A Comparative Cross-Platform Analysis to Identify Potential Biomarker Genes for Evaluation of Teratozoospermia and Azoospermia.

Male infertility is a global public health concern. Teratozoospermia is a qualitative anomaly of spermatozoa morphology, contributing significantly to male infertility, whereas azoospermia is the complete absence of spermatozoa in the ejaculate. Thus, there is a serious need for unveiling the common origin and/or connection between both of these diseases, if any. This study aims to identify common potential biomarker genes of these two diseases via an in silico approach using a meta-analysis of microarray data. In this study, a differential expression analysis of genes was performed on four publicly available RNA microarray datasets, two each from teratozoospermia (GSE6872 and GSE6967) and azoospermia (GSE145467 and GSE25518). From the analysis, 118 DEGs were found to be common to teratozoospermia and azoospermia, and, interestingly, sperm autoantigenic protein 17 (SPA17) was found to possess the highest fold change value among all the DEGs (9.471), while coiled-coil domain-containing 90B (CCDC90B) and coiled-coil domain-containing 91 (CCDC91) genes were found to be common among three of analyses, i.e., Network Analyst, ExAtlas, and GEO2R. This observation indicates that SPA17, CCDC90B, and CCDC91 genes might have significant roles to play as potential biomarkers for teratozoospermia and azoospermia. Thus, our study opens a new window of research in this area and can provide an important theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of both these diseases.

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Radiogenomics for Cancers in the Era of Precision Medicine.

Radiogenomics, a combination of "Radiomics" and "Genomics," using Artificial Intelligence (AI) has recently emerged as the state-of-the-art science in precision medicine, especially in oncology care. Radiogenomics syndicates large-scale quantifiable data extracted from radiological medical images enveloped with personalized genomic phenotypes. It fabricates a prediction model through various AI methods to stratify the risk of patients, monitor therapeutic approaches, and assess clinical outcomes. It has recently shown tremendous achievements in prognosis, treatment planning, survival prediction, heterogeneity analysis, reoccurrence, and progression-free survival for human cancer study. Although AI has shown immense performance in oncology care in various clinical aspects, it has several challenges and limitations. The proposed review provides an overview of radiogenomics with the viewpoints on the role of AI in terms of its promises for computational as well as oncological aspects and offers achievements and opportunities in the era of precision medicine. The review also presents various recommendations to diminish these obstacles.

An artificial intelligence framework and its bias for brain tumor segmentation: A narrative review.

BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a prominent technique for medical diagnosis and represents an essential role in detecting brain tumors. Although AI-based models are widely used in brain lesion segmentation (BLS), understanding their effectiveness is challenging due to their complexity and diversity. Several reviews on brain tumor segmentation are available, but none of them describe a link between the threats due to risk-of-bias (RoB) in AI and its architectures. In our review, we focused on linking RoB and different AI-based architectural Cluster in popular DL framework. Further, due to variance in these designs and input data types in medical imaging, it is necessary to present a narrative review considering all facets of BLS. APPROACH: The proposed study uses a PRISMA strategy based on 75 relevant studies found by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Based on the architectural evolution, DL studies were subsequently categorized into four classes: convolutional neural network (CNN)-based, encoder-decoder (ED)-based, transfer learning (TL)-based, and hybrid DL (HDL)-based architectures. These studies were then analyzed considering 32 AI attributes, with clusters including AI architecture, imaging modalities, hyper-parameters, performance evaluation metrics, and clinical evaluation. Then, after these studies were scored for all attributes, a composite score was computed, normalized, and ranked. Thereafter, a bias cutoff (AP(ai)Bias 1.0, AtheroPoint, Roseville, CA, USA) was established to detect low-, moderate- and high-bias studies. CONCLUSION: The four classes of architectures, from best-to worst-performing, are TL > ED > CNN > HDL. ED-based models had the lowest AI bias for BLS. This study presents a set of three primary and six secondary recommendations for lowering the RoB.

Lead phytoremediation potentials of four aquatic macrophytes under hydroponic cultivation.

