The EAT-Lancet diet associated cardiovascular health parameters: evidence from a Brazilian study.

BACKGROUND: The EAT-Lancet diet is a diet aimed at promoting population and planetary health from the perspective of sustainable diets in terms of environmental and health aspects. This study aimed to assess the association between adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet and cardiometabolic risk factors among adults and elderly individuals in a capital city in the northeastern region of Brazil. METHODS: This is an analytical cross-sectional observational study from a population-based sample conducted between 2019 and 2020, involving 398 non-institutionalized adults and elderly people, of both sexes from "Brazilian Usual Consumption Assessment" study (Brazuca-Natal). There was a 38% response rate due to the suspension of data collection due to the covid-19 pandemic, but According to the comparative analysis of socioeconomic and demographic variables between the surveyed and non-surveyed sectors, losses were found to be random (p = 0.135, Little's MCAR test). Socioeconomic and lifestyle data, anthropometric measurements, and dietary consumption were collected. We used the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) and the Cardiovascular Health Diet Index (CHDI) for cardiovascular health to assess adherence to the diet's sustainability. The evaluated cardiometabolic parameters included fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements. We also assessed the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia. For the data analyses, sample weights and the effect of the study design were taken into account. Pearson's chi-square test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of frequencies. Multiple linear regression models assessed the associations between PHDI and CHDI and its components and the cardiometabolic parameters. RESULTS: The mean PHDI was 29.4 (95% CI 28.04:30.81), on a total score ranging from 0 to 150 points and the mean CHDI was 32.63 (95% CI 31.50:33.78), on a total score ranging from 0 to 110 points. PHDI showed a significant positive association with the final CHDI score and components of fruits, vegetables, and legumes, and a negative association with Ultra-processed Food (UPF) (p < 0.05). Notably, among the most consumed UPF, the following stand out: "packaged snacks, shoestring potatoes, and crackers" (16.94%), followed by margarine (14.14%). The PHDI exhibited a significant association with diabetes and dyslipidemia, as well as with systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that adopting the EAT-Lancet diet is associated with the improvement of key cardiovascular health indicators.

Assessment, regionalization, and modeling rainfall erosivity over Brazil: Findings from a large national database.

In this study, we used a large national database to assess the rainfall erosivity (RE) patterns in time and space over the Brazilian territory. Thereby, RE and erosivity density (ED) values were obtained for 5166 rainfall gauges. Also, the concentration of the RE throughout the year and the RE's gravity center locations were analyzed. Finally, homogeneous regions regarding RE values were delimited and estimative regression models were established. The results show that Brazil's mean annual RE value is 5620 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 year-1, with considerable spatial variation over the country. The highest RE magnitudes were found for the north region, while the northeast region shows the lowest values. Regarding the RE's distribution throughout the year, in the southern region of Brazil, it is more equitable, while in some spots of the northeastern region, it is irregularly concentrated in specific months. Further analyses revealed that for most of the months, the RE's gravity centers for Brazil are in the Goiás State and that they present a north-south migration pattern throughout the year. Complementarily, the ED magnitudes allowed the identification of high-intensity rainfall spots. Additionally, the Brazilian territory was divided into eleven homogeneous regions regarding the RE patterns and for each defined region, a regression model was established and validated. These models' statistical metrics were considered satisfactory and, thus, can be used to estimate RE values for the whole country using monthly rainfall depths. Finally, all database produced are available for download. Therefore, the values and maps shown in this study are relevant for improving the accuracy of soil loss estimates in Brazil and for the establishment of soil and water conservation planning on a national scale.

Random forest for spatialization of daily evapotranspiration (ET0) in watersheds in the Atlantic Forest.

The importance of daily data on reference evapotranspiration (ET0) has increased in recent years due to its relevance in planning and decision making regarding irrigated agriculture, water production, and forest restoration. Facing the scarcity of this information measured in loco, the study of interpolation methods capable of representing ET0 becomes important. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the adequacy of the Random Forest (RF) method in the spatialization of ET0 in the watersheds of the Mid-South region of the Espírito Santo State, located within the Atlantic Forest biome, Brazil. From this study, it was found that the RF method is the most suitable one for ET0 spatialization when compared to the Angular distance weighting (ADW) and the inverse distance weighting (IDW) techniques. Also, the spatializations carried out by this method were transformed into databases in a grid format and made available online. Furthermore, the RF database was also compared to other ET0 grid databases, and it was concluded that the RF database also carried out a better performance than the other ones.

Spectro-temporal analysis of the Paraopeba River water after the tailings dam burst of the Córrego do Feijão mine, in Brumadinho, Brazil.

