Validity of Administrative Coding for Nonarteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: Administrative claims have been used to study the incidence and outcomes of nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), but the validity of International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes for identifying NAION has not been examined. METHODS: We identified patients at 3 academic centers who received ≥1 ICD-10 code for NAION in 2018. We abstracted the final diagnosis from clinical documentation and recorded the number of visits with an NAION diagnosis code. We calculated positive predictive value (PPV) for the overall sample and stratified by subspecialty and the number of diagnosis codes. For patients with ophthalmology or neuro-ophthalmology visit data, we recorded presenting symptoms, examination findings, and laboratory data and calculated PPV relative to case definitions of NAION that incorporated sudden onset of symptoms, optic disc edema, afferent pupillary defect, and other characteristics. RESULTS: Among 161 patients, PPV for ≥1 ICD-10 code was 74.5% (95% CI: 67.2%-80.7%). PPV was similar when restricted to patients who had visited an ophthalmologist (75.8%, 95% CI: 68.4%-82.0%) but increased to 86.8% when restricted to those who had visited neuro-ophthalmologists (95% CI: 79.2%-91.9%). Of 113 patients with >1 ICD-10 code and complete examination data, 37 (32.7%) had documented sudden onset, optic disc swelling, and an afferent pupillary defect (95% CI: 24.7%-42.0%). Of the 76 patients who did not meet these criteria, 54 (71.0%) still received a final clinical diagnosis of NAION; for most (41/54, 75.9%), this discrepancy was due to lack of documented optic disc edema. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of ICD-10 codes for NAION in administrative claims data is high, particularly when combined with provider specialty.

Impact of Diplopia and Ptosis From Lingering Third Nerve Palsy After Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: Third nerve palsies (TNPs) may not resolve after intervention for intracranial aneurysms that have compressed the nerve. The disability related to this lingering condition has not been assessed with the support of patient self-report. METHODS: A single-institutional retrospective study of patients with TNP who had undergone interventions for intracranial aneurysms. We used residual primary-position diplopia, a narrow zone of single binocular vision, and vision-obscuring ptosis to divide TNP recovery into complete, incomplete nondisabling, and incomplete disabling outcomes based on medical record documentation and patient self-report derived from telephonic interviews. RESULTS: In a cohort of 33 patients, 13 (39%) had complete TNP recovery. There were 11 patients (33%) with lingering visual disability from diplopia or ptosis present before ophthalmic interventions. Of the 6 patients who underwent ophthalmic interventions, visual disability was relieved in only 2 patients, leaving 9 patients (27%) with lingering impairment in instrumental activities of daily living. Telephonic interviews of 23 patients (70% of the cohort) confirmed that the outcome criteria we applied were accurate in assessing visual disability in 17 patients (74%). Univariate analysis using the Fisher exact test showed that aneurysmal clipping as a treatment modality was the only clinical feature associated with a favorable TNP outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In applying a novel method of assessing disability, this study showed that more than one-quarter of patients undergoing procedures for brain aneurysms had lingering disability from third nerve palsy-associated diplopia or ptosis, despite later ophthalmic interventions. Patient self-report gleaned from telephonic interviews was valuable in largely validating the assessment method derived from medical records and in revealing differences between physician and patient estimation of disability.