Lead (Pb) is a major toxicological concern of the present day that demands immediate attention. The use of aquatic macrophytes with high Pb tolerance and accumulation may be a very convenient and economically viable solution for remediating Pb. We examined the ability of Salvinia cucullata, Alternanthera sessilis, Lemna minor, and Pistia stratiotes to remove 0.12 mM, 0.24 mM, 0.36 mM, and 0.48 mM Pb for 96-h under hydroponic cultivation system. The plants accumulated variable amounts of Pb: S. cucullata > A. sessilis > P. stratiotes > L. minor, with low mobility of Pb from root to shoot. Lead uptake kinetics were monitored up to 96-h. After 96-h, the uptake efficiency for S. cucullata (98-99%), A. sessilis (79-96%), L. minor (45-79%), and P. stratiotes (40-76%) was noted. For S. cucullata and A. sessilis, an extremely high uptake rate was seen within the initial 24-h of trials, followed by slower uptake till 96-h. P. stratiotes and L. minor worked best at 0.12 mM Pb. Pb-Phytotoxicity became prominent at 0.48 mM exposure with biomass loss and morphological changes. The plants had a quick growth rate, extensive root system, high biomass yield, and the ability to tolerate and accumulate Pb that made them suitable for phytoremediation purposes. NOVELTY STATEMENT: Lead phytoremediation potential of four aquatic macrophytes found in Indian waters was evaluated. These macrophytes, often considered as weeds, could be used for phytoremediation purposes that would turn out to be a sustainable means of the utilization of natural resources in developing countries like India. In this study, not only metal accumulation by plants but also the lead uptake kinetics at several time intervals and valuable growth attributes were estimated to establish the suitability of these plants as probable lead phytoremediators. Two of the plant species, Salvinia cucullata, and Alternanthera sessilis, showed excellent Pb accumulation capacities that had not been reported earlier, to the best of our knowledge. The work is all the more significant as there have been needs for identifying Pb-phytoremediators well suited to native climate and growth conditions that could take up large amounts of metal from the substratum.

Lead and cadmium exposure network in children in a periurban area in India: susceptibility and health risk.

To investigate the complex Pb-Cd exposure network in school-going children, a thorough investigation of the probable exposure means (diet, water, and school micro-environments such as paint dust and school courtyard soil) and exposure route (ingestion, inhalation and dermal) was carried out in a periurban area spanning three districts in southern Assam, India. Multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to understand the complex data matrices, and the health risk assessments (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) based on US EPA Risk Assessment models were also made. We found the median values to be 0.9-4.0 mg Pb/kg and 0.21-6.2 mg Cd/kg in various food items. Groundwater also had Pb (0.13-0.48 mg/L) and Cd (0.11-0.29 mg/L). Pb levels in paint dust were within the permissible limits, but 50% of the samples had higher than permissible levels of Cd. Approximately 23% of the school courtyard soil had Pb above the global background levels, but all the samples had 4-27 times elevated levels of Cd in them. School micro-environment contributed significantly to the metal load in children due to their typical hand-to-mouth behavior and dietary intake (food and water) via ingestion was the most prominent route of exposure in children. The evaluation of the estimated chronic daily intake and the hazard quotient indicated hazardous exposure over a lifetime to both Pb and Cd, but only Cd posed a prominent cancer risk. It could be concluded that chronic insidious effects of metals would be a noteworthy toxicological threat to children when exposed early on.

Acetylcholine esterase and antioxidant responses in freshwater teleost, Channa punctata exposed to chlorpyrifos and urea.

We aimed to understand the toxic effects of two crop protecting agents, organophosphate pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and fertilizer, urea (U), and their binary mixtures at sublethal concentrations for 28-d in a freshwater fish Channa punctata with a battery of biochemical biomarkers in gill and liver. The study has practical value as such mixtures, so often present together in water in the agro-intensive areas, might be predicted to cause cocktail effects. Both CPF and U inhibited AChE, augmented SOD, CAT, GPx activities, and caused lipid peroxidation and depletion in tissue macromolecules in a concentration and duration-dependent manner. While U alone had less severe effects compared to CPF treatments, complex interactions were observed for three combination doses (1CPF + 1U, 2CPF + 1U, 1CPF + 2U). In their mutual effects, antagonism prevailed over other interactions when CPF and U were in equal proportion in the mixture, while synergism was observed for AchE and key antioxidant enzymes when more U was in the mixture. The present study concluded that urea in water bodies might impart adverse effects in combination with pesticides in non-target aquatic organisms such as fish, and there should be a restriction in its excessive usage.

Aggregate morphology of active Brownian particles on porous, circular walls.

