A 13-Year Trend Analysis of HIV Epidemiology in the Philippines (2010 to 2022).

PURPOSE: This article describes the trends and contributing factors in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemiology in the Philippines from 2010 to 2022. This is the first trend analysis of the Philippine HIV/AIDS situation. DESIGN: Using time trend research design, 13-year longitudinal epidemiological data were collected and analyzed to present a dynamic perspective of the Philippine HIV/AIDS epidemic. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of HIV surveillance public documents from 2010 to 2022 was conducted. The Centers for Disease Control's socioecological model was used to guide the literature and interpretation of findings. Frequency, percentage distribution, and Sieve-bootstrap t-test for linear trends were used to analyze the results. FINDINGS: There is an increased trend in HIV incidence, late diagnosis, and AIDS-related mortality in all geographical regions in the country from 2010-2022. The majority of HIV cases are males, ages 25-34, and reside in the nation's capital. Increased HIV incidence among overseas workers, sex workers, and HIV-positive blood products were noted. CONCLUSION: Trends in Philippine HIV epidemiology are contrary to global trends. Community-based HIV prevention programs targeting specific high-risk populations are needed. CLINICAL EVIDENCE: Community health nurses in the Philippines play a critical role in reversing the rising trend of HIV/AIDS. They are positioned to lead targeted education and prevention programs for high-risk groups using the socioecological model to implement community-based strategies that address factors contributing to the epidemic. Their efforts in early detection and linkage to care are essential in reducing late diagnosis and AIDS-related mortality.

Fear of COVID-19, poor quality of sleep, irritability, and intention to quit school among nursing students: A cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to assess the fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its influence on the students' fear of COVID-19 and intention to leave nursing school. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study employed a cross-sectional design using self-report questionnaires distributed to 261 nursing students from the Philippines. FINDINGS: The first-year nursing students are found to be the most fearful among the group. The students' fear of COVID-19 is associated with their high irritability, poor sleep quality, and desire to quit nursing school. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Students are perturbed by the pandemic and teachers should implement supportive, teaching-learning strategies to address the student's needs.

Factors associated with missed nursing care and nurse-assessed quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus outbreak has brought unprecedented pressures to many health care systems worldwide, potentially compromising nursing care delivery and overall health care services. AIMS: This study identified factors that contributed to missed nursing care and nurse-assessed quality of care during the coronavirus pandemic. METHODS: This study employed a cross-sectional research design using an online survey. Survey respondents were 295 frontline nurses from the Central Region of the Philippines. RESULTS: Missed care occurred at a low level, with "adequate patient surveillance" as the most often missed nursing care activity. Hospital facility size, nurse staffing levels, and patient safety culture predicted missed nursing care. Personal protective equipment adequacy, nurse staffing levels, and patient safety culture were identified as predictors of quality of care. CONCLUSION: Frontline nurses tended to miss clinical aspects of nursing care during the pandemic. Modifying elements of the work environment, including nurse staffing levels, safety culture, and adequacy of protective equipment, may reduce care compromise and improve the quality of nursing care. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: By addressing the identified predictors, nurse managers could effectively develop appropriate interventions to support the professional role of nurses and ensure the delivery of complete, safe, and quality nursing care during the pandemic.

Resilience as a mediator between compassion fatigue, nurses' work outcomes, and quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Nurses in the frontline of the battle against COVID-19 are highly vulnerable to compassion fatigue (CF), which may affect their mental health, work effectiveness, and patient safety outcomes. However, no studies have investigated nurses' CF in relation to job outcomes and care quality during the pandemic. AIMS: This study aims to examine the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between CF and frontline nurses' job outcomes (job satisfaction and turnover intention) and care quality. DESIGN: An online, cross-sectional survey containing five self-report scales was used to collect data from 270 frontline nurses in selected hospitals in the Philippines. RESULTS: Overall, 38.5% of frontline nurses experienced medium to high CF during the second wave of the pandemic. Increased CF was associated with poorer nurse-reported quality of care (ß = -0.145, p = 0.019), lower job satisfaction (ß = -0.317, p = 0.001), and higher organizational turnover intention (ß = 0.301, p = 0.001). Moreover, resilience fully mediated the relationship between CF and quality of care (ß = -0.088, p = 0.169), and partially mediated the relationship between CF and job satisfaction (ß = -0.259, p = 0.001), and CF fatigue and organizational turnover intention (ß = 0.272, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Frontline nurses are at risk of developing CF during the pandemic. Psychological resilience reduces the negative impact of CF on frontline nurses' job satisfaction, turnover intention, and the quality of care in their assigned unit. Proactive measures to reduce CF should be prioritized by nursing administrators. Resilience-promoting interventions could foster job satisfaction and retention in nurses and, hence, the quality of care delivered in their units.