Changes in the Use of Brand Name and Generic Medications and Total Prescription Cost Among Medicare Beneficiaries With Epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize trends in antiseizure medication (ASM) fills and total prescription costs in people with epilepsy. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of beneficiaries with epilepsy (ASM, plus International Classification of Diseases codes) in a 20% random Medicare sample, with continuous Fee-For-Service coverage (Parts A, B, and D) in 2008-2018. We summed the number of pill days and costs (adjusted to 2018 dollars) per person-year for each ASM. ASMs were categorized into brand versus generic, first- versus newer-generation, and enzyme-inducers versus non-inducers. RESULTS: There were 77,000-133,000 beneficiaries with epilepsy per year. The most common ASM was phenytoin in 2008, which shifted to levetiracetam in 2018 (2008: phenytoin 25%, levetiracetam 14%; 2018: phenytoin 9%, levetiracetam 27%). Brand name (2008: 56%; 2018: 14%), first-generation (2008: 55%; 2018: 32%), and enzyme-inducing ASMs (2008: 44%; 2018: 24%) each decreased over time as a proportion of pill days. The number of brand pill days per person-year initially decreased (e.g. 2008: 250; 2009: 121; 2010: 96), but then plateaued (2013-2018: between 66-69) given a notable increase in lacosamide pill days per person (2008: 0; 2018: 20). Total brand name costs per year initially decreased 2008-2010 (2008: $150 million; 2010: $72 million) but then increased after 2010 (2018: $256 million). In 2018 brand name ASMs represented 79% of costs despite representing only 14% of pill days, a one-year pill supply became 277% more expensive for brand name but 42% less expensive for generic medications over time (2008: brand ∼$2,800 versus generic ∼$800; 2018: brand ∼$10,700 versus generic ∼$460), and many common brand name ASMs cost approximately ten-fold more per pill day than their generic equivalents. CONCLUSIONS: First-generation and enzyme-inducing ASMs waned from 2008 to 2018. While brand name ASMs initially waned translating into lower costs and potentially higher value care, after 2010 brand name costs markedly increased due to increasing use of lacosamide plus a 277% increase in per-pill cost of brand name ASMs. Brand name ASMs represented a small minority of prescriptions, but the large majority of costs.

Self-reported Eye Care Use Among US Adults Aged 50 to 80 Years.

IMPORTANCE: Contemporary data on use of eye care by US adults are critical, as the prevalence of age-related eye disease and vision impairment are projected to increase in the coming decades. OBJECTIVES: To provide nationally representative estimates on self-reported use of eye care by adults aged 50 to 80 years, and to describe the reasons that adults do and do not seek eye care. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The National Poll on Healthy Aging, a cross-sectional, nationally representative online survey was conducted from March 9 to 24, 2018, among 2013 individuals aged 50 to 80 years. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The proportion of US adults who received an eye examination within the past 2 years as well as the sociodemographic and economic factors associated with receipt of eye care. RESULTS: Among 2013 adults aged 50 to 80 years (survey-weighted proportion of women, 52.5%; white non-Hispanic, 71.1%; mean [SD] age, 62.1 [9.0] years), the proportion reporting that they underwent an eye examination in the past year was 58.5% (95% CI, 56.1%-60.8%) and in the past 2 years was 82.4% (95% CI, 80.4%-84.2%). Among those with diabetes, 72.2% (95% CI, 67.2%-76.8%) reported undergoing an eye examination in the past year and 91.3% (95% CI, 87.7%-93.9%) in the past 2 years. The odds of having undergone an eye examination within the past 2 years were higher among women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.00; 95% CI, 1.50-2.67), respondents with household incomes of $30 000 or more (AOR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.08-2.29), and those with a diagnosed age-related eye disease (AOR, 3.67; 95% CI, 2.37-5.69) or diabetes (AOR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.50-3.54). The odds were lower for respondents who were unmarried (AOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53-0.96), from the Midwest (AOR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34-0.87) or West (AOR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.94), or reported fair or poor vision (AOR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.28-0.65). Reasons reported for not undergoing a recent eye examination included having no perceived problems with their eyes or vision (41.5%), cost (24.9%), or lack of insurance coverage (23.4%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this study, the rate of eye examinations was generally high among US adults aged 50 to 80 years, yet there were several significant demographic and socioeconomic differences in the use of eye care. These findings may be relevant to health policy efforts to address disparities in eye care and to promote care for those most at risk for vision problems.

Management of Peripapillary Choroidal Neovascular Membrane in Patients With Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with peripapillary choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) secondary to idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). METHODS: Retrospective, multicenter chart review of patients diagnosed with peripapillary CNVM in the course of the treatment and follow-up of IIH. RESULTS: Records were reviewed from 7 different institutions between 2006 and 2016. Ten patients (13 eyes) with a diagnosis of IIH and at least 3 months of follow-up developed CNVM. Three of the total 10 patients developed bilateral CNVM. The mean time from the diagnosis of IIH to CNVM diagnosis was 41 months. Mean follow-up period was 8 months after diagnosis of CNVM. All patients were treated with acetazolamide for IIH. Seven eyes were observed, and 6 eyes were given anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections, including bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and aflibercept. All CNVMs regressed with subretinal fibrosis, and visual acuity improved in most patients. Papilledema resolved in only 1 eye, while the other 12 eyes had persistent papilledema at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Peripapillary CNVM, a rare complication of IIH, often resolves spontaneously with treatment of IIH. In vision-threatening and/or persistent cases, intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment may be a safe and effective therapeutic option.