We study the motility-induced aggregation of active Brownian particles (ABPs) on a porous, circular wall. We observe that the morphology of aggregated dense-phase on a static wall depends on the wall porosity, particle motility, and the radius of the circular wall. Our analysis reveals two morphologically distinct, dense aggregates; a connected dense cluster that spreads uniformly on the circular wall and a localized cluster that breaks the rotational symmetry of the system. These distinct morphological states are similar to the macroscopic structures observed in aggregates on planar, porous walls. We systematically analyze the parameter regimes where the different morphological states are observed. We further extend our analysis to motile circular rings. We show that the motile ring propels almost ballistically due to the force applied by the active particles when they form a localized cluster, whereas it moves diffusively when the active particles form a continuous cluster. This property demonstrates the possibility of extracting useful work from a system of ABPs, even without artificially breaking the rotational symmetry.

Morphological transitions of active Brownian particle aggregates on porous walls.

Motility-induced wall aggregation of Active Brownian Particles (ABPs) is a well-studied phenomenon. Here, we study the aggregation of ABPs on porous walls, which allows the particles to penetrate through at large motility. We show that the active aggregates undergo a morphological transition from a connected dense-phase to disconnected droplets with an increase in wall porosity and the particle self-motility, similar to wetting-dewetting transitions in equilibrium fluids. We show that both morphologically distinct states are stable, and independent of initial conditions at least in some parameter regions. Our analysis reveals that changes in wall porosity affect the intrinsic properties of the aggregates and changes the effective wall-aggregate interfacial tension, consistent with the appearance of the morphological transition. Accordingly, a close analysis of the density, as well as orientational distribution, indicates that the underlying reason for such morphological transitions is not necessarily specific to the systems with porous walls, and it can be possible to observe in a larger class of confined, active systems by tuning the properties of confining walls.

Quercetin-induced amelioration of deltamethrin stress in freshwater teleost, Channa punctata: Multiple biomarker analysis.

We aimed to ascertain whether ubiquitous plant-based polyphenolic flavonoid compound quercetin (Q) was capable of alleviating deltamethrin (DM) stress in a freshwater teleost, Channa punctata, with emphasis on levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), DNA/RNA contents and hematological parameters. We measured these parameters in various tissues of fish at 7 and 21 days of exposure to DM doses (0.03 and 0.15 µL L-1), Q (0.14 g L-1) and their combinations (0.03 µL DM L-1 + 0.14 g Q L-1 and 0.15 µL DM L-1 + 0.14 g Q L-1). Both the DM doses altered blood parameters, lowered DNA/RNA contents, AchE activities, GSH levels and augmented GST activities as a mark of neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in fish tissues. We found that 0.14 g L-1 Q ameliorated oxidative stress and AchE inhibitory effects, recovered DM-induced nucleic acid damage and alterations in blood parameters, with some tissue specificity and in duration-dependent manner. Thus, the results indicated that Q was capable of neuroprotection and enhancing the function of antioxidants in fish, which could be predicted to be useful for providing better protection to fish under aquaculture settings with improved Q-rich diets. Through this study with multiple biomarkers in several tissues of fish, valuable information for devising better strategies regarding pesticide risk assessment was obtained and it was recognized that an appropriate dose of Q was essential for its better functioning.

Assessment of lead and cadmium in fifty-four Indian herbal medicine: tribal and marketed varieties.

The objective of this study was to assess the toxic metal content in herbal medicines being used by Indian people. Trace elements, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), in fifty-four herbal medicines (marketed and tribal varieties) of India were estimated, and the potential health risks were characterized by estimating the tolerable daily intake (TDI) and the total hazard quotient (THQ) associated with their consumption. A total of 12% of the marketed varieties had Pb above WHO permissible limits of 10 mg Pb/kg. In tribal varieties, none of the samples exceeded this limit. In contrast, all the marketed varieties and 17% of the tribal varieties exceeded WHO limit of 0.3 mg Cd/kg. Consumption of ~ 0.01 kg of herbal medicine per day contributed almost 20-28% of TDI of Pb and Cd for marketed varieties and < 10% for tribal varieties. Although the consumption of the Indian herbal medicine, especially the tribal varieties, posed no immediate concern as the average THQ was less than 1, 24% of the marketed varieties had a higher metal burden and could pose threat on long-term use. Our findings advocate the use of tribal medicines for therapeutic purposes owing to a relatively lesser metal burden than the marketed varieties. However, for the marketed varieties, appropriate standardization in terms of effective quality control and consistency is needed to ensure the health of the consumers.