Remote sensing is an important tool for environmental assessment, especially in the event of disasters such as the tailings dam burst at the Córrego do Feijão mine, located in the Paraopeba River basin, Brazil. Thus, this study aimed to carry out a spectro-temporal analysis of the Paraopeba River water given the dam burst, using multispectral images from the MSI sensor onboard Sentinel-2 satellites. For this analysis, sections along the river were defined by the creation of buffers, with 10-km intervals each, starting from the origin of the burst. For each section, the average visible to near-infrared (NIR) reflectance values per band and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) were obtained. We found that the red edge and NIR bands (B5, B6, B7, B8, and B8A) showed higher reflectance values when compared to the visible bands in the months immediately after the disaster, especially in the first 20 km. In these months, negative NDWI values were also found for almost all sections downstream, demonstrating the large volume of mining tailings in the Paraopeba River. The seasonal variation of the observed values indicates the resuspension of the material deposited at the river bottom with the beginning of the rainy season. Finally, we highlight the usefulness of the MSI/Sentinel-2 red edge and NIR bands for further studies on the monitoring from space of water bodies subjected to contamination by large amounts of mud with iron ore tailings and contaminants, as occurred in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil.

Multivariate statistics for spatial and seasonal quality assessment of water in the Doce River basin, Southeastern Brazil.

This study employed multivariate statistical techniques in one of the main river basins in Brazil, the Doce River basin, to select and evaluate the most representative parameters of the current water quality aspects, and to group the stations according to the similarity of the selected parameters, for both dry and rainy seasons. Data from 63 qualitative monitoring stations, belonging to the Minas Gerais Water Management Institute network were used, considering 38 parameters for the hydrological year 2017/2018. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to reduce the total number of variables and to group stations with similar characteristics, respectively. Using PCA, four principal components were selected as indicators of water quality, explaining the cumulative variance of 68% in the rainy season and 65% in the dry season. The HCA grouped the stations into four groups in the rainy season and three groups in the dry season, showing the influence of seasonality on the grouping of stations. Moreover, the HCA made it possible to differentiate water quality stations located in the headwaters of the basin, in the main river channel, and near urban centers. The results obtained through multivariate statistics proved to be important in understanding the current water quality situation in the basin and can be used to improve the management of water resources because the collection and analysis of all parameters in all monitoring stations require greater availability of financial resources.

A cozinha do Centro de Referência da Assistência Social como espaço de acolhimento e construção de vínculo: relato de experiência de um grupo de mulheres / Kitchen of the Reference Center for Social Assistance as welcoming and bond-building space: an experience report of a group of women

Introdução: A realização de práticas de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional (EAN) nos serviços públicos e comunidades ainda permanece como um desafio aos profissionais de saúde e educadores, sendo necessários relatos de experiência que motivem e auxiliem a construção práticas de EAN em diferentes cenários. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência do processo de criação e desenvolvimento de um grupo de mulheres no âmbito do Centro de Referência da Assistência Social (CRAS), como parte das atividades curriculares do Curso de Nutrição da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. Método: Foram descritas 17 atividades realizadas no período letivo de 2019-1 e 2019-2 e durante o recesso acadêmico. Como estratégia de EAN, foi utilizada a oficina culinária. Resultados: A metodologia dos encontros estava organizada em três momentos articulados: acolhimento, oficina culinária e roda de conversa. As atividades promoveram a troca de experiência, priorizando um diálogo ampliado, para além de temas relacionados especificamente com alimentação e nutrição. Foram desenvolvidas estratégias para criação de vínculo entre mulheres, estudantes, professora e profissionais do CRAS. Regada por desafios, a roda de conversa demandou a aplicação de metodologias para oportunizar a democratização da fala e da escuta, e a reflexão sobre si. Conclusão: Para além da abordagem nutricional e técnica, a oficina culinária foi uma estratégia que promoveu a criação de vínculo entre as mulheres e os profissionais do serviço, contribuindo também para potencializar o espaço do CRAS com a oferta de ações de promoção de saúde e EAN.

Introduction: Food and Nutrition Education (FNE) practices in public services and communities are challenging for health professionals and educators, requiring experience reports to motivate and assist FNE practices in different scenarios. Objective: Report the experience of creating and developing a group of women at the Reference Center for Social Assistance (CRAS) as part of curricular activities of the Department of Nutrition at the Federal University of Campina Grande. Methods: We described 17 activities held in the first and second academic semesters of 2019 and during the academic break. Culinary workshop was used as FNE strategy. Results: Meetings were organized in three articulated moments: welcoming, culinary workshop, and conversation circles. Activities promoted exchange of experience, prioritizing an open dialogue that addressed topics beyond those related to food and nutrition. Strategies were developed to build bonds between women, students, the professor, and CRAS professionals. Conversation circles were challenging and demanded methodologies to democratize speech, listening, and self-reflection. Conclusion: Culinary workshop was a strategy that promoted nutritional and technical approach and bond formation between women and CRAS professionals and potentiated CRAS space by offering health promotion and FNE actions.