Perceived COVID-19-associated discrimination, mental health and professional-turnover intention among frontline clinical nurses: The mediating role of resilience.

COVID-19-associated discrimination (CAD) is an important issue that may adversely affect frontline nurses' work effectiveness and well-being. This study examined the relationships between frontline nurses' perceptions of COVID-19-associated discrimination and their resilience, mental health, and professional-turnover intention. This cross-sectional descriptive study involved 259 frontline nurses in the Central Philippines and used four online self-report measures. The results revealed that frontline nurses perceived a moderate level of COVID-19-associated discrimination. Frontline nurses who perceived a higher level of discrimination during the coronavirus pandemic reported poorer mental health and higher professional-turnover intention. Resilience acted as a mediator and reduced the effects of COVID-19-associated discrimination on nurses' mental health and their professional-turnover intention. Proactive measures to reduce the negative consequences of discrimination during the pandemic, and efforts to foster resilience in nurses who are in the forefront of the fight against the highly transmissible virus, should be given high priority by hospital and nursing administrators to better support nurses' mental health and foster retention.

Job engagement and satisfaction are associated with nurse caring behaviours: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: There is a scarcity of literature assessing the impact of job engagement and satisfaction in the nurse's caring behaviours. This study aims to identify how these factors affect the caring behaviours of nurses. METHODS: This study used a cross-sectional design and employed self-report questionnaires. A total of 549 nurses from private and government hospitals participated in the survey conducted in the year 2019. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyse the data. RESULTS: Results revealed that the nurses display high caring behaviours and job engagement and moderate sense of satisfaction. Remarkably, there are no profile variables significantly related to the nurse's caring behaviours. Findings suggest that job engagement and satisfaction are significantly associated with the nurses' caring behaviours. CONCLUSION: Factors such as job engagement and satisfaction affect nurses' caring behaviours. IMPLICATIONS TO NURSING MANAGEMENT: Health organisations must provide strategies to increase job engagement and satisfaction of nurses to yield high caring behaviours, which is vital to the achievement of patient safety.

Social and emotional loneliness among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The predictive role of coping behaviors, social support, and personal resilience.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of coping behaviors, resilience, and social support on students' emotional and social loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional research design was used to gather data from 303 college students from the Central Philippines using four standardized scales through an online survey. FINDINGS: Loneliness among students was high during the coronavirus pandemic. Resilience, coping behaviors, and social support were identified as protective factors against loneliness. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Interventions directed toward increasing resilience, social support, and coping behaviors may help decrease emotional and social loneliness caused by the mandatory lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prevalence and predictors of coronaphobia among frontline hospital and public health nurses.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence as well as the predictors of coronaphobia in frontline hospital and public health nurses. DESIGN: This study used a cross-sectional research study involving 736 nurses working in COVID-19 designated hospitals and health units in Region 8, Philippines. Four structured self-report scales were used, including the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, the Brief Resilience Scale, the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, and the single-item measure for perceived health. RESULTS: The prevalence of coronaphobia was 54.76% (n = 402): 37.04% (n = 130) in hospital nurses and 70.91% (n = 273) in public health nurses. Additionally, nurses' gender (ß = 0.148, p < .001), marital status (ß = 0.124, p < .001), job status (ß = 0.138, p < .001), and personal resilience (ß = -0.167, p = .002) were identified as predictors of COVID-19 anxiety. A small proportion of nurses were willing (19.94%, n = 70) and fully prepared (9.40%, n = 33) to manage and care for coronavirus patients. CONCLUSION: Coronaphobia is prevalent among frontline Filipino nurses, particularly among public health nurses. Interventions to address coronaphobia among frontline nurses in the hospital and community should consider the predictors identified. By increasing personal resilience in nurses through theoretically driven intervention, coronaphobia may be alleviated.

Fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses.

