Suppression of CD4+ T lymphocyte effector functions by CD4+CD25+ cells in vivo.

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells have been extensively studied during the last decade, but how these cells exert their regulatory function on pathogenic effector T cells remains to be elucidated. Naive CD4+ T cells transferred into T cell-deficient mice strongly expand and rapidly induce inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Onset of this inflammatory disorder depends on IFN-gamma production by expanding CD4+ T cells. Coinjection of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells protects recipient mice from IBD. In this study, we show that CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells do not affect the initial activation/proliferation of injected naive T cells as well as their differentiation into Th1 effectors. Moreover, naive T cells injected together with CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells into lymphopenic hosts are still able to respond to stimuli in vitro when regulatory T cells are removed. In these conditions, they produce as much IFN-gamma as before injection or when injected alone. Finally, when purified, they are able to induce IBD upon reinjection into lymphopenic hosts. Thus, prevention of IBD by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is not due to deletion of pathogenic T cells, induction of a non reactive state (anergy) among pathogenic effector T cells, or preferential induction of Th2 effectors rather than Th1 effectors; rather, it results from suppression of T lymphocyte effector functions, leading to regulated responses to self.

On the role of MHC class II molecules in the survival and lymphopenia-induced proliferation of peripheral CD4+ T cells.

CD4(+) T cells expand after transfer into lymphopenic H-2(b) A(beta)-/- mice (I-A(beta)-, I-E(alpha)-deficient mice) but not after transfer into lymphopenic MHC II(Delta/Delta) mice (I-A(alpha)-, I-A(beta)-, I-E(alpha)-, and I-E(beta)-deficient mice), implying that in H-2(b) A(beta)-/- mice, A(alpha) chain and E(beta) chain associate to form a hybrid A(alpha)E(beta) MHC class II molecule. In light of this unexpected result, we reexamined the MHC class II requirement in the survival and lymphopenia-induced proliferation of CD4(+) T cells. Here we show that expansion, but not short-term survival, of CD4(+) T cells depends on interactions with MHC class II molecules in lymphopenic mice. Nevertheless, interactions with classical MHC class II molecules are required for CD4(+) T cells to survive in CD8(+) T-cell-containing mice.

Conversion of naive T cells to a memory-like phenotype in lymphopenic hosts is not related to a homeostatic mechanism that fills the peripheral naive T cell pool.

To examine directly whether a limited number of naive T cells transferred to lymphopenic hosts can truly fill the peripheral naive T cell pool, we compared the expansion and phenotype of naive T cells transferred to three different hosts, namely recombination-activating gene-deficient mice, CD3epsilon-deficient mice, and irradiated normal mice. In all three recipients, the absolute number of recovered cells was much smaller than in normal mice. In addition, transferred naive T cells acquired a memory-like phenotype that remained stable with time. Finally, injected cells were rapidly replaced by host thymic migrants in irradiated normal mice. Only continuous output of naive T cells by the thymus can generate a full compartment of truly naive T cells. Thus, conversion of naive T cells to a memory-like phenotype in lymphopenic hosts is not related to a homeostatic mechanism that fills the peripheral naive T cell pool.

Naive T cells proliferate strongly in neonatal mice in response to self-peptide/self-MHC complexes.

Adult naive T cells, which are at rest in normal conditions, proliferate strongly when transferred to lymphopenic hosts. In neonates, the first mature thymocytes to migrate to the periphery reach a compartment devoid of preexisting T cells. We have extensively analyzed the proliferation rate and phenotype of peripheral T cells from normal C57BL/6 and T cell antigen receptor transgenic mice as a function of age. We show that, like adult naive T cells transferred to lymphopenic mice, neonatal naive T cells proliferate strongly. By using bone-marrow transfer and thymic-graft models, we demonstrate that the proliferation of the first thymic emigrants reaching the periphery requires T cell antigen receptor-self-peptide/self-MHC interactions and is regulated by the size of the peripheral T cell pool.

Quantitative and qualitative adjustment of thymic T cell production by clonal expansion of premigrant thymocytes.

In normal mice, single-positive thymocytes proliferate before being exported into the peripheral T cell pool. We measured the in vivo proliferation rates of mature thymocytes in several TCR transgenic mice. Different monoclonal TCR transgenic single-positive thymocytes proliferated at different rates in a given MHC context. Conversely, mature thymocytes expressing a given TCR, generated in mice of different MHC haplotypes, also showed different rates of proliferation. In p59(fyn)-deficient mice, the proliferation rate of mature thymocytes was diminished. Thus, premigrant thymocyte expansion is TCR mediated and depends on TCR affinity for self peptide/MHC ligands. In addition, we show that mature thymocyte expansion is clonotypic, increases the daily thymic T cell output, and modifies the TCR repertoire of newly produced T cells.