Genetic structure and demographic inference of the regular sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri (Meissner, 1900) in the Southern Ocean: The role of the last glaciation.

One of the most relevant characteristics of the extant Southern Ocean fauna is its resiliency to survive glacial processes of the Quaternary. These climatic events produced catastrophic habitat reductions and forced some marine benthic species to move, adapt or go extinct. The marine benthic species inhabiting the Antarctic upper continental shelf faced the Quaternary glaciations with different strategies that drastically modified population sizes and thus affected the amount and distribution of intraspecific genetic variation. Here we present new genetic information for the most conspicuous regular sea urchin of the Antarctic continental shelf, Sterechinus neumayeri. We studied the patterns of genetic diversity and structure in this broadcast-spawner across three Antarctic regions: Antarctic Peninsula, the Weddell Sea and Adélie Land in East Antarctica. Genetic analyses based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers suggested that S. neumayeri is a single genetic unit around the Antarctic continent. The species is characterized by low levels of genetic diversity and exhibits a typical star-like haplotype genealogy that supports the hypothesis of a single in situ refugium. Based on two mutation rates standardized for this genus, the Bayesian Skyline plot analyses detected a rapid demographic expansion after the Last Glacial Maximum. We propose a scenario of rapid postglacial expansion and recolonization of Antarctic shallow areas from a less ice-impacted refugium where the species survived the LGM. Considering the patterns of genetic diversity and structure recorded in the species, this refugium was probably located in East Antarctica.

Trends and patterns of marijuana use in men and women seeking drug treatment / Tendencias y patrones de consumo de mariguana en hombres y mujeres solicitantes de tratamiento

Abstract Introduction Marijuana is the world's most widely used illegal drug. In Mexico, it is the drug of choice for both male and female users of all ages, and there has been a recent increase in its use. Objective To describe drug use trends in people seeking treatment by sex and age range, and to explore different patterns. Method To provide a description of trends and rates of increase for the population attended between 2005 and 2016 and to make a comparative analysis of patterns of use in a sample of 11 595 marijuana users who received treatment in 2016. Results In general, there has been a greater increase in use in the group ages twelve to seventeen. The greatest increase in lifetime use was reported among women in this age range. The greatest increase in marijuana use in the past month was found among women aged eighteen to thirty-five. Women use a greater variety of substances, and a higher number of younger women report using cocaine, methamphetamines, benzodiazepines and hallucinogens than men. Discussion and conclusion Significant increases in marijuana use have been registered among girls under 18 and women in recent years. The differences in trends and patterns of use for men and women are being reduced and reconfigured.

Resumen Introducción La mariguana es la droga de mayor consumo en el mundo. En México, es la droga preferida por ambos sexos y en todos los grupos de edad, y en su consumo ha habido un incremento desde hace varios años. Objetivo Describir las tendencias del uso de mariguana en solicitantes de tratamiento, por sexo y rango de edad, y explorar diferencias en el patrón de consumo, según sexo. Método Se describieron tendencias y tasas de crecimiento en población atendida entre 2005 y 2016 y se realizó un análisis comparativo del patrón de consumo con una muestra de 11 595 usuarios de mariguana recibidos para tratamiento en 2016. Resultados En general, se registran mayores tasas de crecimiento en el grupo de 12 a 17 años. El mayor incremento del uso alguna vez en la vida corresponde a las mujeres de este rango; el del uso en el último mes y como droga de mayor impacto, a las de 18 a 35 años. Las mujeres consumen un mayor número de sustancias. Las de menor edad refieren el uso de cocaína, metanfetaminas, éxtasis, benzodiacepinas y alucinógenos en mayor proporción que los hombres. Discusión y conclusión Los menores de edad y las mujeres tienen un mayor peso en el aumento del uso de mariguana registrado en los últimos años. Las diferencias en las tendencias y el patrón de consumo entre sexos se están reduciendo y reconfigurando.