Leachable lead and cadmium in microwave-heated ceramic cups: possible health hazard to human.

In this study, we assessed the leachability as well as health risk associated with the consumption from glazed, colourful, ceramic cups, containing lead and cadmium. Both metals leached into the 2.5-min microwave-heated (convection mode, at 140 °C) double-distilled water in concentrations above 0.5 mg/L, the permissible limits of leachable Pb and Cd in ceramic mugs set by United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). On an average, significantly higher Pb leached in new cups, 7.69 ± 0.56 mg/L, compared to that in old cups, 3.15 ± 0.15 mg/L. Cd leached similarly in both old (1.97 ± 0.14 mg/L) and new cups (1.57 ± 0.005 mg/L). The chronic daily intake of Pb by children and adults, respectively, consuming from new cups were 1.3-5× and 1.28-6× more than that from old cups. In both the cases, intake values far exceeded WHO reference dose of 0.0006 mg Pb/kg bw/day in children (< 11 years) and 0.0013 mg Pb/kg bw/day in adults. Such levels of Pb consumption in children might be predicted to be associated with decrement in IQ by at least 1 point and adverse effects in adults, especially, women of childbearing age. The daily intake of Cd from these cups ranged from 0.002-0.049 mg/kg bw/day, which was also above permissible limit. Consequently, high hazard quotient and hazard index (both more than 1) were observed for these metals, which might impart individual as well as cumulative effects on the health. Thus, apart from other dietary as well as inhalation sources of contaminants (which were not studied here), regular consumption of beverages alone in glazed, ceramic cups increased chances of Pb- and Cd-related health risks to humans.

Eichhornia crassipes mediated copper phytoremediation and its success using catfish bioassay.

Copper (Cu) pollution in aquaculture ponds poses substantial ecological threats. Most phytoremediation studies deal with the efforts of removing Cu from water, but seldom, such endeavors are validated by suitable bioassays. The present study undertook a two-pronged effort to remediate Cu by phytoextraction with an aquatic macrophyte, Eichhornia crassipes, and establish the efficacy of such endeavors by Clarias batrachus bioassay. For phytoextraction trials, E. crassipes was exposed to Cu concentration 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L-1 in Hoagland solution for 21 days. The highest uptake of 2168 µg g-1 dw was at 10 mg L-1 Cu exposure, and efficient root to leaf translocation was seen for 5-10 mg Cu L-1. For these doses, there was 55-57% decline in Cu from test waters. We evaluated morphological, physiological and biochemical response of plants towards Cu stress to gauge its phytomediation capacity. For bioassays, fish were reared for 7 days in phytoremediated Cu doses of 5 and 10 mg L-1. The accumulation of Cu followed the pattern: kidney > liver > gill > muscle. Fish muscle accumulated 21.8-27.0 µg Cu g-1 dw after 7 d, however, for E. crassipes remediated doses, muscle accumulated 8.2-10.9 µg Cu g-1 dw, which was within the safe levels of Cu in edible tissues. Metal doses declined protein contents and augmented malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase concentrations in tissues. Although their concentrations in remediated groups failed to reach the levels of control fish, significant recovery in these parameters were observed. The results pointed towards the efficacy of Cu phytoextration by E. crassipes.

Metal concentrations in traditional and herbal teas and their potential risks to human health.

Food and beverage consumption is an important route for human exposure to metals. Traditional tea (Camellia sinensis) is a widely-consumed beverage, which may contain toxic metals. This study determined total and infusion concentrations of 5 metals including Al, As, Cd, Cr, and Pb in 47 traditional and herbal teas from 13 countries and assessed their potential risks to human health. The data showed that herbal teas exhibited higher As (0.26mgkg-1), Cd (0.19mgkg-1) and Pb (2.32mgkg-1) than traditional teas. Black tea from India had high Cr at 31mgkg-1 while white tea from China had low Cr at 0.39mgkg-1. Arsenic, Cd and Pb did not exceed the WHO limit for medicinal plants excluding one herbal tea with 1.1mgkg-1 As and 26.4mgkg-1 Pb. However, Cr in 47% herbal teas and 73% traditional teas exceeded the Canada limit of 2mgkg-1. Metal concentrations in tea infusions were below the MCL for drinking water except for Al. Total Al and its infusion was lower in herbal teas (47-1745mgkg-1 and 0.09-3.95mgL-1) than traditional teas (50.3-2517mgkg-1 and 0.02-7.51mgL-1), with 0.9-22% and 4-49% of the Al being soluble in infusion. The Al concentrations in infusion in all black tea and 83, 75 and 25% of the green, oolong and herbal teas exceeded the secondary MCL for drinking water at 0.2mgL-1. However, the weekly intake of Al from drinking tea (0.001-0.39 and 0.003-0.56mgkg-1 for children and adults) was lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake for Al at 1.0mgkg-1. Our data showed that it is important to consider metal intake from tea consumptions, especially for Cr and Al in heavy tea drinkers.