AIM: To examine the relative influence of fear of COVID-19 on nurses' psychological distress, work satisfaction and intent to leave their organisation and the profession. BACKGROUND: The emergence of COVID-19 has significantly impacted the psychological and mental well-being of frontline health care workers, including nurses. To date, no studies have been conducted examining how this fear of COVID-19 contributes to health, well-being and work outcomes in frontline nurses. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional research design involving 261 frontline nurses in the Philippines. Five standardized scales were used for data collection. RESULTS: Overall, the composite score of the fear of COVID-19 scale was 19.92. Job role and attendance of COVID-19-related training predicted fear of COVID-19. An increased level of fear of COVID-19 was associated with decreased job satisfaction, increased psychological distress and increased organisational and professional turnover intentions. CONCLUSIONS: Frontline nurses who reported not having attended COVID-19-related training and those who held part-time job roles reported increased fears of COVID-19. Addressing the fear of COVID-19 may result in improved job outcomes in frontline nurses, such as increased job satisfaction, decreased stress levels and lower intent to leave the organisation and the profession. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Organisational measures are vital to support the mental health of nurses and address their fear of COVID-19 through peer and social support, psychological and mental support services (e.g. counselling or psychotherapy), provision of training related to COVID-19 and accurate and regular information updates.

Relationship between nurse practice environment and work outcomes: A survey study in the Philippines.

AIMS: Challenges in the nurse practice environment greatly affect nurse work outcomes. This study investigated the relationship between nurse practice environment and work outcomes in the Philippines. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey involved 549 hospital nurses in the Philippines in 2018. The nurse practice environment was measured using the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI). Four self-report scales were used to measure work outcomes: job satisfaction, job burnout, job stress and nurse-assessed quality of care. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Significant relationships were found between nurse and organizational characteristics and nurse practice environment. Further, multivariate regression analysis revealed that the nurse practice environment had a significant and positive relationship with perceived quality of care and a significant and negative relationship with job burnout and job stress. CONCLUSION: A favourable work environment significantly reduced job burnout and job stress and improved the quality of patient care. With considerable migration abroad, a favourable nurse practice environment may engage a better nurse workforce in the country and subsequently reduce migration. Managers must focus on developing good nurse practice environments that will improve professional work outcomes and quality patient care.

Impact of organizational silence and favoritism on nurse's work outcomes and psychological well-being.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to assess the impacts of organizational silence and favoritism on work outcomes and psychological wellbeing among nurses working in hospitals. BACKGROUND: Literature on the organizational climate among nurses in hospital settings is limited, particularly on favoritism and organizational silence and their effect on nurses. METHODS: Purposive sampling was used to gather 549 registered nurses who participated in this cross-sectional study. Standardized self-report questionnaires were used to gather the necessary data. RESULTS: Years in the nursing profession (ß = .028, P < .001), location of work (ß = 0.481, P < .001), and facility size (ß = 0.451, P < .001) strongly predicted organizational silence, while years in the present unit (ß = 0.020, P = .022) and last shift length (ß = 0.200, P = .012) predicted favoritism. Favoritism (ß = 0.226, P = .028) significantly influenced turnover intention in nurses. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of favoritism within the organization are strongly linked with nurses' turnover intention. Few individual and organizational variables predicted organizational silence and favoritism. IMPLICATIONS TO NURSING MANAGEMENT: The results of this study provide an insight to the effects of organizational silence and favoritism towards nurses' work outcomes and psychological wellbeing. Improving the channels of communication among the healthcare team is vital to promote inclusivity among healthcare workers and enhance organizational viability.

COVID-19 anxiety among front-line nurses: Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support.

AIM: This study examines the relative influence of personal resilience, social support and organisational support in reducing COVID-19 anxiety in front-line nurses. BACKGROUND: Anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic is prevalent in the nursing workforce, potentially affecting nurses' well-being and work performance. Identifying factors that could help maintain mental health and reduce coronavirus-related anxiety among front-line nurses is imperative. Currently, no studies have been conducted examining the influence of personal resilience, social support and organisational support in reducing COVID-19 anxiety among nurses. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 325 registered nurses from the Philippines using four standardized scales. RESULTS: Of the 325 nurses in the study, 123 (37.8%) were found to have dysfunctional levels of anxiety. Using multiple linear regression analyses, social support (ß = -0.142, p = .011), personal resilience (ß = -0.151, p = .008) and organisational support (ß = -0.127, p = .023) predicted COVID-19 anxiety. Nurse characteristics were not associated with COVID-19 anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Resilient nurses and those who perceived higher organisational and social support were more likely to report lower anxiety related to COVID-19. IMPLICATION FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: COVID-19 anxiety may be addressed through organisational interventions, including increasing social support, assuring adequate organisational support, providing psychological and mental support services and providing resilience-promoting and stress management interventions.

