation and reduction. The Km in rat, 11.62 ± 1.49 µM, was two-fold higher than humans (5.97 ± 0.83 µM) suggesting higher affinity for human CYPs. Further, incubation with human rCYPs, BNZ was found to be substrate of multiple CYPs. The predicted in vivo hepatic clearance was 63.55 and 18.91 mL/min/kg in rat and human, respectively, indicating BNZ to be a high clearance compound. BNZ was found to be a moderate inhibitor of human CYP1A2. BNZ metabolism by multiple CYPs indicates that single enzyme genetic polymorphism is unlikely to have profound effect on the toxicokinetics of BNZ and default uncertainty factor of 3.16 might be sufficient to capture the intraspecies kinetic variability.
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Benzo(a)Antracenos/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450/farmacología , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Humanos , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Ratas , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Food allergens have a notable potential to induce various health concerns in susceptible individuals. The majority of allergenic foods are usually subjected to thermal processing prior to their consumption. However, during thermal processing and long storage of foods, Maillard reaction (MR) often takes place. The MR is a non-enzymatic glycation reaction between the carbonyl group of reducing sugars and compounds having free amino groups. MR may sometimes be beneficial by damaging epitope of allergens and reducing allergenic potential, while exacerbation in allergic reactions may also occur due to changes in the motifs of epitopes or neoallergen generation. Apart from these modulations, non-enzymatic glycation can also modify the food protein(s) with various type of advance glycation end products (AGEs) such as Nϵ-(carboxymethyl-)lysine (CML), pentosidine, pyrraline, and methylglyoxal-H1 derived from MR. These Maillard products may act as immunogen by inducing the activation and proliferation of various immune cells. Literature is available to understand pathogenesis of glycation in the context of various diseases but there is hardly any review that can provide a thorough insight on the impact of glycation in food allergy. Therefore, present review explores the pathogenesis with special reference to food allergy caused by non-enzymatic glycation as well as AGEs.
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Inmunidad Adaptativa , Antígenos/efectos adversos , Proteínas en la Dieta/efectos adversos , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/etiología , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/efectos adversos , Inmunidad Innata , Modelos Inmunológicos , Antígenos/química , Antígenos/metabolismo , Proteínas en la Dieta/química , Proteínas en la Dieta/metabolismo , Epítopos , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/inmunología , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidad a los Alimentos/patología , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/química , Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Glicosilación , Humanos , Sistema Inmunológico/inmunología , Sistema Inmunológico/metabolismo , Sistema Inmunológico/patología , Fenómenos Inmunogenéticos , Lectinas Tipo C/agonistas , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Reacción de Maillard , Receptor de Manosa , Lectinas de Unión a Manosa/agonistas , Lectinas de Unión a Manosa/metabolismo , Receptor para Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/agonistas , Receptor para Productos Finales de Glicación Avanzada/metabolismo , Receptores de Superficie Celular/agonistas , Receptores de Superficie Celular/metabolismo , Receptores Depuradores/agonistas , Receptores Depuradores/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Our prior studies have reported that Benzanthrone (BA) manifests inflammatory responses in the spleen of Balb/c mice. The present investigation was carried out to study the impact of BA on macrophages, which are the primary scavenger cells in the body that act as a connecting link between innate and adaptive immunity. Parenteral administration of BA (daily for one week) to mice resulted in enhanced levels of nitric oxide (NO) and overexpression of inflammatory markers (COX-2, MMP-9 and PGE-2) in macrophages; however the level of MHC class-I and MHC class-II receptors were down regulated. Further, the potential membrane receptor targets (TLRs) of BA and its interaction with TLRs was investigated using computational methods. Professional phagocytes play pivotal roles in sensing bacteria through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by various pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Several studies have implicated these TLRs in the amplification of the inflammatory responses, however the fundamental role played by TLRs in mediating the inflammation associated with xenobiotics is still obscure and not understood. From the in silico analysis, it was evident that BA showed the highest binding affinity with TLR4 as compared to other TLRs. The western blotting studies confirmed that BA exposure indeed upregulated the expression of TLR 4, 5 and 9. Moreover, the downstream signaling cascade proteins of TLRs such as myeloid differentiation primary response protein-88 (MyD88), IL-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK-1), and TNFR-associated factor (TRAF-6) were found to be enhanced in the BA treated groups. It was also observed that BA treatment increased the expression of ICAM-1, p-Lyn, p-Syk, p-PI3-K, IP3, PLC-γ, cAMP and Ca+2 influx, which are known to play a critical role in TLR mediated inflammation. Earlier we found that toxic effects of BA in spleen were mediated by oxidative stress which was partially neutralized by NAC exposure. Hereby, we report that NAC treatment in conjunction with BA attenuated the expression of BA induced TLR4, as well as the inflammatory markers such as COX2 and p-NFkB in macrophages. These findings demonstrated the critical role of TLRs in the regulation of the BA-induced inflammation.