Addition of non-invasive ventilatory support to combined aerobic and resistance training improves dyspnea and quality of life in heart failure patients: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that combined aerobic and resistance training and non-invasive ventilatory support result in additional benefits compared with combined aerobic and resistance training alone in heart failure patients. DESIGN: A randomized, single-blind, controlled study. SETTING: Cardiac rehabilitation center. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 46 patients with New York Heart Association class II/III heart failure were randomly assigned to a 10-week program of combined aerobic and resistance training, plus non-invasive ventilatory support ( n = 23) or combined aerobic and resistance training alone ( n = 23). METHODS: Before and after intervention, results for the following were obtained: 6-minute walk test, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, maximal inspiratory muscle pressure, and maximal expiratory muscle pressure, with evaluation of dyspnea by the London Chest Activity of Daily Living scale, and quality of life with the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 46 included patients, 40 completed the protocol. The combined aerobic and resistance training plus non-invasive ventilatory support, as compared with combined aerobic and resistance training alone, resulted in significantly greater benefit for dyspnea (mean change: 4.8 vs. 1.3, p = 0.004), and quality of life (mean change: 19.3 vs. 6.8, p = 0.017 ). In both groups, the 6-minute walk test improved significantly (mean change: 45.7 vs. 44.1, p = 0.924), but without a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: Non-invasive ventilatory support combined with combined aerobic and resistance training provides additional benefits for dyspnea and quality of life in moderate heart failure patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02384798. Registered 03 April 2015.

Comparación de Tres Modelos de Riesgo de Uso Nocivo de Alcohol en Estudiantes Mexicanos / Comparison of Three Risk Models of Harmful Use of Alcohol in Mexican Students

Resumen: El presente estudio se planteó como objetivo identificar correlatos psicosociales del consumo nocivo de alcohol en estudiantes mexicanos, así como probar comparativamente la validez y capacidad explicativa de tres modelos teóricos y de medición de estos factores, a fin de apoyar la investigación del problema y dar pauta al desarrollo de acciones preventivas teórica y empíricamente sustentadas. Estos tres modelos son: la teoría de las expectativas, la teoría del aprendizaje social de R. Akers y la teoría de la conducta planificada. Los hallazgos indican que los tres modelos tienen una buena capacidad predictiva del consumo nocivo de alcohol en la población de estudio. El mayor peso corresponde a las expectativas positivas asociadas a los efectos del alcohol, seguidas por el uso de alcohol entre pares, una baja percepción de riesgo y, como factor protector, la capacidad percibida para controlar la cantidad que se bebe. Los hallazgos reflejan la conveniencia de aplicar un modelo multivariado compuesto por variables provenientes de los tres modelos.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify psychosocial correlates of harmful alcohol use among young Mexican students, and to comparatively prove the predictive validity of three theoretical models, each one capable to support the research of the problem and to guide the design of theoretically and empirically grounded preventive and treatment programs: a) the alcohol expectancies theory, b) the social learning theory by R. Akers, and c) the planned behavior theory. Findings indícate that these three models are appropriate predictive models for harmful alcohol use in the studied group. The highest predictive weight belongs to positive expectancies associated to the effects of alcohol, followed by alcohol use among friends, low risk perception, and self-control of alcohol drinking as a protective factor. Findings suggest the convenience of the application of a composed multi-varied algorithm, integrated by factors and variables extracted from the three models.

Evaluación de un programa de prevención del consumo de drogas para adolescentes / Evaluation of a drug abuse prevention program for adolescents