Fluoride concentrations in traditional and herbal teas: Health risk assessment.

Traditional tea (Camellia sinensis) and herbal tea are being consumed across the world. However, long term consumption of tea can increase the chances of fluorosis owing to the presence of fluoride (F) in teas. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the health risk associated with tea consumption. The main objectives of this study were to: 1) estimate total F in 47 popular teas, including traditional and herbal teas and F concentrations in 1% (w/v) infusion of 5 min, and 2) assess the exposure risks of F from tea consumption in children and adults. The data showed that total F was the least in herbal teas (33-102 mg/kg) and their infusions (0.06-0.69 mg/L) compared to traditional teas (296-1112 mg/kg) and their infusions (1.47-6.9 mg/L). During tea infusion, 6-96% and 18-99% of the F was released into the water from herbal and traditional teas, respectively. Ten samples of traditional teas, including five green teas had chronic daily intake (CDI) values of F > 0.05 mg/d/kg bw, the stipulated permissible limits of F intake from all sources. Although the F from teas posed no immediate health hazards with hazard quotient <1, some tea samples could potentially contribute >4 mg F/d, thereby adding to the overall F burden. Therefore, together with F from food and water sources, daily F consumptions from teas might increase its health risks to humans. So, caution should be excised when drinking teas containing high F.

Deltamethrin Induced Alteration of Biochemical Parameters in Channa punctata, Bloch and its Amelioration by Quercetin.

We tested the impacts of pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin and its amelioration by a flavonoid, quercetin, using tissue macromolecules (protein, amino acid, carbohydrate and glycogen) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase) as biomarkers, on fish, Channa punctata, gill and liver. Our study proved that quercetin supplement alone, in the absence of pesticide, might be detrimental to fish health, in terms of depletion of major tissue macromolecules, but, such supplement may be beneficial to fish with pesticide associated oxidative stress. Multivariate analyses predicted that the antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were closely associated biomarkers; whereas tissue macromolecules formed a different cluster. Hence, oxidative stress biomarkers in fish can be considered a valuable tool in assessment of deltamethrin stress and its amelioration by quercetin. The work can pave the way for further research in establishing quercetin as a probable curative agent.

Arsenate and fluoride enhanced each other's uptake in As-sensitive plant Pteris ensiformis.

We investigated the effects of arsenate (AsV) and fluoride (F) on each other's uptake in an As-sensitive plant Pteris ensiformis. Plants were exposed to 1) 0.1 × Hoagland solution control, 2) 3.75 mg L-1 As and 1.9, 3.8, or 7.6 mg L-1 F, or 3) 1 mg L-1 F and 3.75 mg L-1 or 7.5 mg L-1 As for 7 d in hydroponics. P. ensiformis accumulated 14.7-32.6 mg kg-1 As at 3.75 mg L-1 AsV, and 99-145 mg kg-1 F at 1 mg L-1 F. Our study revealed that AsV and F increased each other's uptake when co-present. At 1.9 mg L-1, F increased frond As uptake from 14.7 to 40.3 mg kg-1, while 7.5 mg L-1 As increased frond F uptake from 99 to 371 mg kg-1. Although, AsV was the predominant As species in all tissues, F enhanced AsIII levels in the rhizomes and fronds, while the reverse was observed in the roots. Increasing As concentrations also enhanced TBARS and H2O2 in tissues, indicating oxidative stress. However, F alleviated As stress by lowering their levels in the fronds. Frond and root membrane leakage were also evident due to As or F exposure. The results may facilitate better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the co-uptake of As and F in plants. However, the mechanisms of how they enhance each other's uptake in P. ensiformis need further investigation.

