6- and 12-Month Outcomes after 90:10 Enteral Nutrition Induction Therapy in Pediatric Crohn's Disease.

OBJECTIVES: Studies describing longer-term outcomes after EEN induction are limited. We describe clinical outcomes during 90:10 EN induction, and 6- and 12- month outcomes among patients that successfully completed EN induction and then continued either EN or immunomodulator (IM) maintenance therapy. METHODS: All children with CD treated with 90:10 EN induction protocol (90% formula:10% regular diet) at our IBD Center from 2013 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded at baseline, 6, and 12 months (± 3 months at each timepoint). Therapy changes after initiation of EN induction through 12 months were recorded. Among patients that successfully completed 90:10 induction, outcomes between EN and IM maintenance groups were compared. RESULTS: In total, 44/105 (42%) patients completed 8-12 weeks of 90:10 EN induction. Sixty-one patients had incomplete EN induction, with 52% requiring corticosteroids and 25% anti-TNF therapy as alternate induction approaches. Forty-four patients completed EN induction (18 continued EN maintenance and 26 IM maintenance therapy). Twenty-seven of these 44 (61%) remained on initial maintenance therapy at 6 months (10/18 (56%) EN and 17/26 (65%) IM). In total, 16/44 (36%) remained on their initial maintenance therapy at 12 months. By 12 months, 10 patients required anti-TNF and 11 corticosteroids after successful completion of induction. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study of short and longer-term outcomes after 90:10 EN induction, the need for an alternate induction therapy was common, most frequently to anti-TNF or corticosteroid therapy. Future studies are needed to evaluate for predictors of long-term success after EN induction.

Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant for Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome.

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is characterized by arthritis, fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and serositis. Macrophage activation syndrome is the most feared complication of sJIA with a high risk of mortality. We report a 16-year-old female diagnosed with refractory systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) complicated by recurrent macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), severe joint disease, and lung involvement requiring prolonged immunosuppressive therapy. She received a matched unrelated allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (Allo-HCT) using a reduced-intensity conditioning regimen and is now, 3 years after the transplant, with complete resolution of sJIA symptoms, off immunosuppressants, and with significant improvement in the quality of life.

Emotion, working memory task demands and individual differences predict behavior, cognitive effort and negative affect.

We examined whether positive and negative affect motivates verbal and spatial working memory processes, respectively, which have implications for the expenditure of mental effort. We argue that when emotion promotes cognitive tendencies that are goal incompatible with task demands, greater cognitive effort is required to perform well. We sought to investigate whether this increase in cognitive effort impairs behavioural control over a broad domain of self-control tasks. Moreover, we predicted that individuals with higher behavioural inhibition system (BIS) sensitivities would report more negative affect within the goal incompatible conditions because such individuals report higher negative affect during cognitive challenge. Positive or negative affective states were induced followed by completing a verbal or spatial 2-back working memory task. All participants then completed one of three self-control tasks. Overall, we observed that conditions of emotion and working memory incompatibility (positive/spatial and negative/verbal) performed worse on the self-control tasks, and within the incompatible conditions individuals with higher BIS sensitivities reported more negative affect at the end of the study. The combination of findings suggests that emotion and working memory compatibility reduces cognitive effort and impairs behavioural control.