Transient Monocular Vision Loss on Awakening: A Benign Amaurotic Phenomenon.

BACKGROUND: Transient monocular vision loss (TMVL) is an alarming symptom owing to potentially serious etiologies such as thromboembolism or giant cell arteritis. Our objective is to describe the phenomenon of TMVL present on awakening, which may represent a distinct and benign entity. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational case series of 29 patients who experienced TMVL on awakening. Patients who described monocular dimming or blackout of vision were included, and those with blurred vision, concurrent eye pain, and binocular vision loss were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the study population. RESULTS: Of the 29 patients we studied, 90% (n = 26) were female and 48% had crowded discs (cup-to-disc ratio ≤0.2). The mean age was 45.4 years, although women were significantly younger than men (mean ages 43.4 and 62.7 years, respectively, P = 0.017). Brain magnetic resonance imaging and vascular imaging (magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomographic angiography, or carotid Doppler) were performed in 69% and 55% of cases, respectively, and were uniformly negative. In 14 patients for whom clear follow-up data could be obtained, no medically or visually significant sequelae of this syndrome were found, and 50% experienced resolution of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation was uniformly negative when patients described waking with isolated vision loss in 1 eye with subsequent resolution, usually in less than 15 minutes. The natural history seems benign with symptoms frequently remitting spontaneously. This visual phenomenon may represent an autoregulatory failure resulting in a supply/demand mismatch during low-light conditions.

Hyaluronic acid of high molecular weight inhibits proliferation and induces cell death in U937 macrophage cells.

Hyaluronic acid (HA), a major glycosaminoglycan component of the extracellular matrix, has regulatory influences on cells and cellular activities. To explore the effects of a high concentration (1 mg/mL) of high molecular weight HA (500-730 kD) on U937 macrophage growth dynamics, three factors that influence overall cellular growth, namely proliferation, apoptosis, and cell death, were examined. Cells were cultured with HA and were analyzed by flow cytometry every 24 hours during a 168-hour period for proliferation and the presence of apoptotic and dead cells. These analyses demonstrated that HA inhibits U937 macrophage proliferation in a time-dependent manner. Through the first 72 hours, cells exhibited slowed proliferation. However, no evidence of cell division arrest or reduced cell viability was observed. Thereafter, HA continued to diminish proliferation, but induced apoptosis. This data is consistent with regulatory influences secondary to HA binding to CD44 and/or RHAMM cell surface receptors, both of which were shown to be expressed on U937 macrophages. This study demonstrates that a high concentration of high molecular weight HA greatly inhibits macrophage population growth by the dual actions of impeding cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis.

Hyalgan has a dose-dependent differential effect on macrophage proliferation and cell death.

The intra-articular injection of high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) has been reported to be an effective treatment for pain of osteoarthritis of the knee. However, the mechanism by which HA exerts its effect is unknown. To explore HA's influence on the growth of U937 human macrophages, cells were incubated for 168 h with three concentrations, 1, 0.1 and 0.01 mg/mL, of Hyalgan, a high molecular weight HA preparation. At 24-h increments, the cells were examined for proliferation, cell cycle distribution as well as the number of apoptotic and dead cells. Exposing macrophages to 1 mg/mL Hyalgan significantly reduced the rate of cellular proliferation and altered the cell cycle distribution to yield decreased proportions of G0/G1 cells but increased S and G2/M cells. Concomitantly, a 10-fold increase in apoptotic cells and a 12-fold increase in dead cells were observed. The population doubling time (PDT) for cells treated with 1.0 mg/mL Hyalgan increased from 23.6 to 52.9 h. By contrast, the two lower Hyalgan concentrations significantly promoted macrophage proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. They also increased the proportion of G2/M cells, but had no effect on the number of apoptotic or dead cells. The PDTs of 21.5 and 22.2 h were less than the control time of 23.6 h. These results demonstrate that Hyalgan concentrations have a differential effect on macrophage growth dynamics and suggest an anti-inflammatory effect at high HA concentrations.