This paper shows the evaluation of the effectiveness of a selective prevention on drug use in adolescents, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior by Azjen. To develop this program, different theoretical models were evaluated considering their suitability to the institutional context in which it will be implemented. The criteria used to select a model that could be useful as a basis to design and evaluate a preventive intervention for drug use included: a) incorporation of protective and risk factors that could be malleable; b) consistency, parsimony and theoretical economy; c) a demonstrated explanatory and predictive capacity; d) empirical effectiveness; e) practical applicability. One of the models that complies with these requirements is the Model of Planned Behavior by Azjen, which proposes that the most immediate causes for drug use are the intentions of the subject to consume them or not. These intentions are determinated by the «attitudes¼ toward drug use, by the normative beliefs or «subjective norm¼ and by the Perceived Behavior Control. Attitudes toward the behavior are a person's overall evaluation of the behavior (i.e drug use) and the corresponding positive or negative judgments about it. The normative beliefs or subjective norms are a person's own estimate of social pressure to use or not to use drugs. Subjective norms have two interacting components: beliefs about how other people, who may be significant to the person, would like them to behave (normative beliefs), and the positive or negative judgments about each belief (outcome evaluations). Perceived behavioral control is the magnitude to which a person feels able to carry out the behavior. It includes two aspects: how much control a person has over the behavior; and how confident a person feels about being able to perform or not the behavior. It is determined by control beliefs about the power of both situational and internal factors to inhibit or facilitate the performance of the behavior. Perceived behavioral control, the last element introduced in the theory, along with the attitude to conduct, and the subjective norm, contribute, all of them, to predict the behavior intention. Generally speaking, there is important empirical evidence concerning the predictive and explicative capacity of this model in different populations. Once the theoretical model was chosen, indicators related to constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior were elaborated adapting these constructs to the features of middle education Mexican population by means of a series of interviews with focal groups. Based on these indicators, a scale was constructed to prove the explanatory capacity of the theoretical model in Mexican population. The reliability and validity of this self-applied questionnaire was proved. Once this was done, based on these antecedents, the model was adapted in a practical sense. This means that the content, objectives and techniques for a preventive intervention were developed. This preventive intervention was piloted and then evaluated through the aforementioned scale. The program included attitudinal and normative components, conformed by informative strategies and persuasive messages directed to an attitudinal change, as well as the development of strategies of behavioral control focused on social abilities that included components derived from social learning theory, and a series of cognitive behavioral techniques accorded to the Planned Behavioral Theory. It was expected a reduction in the drugs use intention by means of a change of drug use favorable beliefs as well as reinforcing unfavorable beliefs of drug use. It was also tried to change the perception about the magnitude of drug users in the subject's immediate surroundings and on its perception about social acceptance or tolerance for drugs. Also it was tried to increase the perception of self control, in order to the develop behavioral control skills to refuse the offer of drugs. The first sessions (devoted to work on subjective norm) were directed to create an interest in the participants regarding to their relation with favorable situations to drug consumption, and to modify their perception about the real magnitude of drug use and about approval and social tolerance to them, both topics frequently overestimated for some adolescents. These sessions were also devoted to identifying beliefs associated with drug use and the value that participants give to these beliefs, in order to question those that are established upon false premises. The next sessions (devoted to perceived behavioral control) had as an objective to learn appropriated behavioral responses to confront risk situations, in order to increase the perception of self-control in those circumstances. This was achieved by means of modeling, essay and reinforcing techniques. This model was designed to be applied in groups no greater than 15 persons, twice a week in five sessions of 50 minutes each. The program was applied by professional personnel such as psychologists or social workers with previous experience in drugs use prevention. The program was implemented in three groups (one for each grade) of five high schools in Mexico City and was applied to three groups of school, randomly chosen; other three groups, in the same grades, were used as control groups. The groups were randomly chosen. Other three groups, in the same grades, were used as comparison groups. Then, the final sample was composed by 250 participants (96 from intervened groups and 154 from comparison groups) from 1 2 to 15 years old, and with slightly more men than women, but equivalent for cases and control. The results showed that the intervened group had a statistical significant reduction in the intention of drugs use. On the contrary, the comparative group showed an increasing intention to use them. With respect to the set of variables that predicted the behavioral intention, the perceived behavioral control stands out as the variable that had the greatest change. There were no significant differences in pre-post measures in the control group. Differences between pre-post measurements were also contrasted between both groups using a Student's /test that showed significant differences in perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention variables. Finally, in order to get a greater control on the test scores, an ANCOVA analysis was applied using the post-test scores as dependent variable and the pre-test scores as covariables. This analysis was useful to corroborate the significance of the drug use intention in the future, mainly in situations that require an amount of self-control, while attitude and normative variables did not show significative changes. Outcomes confirmed the pertinence to give greater resources (time, quantity, and complexity of activities, didactic materials, etc.) to the sessions devoted to developing behavioral control skills. These results can be considered satisfactory, because the main objective of the program was to reduce the intention to use drugs; however, it is also necessary to strengthen the attitudinal and normative components. It is necessary to consider that the variable «subjective norm¼ obtained the lowest levels in confidence, possibly because of the use of self-reported answers in a variable so sensitive to the influence of social elements. For this reason, it is necessary to develop questions that diminish this element that, according to Doll and Azjen, can explain, even a 5% of variance in «behavioral intention¼. Finally, it must be considered that this evaluation shows the effectiveness of the program to achieve the expected changes in behavioral intention variable only in controlled situations. It is necessary to investigate if it is possible to obtain similar results in more usual conditions and with other populations. This means that as well as to grant the internal validity of the evaluation it is also necessary to establish its external validity.