Screening of cadmium and copper phytoremediation ability of Tagetes erecta, using biochemical parameters and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis.

Tagetes erecta thrived in phytotoxic levels of cadmium (Cd; 50-300 mg kg-1 ) and copper (Cu; 150-400 mg kg-1 ) for 21 d. It accumulated high metal contents in its above-ground tissues (3675 mg Cd kg-1 dry wt and 3948 mg Cu kg-1 dry wt) and showed greater root to shoot translocation and a high extraction coefficient, all of which pointed toward its potential as a hyperaccumulator. Both Cd stress and Cu stress reduced the plant biomass, foliar area, and number. In addition, there were significant declines in pigment contents as well as boosts in lipid peroxidation levels. However, the plant triggered a number of stress-mitigation strategies to abate reactive oxygen species formed as a result of Cd/Cu excess, mostly via significant augmentation of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase activities. Though the root and leaf anatomy revealed some signs of toxic symptoms at 50 mg Cd kg-1 and at 150 mg Cu kg-1 , as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy, the root showed maximum tolerance, with tolerance indexes of 85.4% and 91.7%, respectively. Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis showed specific Ca2+ signals in both root and stomata, which could be associated with a specific signaling pathway leading to increased root metal uptake and stomatal closure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2533-2542. © 2017 SETAC.

Engineered Aedes aegypti JAK/STAT Pathway-Mediated Immunity to Dengue Virus.

We have developed genetically modified Ae. aegypti mosquitoes that activate the conserved antiviral JAK/STAT pathway in the fat body tissue, by overexpressing either the receptor Dome or the Janus kinase Hop by the blood feeding-induced vitellogenin (Vg) promoter. Transgene expression inhibits infection with several dengue virus (DENV) serotypes in the midgut as well as systemically and in the salivary glands. The impact of the transgenes Dome and Hop on mosquito longevity was minimal, but it resulted in a compromised fecundity when compared to wild-type mosquitoes. Overexpression of Dome and Hop resulted in profound transcriptome regulation in the fat body tissue as well as the midgut tissue, pinpointing several expression signatures that reflect mechanisms of DENV restriction. Our transcriptome studies and reverse genetic analyses suggested that enrichment of DENV restriction factor and depletion of DENV host factor transcripts likely accounts for the DENV inhibition, and they allowed us to identify novel factors that modulate infection. Interestingly, the fat body-specific activation of the JAK/STAT pathway did not result in any enhanced resistance to Zika virus (ZIKV) or chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection, thereby indicating a possible specialization of the pathway's antiviral role.

Copper phytoextraction by Salvinia cucullata: biochemical and morphological study.

The present study investigated the effect of copper on photosynthesis, antioxidant potential, and anatomical response of aquatic fern, Salvinia cucullata, with a view to ascertain its phytoremediation potential. Plants were exposed in hydroponics for 21 days to different Cu concentrations (10, 15, 20, and 30 mg/L). Significant declines in chlorophyll, carotenoids, and soluble proteins, as a function of Cu proportion were observed. Lipid peroxidation was also evident, which implied reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, both root and leaf tissues responded remarkably to the ROS produced, by inducing superoxide dismutase (1.6-6.5 times), catalase (1.5-5.4 times), guaicol peroxidase (1.5-7.2 times), and ascorbyl peroxidase (1.3-4.7 times) over the control. The plant showed best phytoremedial activity within Cu range of 10-15 mg/L, with maximum accumulation of 2956 ± 82.6 µg/g dw., at 15 mg Cu/L and showed efficient root to shoot translocation (translocation factor, TF > 1) at this range, which is the stipulated minimum requirement to be a hyperaccumulator. The capacity of metal extraction from environment to leaf (extraction coefficient, EC) was also high (EC = 73-197). However, at higher doses (20-30 mg/L), the plant resorted to an exclusion strategy, whereby, more metal accumulation was observed in root than in leaf. The plant conferred suitable remediation attributes by showing minimal root and leaf anatomical damages along with high Ca peaks in both the tissues, and rapid leaf stomatal closure, all of which probably helped in the Cu induced stress mitigation. Due to its widespread availability, fast growth, ability to grow in myriads of polluted environment, and having hardy physiology, this plant can be suggested for use as a suitable Cu phytoremediator.