Transition shock and newly graduated nurses' job outcomes and select patient outcomes: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: This study examined transition shock experiences in newly graduated nurses as well as its relative influence on job outcomes (job satisfaction, stress and burnout, and intent to leave their organisation) and select patient outcomes (missed care, adverse events and perceived quality of care). BACKGROUND: Transition shock is a reality common among newly graduated nurses and has been considered an issue relevant to nursing administrators. To date, the mechanism by which transition shock perception is linked with nurse and patient outcomes remains unexplored. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used. One hundred seventy-six newly graduated nurses (nurses with <1 year of work experience) were included in the study. Data were collected using seven standardized scales. RESULTS: Hospital classification (e.g., being employed in a government-owned hospital) (ß = 0.255; p = .001) predicted transition shock. Overall, newly graduated nurses reported greatest challenges with regard to their expectations of the actual work environment (mean = 2.60, standard deviation = 0.42) and in balancing their professional and personal lives (mean = 2.51, standard deviation = 0.35). Higher levels of reality shock were associated with adverse patient events (ß = 0.821; p = .001). CONCLUSION: New graduates experience great challenges in balancing their professional and personal lives. Ensuring work-life balance and work readiness in newly graduated nurses may potentially reduce the occurrence of missed nursing care and adverse events. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nurse managers can adequately support newly graduated nurses' transition through the implementation of empirically based transition programmes. By providing flexible work arrangement, reasonable workload, adequate nurse staffing, limited mandatory overtime and self-scheduling, nurse managers can effectively assist newly graduated nurses in attaining work-life balance.

The association of nurse caring behaviours on missed nursing care, adverse patient events and perceived quality of care: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: This study evaluated the role of nurse caring in predicting missed nursing care, adverse patient events and the quality of nursing care. BACKGROUND: Missed nursing care is an issue essential in health care, as it is associated with adverse patient events. While studies have previously examined factors that result in missed nursing care activities and adverse events, the role of nurse caring itself in this context has not yet been explored. METHODS: A cross-sectional research design was adopted, employing a convenience sample of 549 registered nurses from six hospitals in the Philippines identified between October 2018 and January 2019. Four self-report scales were used in this study as follows: the caring behaviour inventory, the missed nursing care scale, the adverse patient events scale and a single-item scale to measure the quality of nursing care. RESULTS: Comforting or talking with patients and changing patients' positioning in bed were the most frequently missed care tasks, while patient/family complaints and patient/family verbal abuse were the most frequently reported adverse events. Nurse caring strongly predicted the quality of care, missed nursing care and patient adverse events. CONCLUSION: Fostering caring behaviours among nurses has a profound effect on nurses' decision to omit or provide nursing care as well as on reducing adverse events and promoting quality nursing care. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The adoption of strategies to improve caring behaviours among nurses is critically important to prevent or reduce the occurrence of errors and adverse events.

Examining stress perceptions and coping strategies among Saudi nursing students: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: Stress is a perennial problem in nursing education and Saudi student nurses are not immune. Despite the growing literature examining stress in Saudi student nurses, a broader perspective on this concept has not been explored. This paper is a report of a review systematically appraising and synthesizing existing scientific articles reporting stress perceptions and coping styles in Saudi student nurses. DESIGN: A systematic review method guided this review. DATA SOURCES: Four (SCOPUS, CINAHL, PubMed, Ovid) bibliographic databases were searched to locate relevant articles. REVIEW METHODS: An electronic database search was performed in August 2017 to locate studies published from 2010 onwards. The search words included: "stress" OR "psychological stress", "coping" OR "psychological adaptation", "Saudi Arabia", "student", and "nurse". Eleven (11) articles met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Review of the findings showed moderate to high stress levels in Saudi student nurses that originated mainly from heavy workloads and taking care of patients. However, when the students' demographic characteristics were taken into account, inconclusive results were found, although some evidence showed higher stress levels in higher level students. Both active and passive coping styles were used by nursing students when dealing with stress. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with international studies, Saudi student nurses experience a considerable levels of stress from various sources. Findings may provide a direction for nursing faculty in formulating stress interventions that are empirically tested and culturally appropriate.