Se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de la eficacia de un programa de prevención selectiva del consumo de drogas para adolescentes, basado en la teoría de la conducta planificada de Ajzen. Para el desarrollo de este programa se identificaron y evaluaron distintos modelos teóricos. Los criterios considerados para seleccionar un modelo que pudiera servir de base para el diseño y evaluación de una alternativa de intervención preventiva del uso de drogas, teórica y empíricamente sustentada, comprendieron: a) la inclusión de factores de riesgo o protectores maleables; b) consistencia, parsimonia y economía teóricas; c) probada capacidad explicativa y predictiva; d) eficacia empírica; e) aplicabilidad práctica. Uno de los modelos teóricos que cumplen satisfactoriamente estos requisitos es el Modelo de la Conducta Planificada de Ajzen, el cual plantea que la causa más inmediata del uso de drogas son las intenciones del individuo respecto a consumirlas o no. Estas intenciones están determinadas a su vez por dos componentes; por una parte, las actitudes hacia el consumo, y por otra, las creencias normativas o norma subjetiva. Las actitudes están conformadas por el conjunto de creencias sobre las consecuencias del consumo y por el valor afectivo que tales consecuencias tienen para el sujeto. Las creencias normativas o norma subjetiva también están determinadas por dos componentes. Por un lado, la percepción de que otras personas significativas para el sujeto aprueban o desaprueban el consumo y, por otro, la motivación del sujeto para acomodarse a las expectativas o deseos de estas personas. El control conductual percibido, último componente introducido en la teoría, contribuye ¡unto con la actitud hada la conducta y la norma subjetiva a predecir la intención conductual. En general, se cuenta con importante evidencia empírica acerca de la validez predictiva y explicativa de este modelo, en relación con el consumo de drogas entre distintas poblaciones. Una vez elegido el modelo teórico se elaboró una escala de medición para probar su capacidad explicativa para el caso de uso de drogas en población mexicana. Probada la capacidad explicativa del modelo, se llevó a cabo su adaptación práctica, en términos de desarrollar contenidos, objetivos y técnicas de una intervención preventiva basada en el mismo. Por último, se realizó la prueba piloto y la evaluación de la aplicación controlada de tal intervención. La evaluación de resultados se apoyó en un diseño experimental con prueba-postprueba y un grupo control. El programa se aplicó en cinco escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México. Se intervino a tres grupos de cada escuela, uno por grado, elegidos aleatoriamente. La muestra final, una vez depurada, quedó conformada por 250 jóvenes (96 casos y 154 controles) de entre 12 y 15 años de edad. Para la evaluación se utilizó una cédula creada ex profeso y probada previamente en una muestra de 1 200 alumnos, mostrando buenos niveles de confiabilidad y validez. Los resultados muestran que en el grupo intervenido tuvo lugar una disminución estadísticamente significativa de la intención de usar drogas, en tanto que los alumnos del grupo comparativo mostraron, por el contrario, un incremento en la intención de uso durante el mismo lapso. Del mismo modo, entre las variables antecedentes de la intención conductual, a saber, actitud, norma subjetiva^ control conductual percibido, la variable que mostró un mayor cambio fue esta última. También se contrastaron las «puntuaciones de ganancia¼ (diferencias antes-después) del grupo de los casos contra las del grupo de los controles, con lo que se pudo observar que las diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos se presentaron en las variables control conductual percibido e intención conductual. Finalmente, mediante el Modelo Lineal General (MLG) ANCOVA, se pudo corroborar la significativa reducción de la intención de utilizar sustancias y el incremento en la percepción de autocontrol, mientras que la actitud y la variable normativa no mostraron cambios significativos, lo que confirma la pertinencia de haber dotado de mayores recursos (tiempo, número y complejidad de las actividades, materiales didácticos, etc.) a las sesiones dedicadas al desarrollo de habilidades de control conductual, sobre la base previamente probada, tanto en población anglosajona como entre jóvenes mexicanos, de que esta variable suele tener un mayor peso en la explicación de la intención de usar drogas.

Aspectos histológicos da epífise de crescimento ósseo em resposta ao exercício físico extenuante em camundongos / Histologic aspects of bone growth epiphysis after strenuous physical exercise in mice

Procurou-se identificar se existe alteração histológica na epífise de crescimento ósseo de camundongos submetidos a exercício físico extenuante. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa experimental com uma amostra de 8 camundongos, que ficaram em condições ambientes em um biotério, alimentados com água e ração comum, ad libitum. A ninhada foi dividida em dois grupos, um grupo controle e um grupo experimental, sendo que, o grupo experimental foi submetido a um exercício físico extenuante, caracterizado pelo aumento do nível de ácido láctico sanguíneo, realizado por 40 minutos/dia, durante 20 dias ininterruptos. Ao final da intervenção, foram confeccionadas lâminas histológicas, com cortes longitudinais do fêmur dos camundongos e analisadas em um microscópio óptico. Os dados obtidos mostraram alteração na estrutura epifisária do grupo experimental com aparente diminuição da zona proliferativa do disco epifisário, articulação mais desenvolvida e aumento das espículas ósseas com diminuição das trabéculas, sugerindo uma maturação precoce da epífise de crescimento. Através da análise dos resultados, conclui-se que o exercício físico extenuante modifica a estrutura da epífise de crescimento ósseo em camundongos.

The aim of this study was to identify histological alterations in bone growth epiphysis of mice submitted to a tiring physical exercise. For so, it was carried out an experimental research with a sample of 8 mice that stayed in environment conditions, fed with water and common feed, ad libitum. The brood was divided in two groups, a control group and an experimental group, being the experimental group submitted to a tiring physical exercise, characterized by the increasing of blood lactate level, carried out by 40 minutes/day, during 20 days uninterrupted. At the end of the intervention, were confectioned histological slides corresponding to the bone growth epiphysis of the femur of the mice and analyzed in an light microscope. Data showed an alteration in the epiphysis structure in the experimental group, with apparent decrease of the proliferation zone of epiphysis disc, an articulation more evolution and an increase of bone specula’s with a decrease of trabeculaes, what suggests an early maturation, accelerating the substitution of cartilaginous woven by bone weave. Through the analysis of the results, it was concluded that the tiring physical exercise modifies the structure of bone growth epiphysis in mice.

[Psychosocial correlates of drug abuse and dependence among young Mexicans]. / Correlatos psicosociales del abuso y dependencia de drogas entre jóvenes mexicanos.

Objective: to test that drug abuse and dependence would be greater among those who have: higher depression, a family with dysfunctional cohesion and adaptability, greater exposure to stressful situations; maladaptive coping strategies. Methods: a case-control study design was used, with three controls matched to each case by on age, sex, and neighborhood of residence. The sample included 218 cases and 677 controls. Results: cases of drug abuse and dependence were estimated to have higher odds of elevated depression symptoms, as well as high psychosocial stress from maladaptive school adjustment, compared to controls. Cases of drug dependence had higher odds to maladaptive family cohesion and adaptation, as well as higher odds of exposure to high-impact stress related to family separations, as well as family communication problems. Conclusions: findings indicate that drug abuse and dependence are significantly related to maladaptative adjustment indicators, family disfunctionality and affective disorders.

Objetivo: este estudio pretende probar que las posibilidades de abuso o dependencia de drogas son mayores entre jóvenes con un modelo maladaptativo para afrontar el estrés y aliviar la ansiedad y la depresión. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles, con tres controles pareados a cada caso según edad, sexo y colonia de residencia. La muestra comprendió 218 jóvenes con abuso o dependencia de drogas ilícitas y 677 no usuarios. Resultados: comparados con los no usuarios, los jóvenes con abuso y dependencia tuvieron síntomas más elevados de depresión y alta tensión psicosocial derivada de un ajuste escolar maladaptativo. Hay mayores posibilidades de dependencia de drogas entre quienes señalan cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar maladaptativas y presentan estrés de alto impacto relacionado con separaciones familiares o con problemas de comunicación familiar. Conclusiones: los hallazgos indican que el abuso y dependencia de drogas están relacionados con indicadores de ajuste maladaptativo, con el deterioro de las relaciones familiares y con signos de malestar afectivo. La diversidad de factores identificados confirma la conveniencia de aplicar modelos multifactoriales para la comprensión del fenómeno.

Capacidad predictiva de la Teoría de la Conducta Planificada en la intención y uso de drogas ilícitas entre estudiantes mexicanos

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Summary The need of cost-effective drug abuse prevention programs has derived in a growing interest to develop scientific based alternatives. On this context, this study forms part of a project for the design and evaluation of a theoretical and empirically sustained intervention for illicit drug abuse prevention among Mexican junior high school students. Starting with the revision and assessment of different theoretical models that could be adapted to the conditions of the institutional context wherein the intervention will be developed, the Azjen and Fishbein's Theory of Planned Behavior was chosen. This theory includes proximal cognitive and attitude factors directly related to the initiation of drug use. In accordance with it, the experimental use of substances is a result of the intention of consuming them, which, in turn, depends on three elements: a) the attitude toward the drug use, b) the normative beliefs on this matter (subjective norm) and c) the perceived behavioral control regarding drug use or, in turn, confronting social pressure. In a first instance, several items were developed adapting the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior to the target population's characteristics. On this base, the reliability and validity of a self-applied questionnaire for the measurement of the variables of the model was proved. In this work are reported the findings of the evaluation of Theory of Planned Behavior's potential to predict both behavioral intention of using illicit drugs and consumption of substances among Mexican high school students, in order to set a precedent to apply the model later on in the design and evaluation of a preventive intervention directed to such population. Method: The study was carried on with an ex post facto, correlational design, and with a non-probabilistic sample of 1,019 subjects. Sample. The sample size was estimated considering the possibility of selecting a subsample of drug users and comparison subjects for a post-stratified analysis, assuring a statistical power of 80% and adequate sensibility and stability. Therefore, this work includes the performed analyses with a sample of 75 drug users and 75 non users, paired by gender, age, school grade and occupation. Instrument. The instrument was a self-applied questionnaire specially developed for the study, according to information obtained in previous focal groups interviews with high school students. The questionnaire showed a global realiability of 0.9154 and between 0.62 and 0.94 in each one of its scales, which included: behavioral beliefs (0.9121), attributed value to behavioral beliefs (0.7964), normative beliefs (0.6480), subject's disposition to adjust to normative expectations (0.8564), descriptive norm (0.6254), drug use opportunities (0.8129) and perceived behavioral control coping with such opportunity situations (0.9442). A factorial analysis of principal components yielded 16 factors of at least three items each, with factorial weights higher than 0.4, and closely attached to Theory of Planned Behavior's variables, with an explained variance of 59%. Analysis. Previous to data analysis, normality tests (Kolmogorov- Smirnov) were performed, indicating the necessity to apply nonparametric tests of differences and to transform the data to be adapted to the requirements of later parametric analyses. A correlation analysis was carried out to prove the association between behavioral intention and drug use, as well as between the different components of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Finally, linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the explicative potential of the model and the predictive weight of each variable on the model with regard to the behavioral intention and the consumption of drugs. Findings: According to the Mann-Whitney test, compared with students who had not used drugs, subjects that used them at least once in their life showed more favorable attitudes toward consumption (median= 6.9 vs. 3.9, z=-5.22, p=0.000), perceived more social tolerance (median=3.8 vs. 3.5, z=-2.27, p=0.023), were more willing to give in to social pressure for using substances (median=2.0 vs. 1.0, z=-5.598, p=0.000), perceived a higher number of users among their significant others, and less negative consequences Salud Mental, Vol. 30, No. 1, enero-febrero 2007 69 of drug use in themselves (median=16.3 vs. 7.1, z=-4.246, p=0.000), and felt less capable of behavioral control when coping with opportunities for consumption, which, in turn, are more frequent in their case (median=5.7 vs 1.8, z=-6.76, p=0.000). The correlation between the intention and the behavior of drug use (r=0.41, p<0.000) was allocated inside the range reported in other populations. Drug use intention correlated with attitude toward drug use at r=0.45 (p=0.000), with subjective norm, including additional components at r=0.48 (p=0.000), and with perceived behavioral control at r=0.59 (p=0.000). Drug use correlated with attitude at r=0.51 (p=0.000), with subjective norm at r=0.28 (p=0.001), and with perceived behavioral control at r=0.37 (p=0.000). Linear regression analysis yielded that the model explained 34% of the variance of drug use intention, which increased to 38% when adding personal and descriptive norm elements to the subjective norm construct. Behavioral control (measured on the basis of the product of exposition to drug use facilitating situations punctuations by perceived behavioral control to cope with these situations punctuations) was identified as the best predictor of drug use intention (B=0.32, p=0.001), followed by attitude toward drug use (B=0.24, p=0.004) and subjective norm, which originally showed a non-significant effect but increased its predictive weight when additional elements were added (B=0.24, p=0.004). According to the logistic regression analysis, behavioral control is also the best predictor of illicit drug use on the model (odds ratio= 1.42, p<0.000). On the contrary, subjective norm (including personal and descriptive norm) and attitude (odds ratio=1.144, p=0.06) were not significant predictors of drug use. Discussion: In general, this findings indicate that the Theory of Planned Behavior showed an acceptable predictive capacity (similar to that found in other populations), and can be taken as a valid theoretical ground to develop a preventive intervention directed to Mexican students of high school education. As is the case with other populations, the variable in the Planned Behavior Theory with more predictive weight was perceived behavioral control, followed by attitude to drug use and, in third place, by subjective norm. Despite it could be supposed that subjective norm would have a higher predictive weight in Mexican teenagers, findings probably reflected idiocentric and individualistic tendencies reported in other studies. Results also point out to the convenience of including it in the program of intervention informative components to produce an awareness effect and an impact in the intention of using drugs. Still, they indicate above all, the need to integrate components directed to the development and reinforcement of behavioral control abilities that have an effect in the use of drugs itself. Specifically, it is considered the convenience of including components for the development of group pressure resistance abilities and assertive communication, appropriate to the contexts in which young people face drug abuse risk situations.

Acylphloroglucinol derivatives from Mahurea palustris.

Five new acylphloroglucinol derivatives, mahureones A-E (1, 3-6), have been isolated from the leaves of Mahurea palustris, and their structures determined by spectroscopic means. During the isolation process, several byproducts (7-9) were formed by reaction of one of the isoprenyl side chains with TFA, water, and acetonitrile. All the compounds were assayed for their ability to inhibit human DNA polymerase beta. The most active compounds, mahureones A (1) and D (5), exhibited IC50 values in the 10 microM range.