Distribution of kidney diseases in Joinville, Santa Catarina: analysis of a kidney biopsy data bank between 2008 and 2019 / Distribuição das nefropatias em Joinville, Santa Catarina: análise de um banco de dados de biópsia renal entre 2008 a 2019

Abstract Introduction: Studies based on kidney biopsies are important for the epidemiological understanding of nephropathies. Objective: To describe the main nephropathies diagnosed through renal biopsies, and compare them with regards to gender, time, healthcare insurance and age. Methods: A population-based retrospective study that reviewed all kidney disease diagnoses obtained by biopsy of a native kidney from pathology services between 2008 and 2019 in Joinville, Brazil. Results: Of 778 biopsies performed, 44.5% were primary nephropathies and 28.5% were secondary. The highest prevalence was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) [18.1%], followed by tubulointerstitial nephropathy (TIN) [15.9%] and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) [9.1%]. There was a growing increase in the prevalence of TIN among elderly and uninsured patients over the period. In the multivariate analysis, among the primary glomerulopathies, males had a higher risk for the occurrence of IgAN [OR=2.02; 95% CI 1.13-3.61; p=0.018], as well as being a protective factor for the occurrence of lupus glomerulonephritis (LGN) [OR=0.20, 95% CI 0.08-0.49; p<0.001]. Advancing age and dependence on a public healthcare decreased the likelihood of having a diagnosis of LGN [OR=0.91, 95% CI 0.88-0.94, p < 0.001 and OR=0.45, CI 95 % 0.21-0.96; p = 0.036, respectively]. Patients without private healthcare insurance were more likely to have TIN [OR=1.77, 95%CI 1.16-2.70; p = 0.008]. Conclusion: Sex, age and type of medical healthcare insurance may be related to the occurrence of some nephropathies. The increased risk of TIN in individuals without a private healthcare plan may be an indication of inequalities in health care.

Resumo Introdução: Estudos com base em biópsias renais são importantes para o entendimento epidemiológico das nefropatias. Objetivo: Descrever as principais nefropatias diagnosticadas por meio de biópsias renais e comparar com relação ao gênero, período, plano de saúde e à idade. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de base populacional que revisou todos os diagnósticos de doenças renais obtidos por biópsia de rim nativo de serviços de patologias entre 2008 a 2019, em Joinville, Brasil. Resultados: Do total de 778 biópsias realizadas, 44,5% eram nefropatias primárias e 28,5%, secundárias. A maior prevalência foi de glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal (GESF) [18,1%], seguida por nefropatia tubulointersticial (NTI) [15,9%] e nefropatia IgA (NIgA) [9,1%]. Houve crescente aumento da prevalência de NTI nos pacientes idosos e sem plano de saúde ao longo do período. Na análise multivariada, entre as glomerulopatias primárias, o sexo masculino apresentou maior risco para ocorrência de NIgA [OR=2,02, IC 95% 1,13-3,61; p=0,018], bem como foi um fator de proteção para ocorrência de glomerulonefrite lúpica (GNL) [OR=0,20, IC 95% 0,08-0,49; p < 0,001]. O avançar da idade e a dependência de plano público de saúde diminuíram a chance para o diagnóstico de GNL [OR=0,91, IC 95% 0,88-0,94, p < 0,001 e OR=0,45, IC 95% 0,21-0,96; p = 0,036, respectivamente]. Pacientes sem plano privado de saúde apresentaram mais chance de NTI [OR=1,77, IC 95%1,16-2,70; p = 0,008]. Conclusão: Sexo, idade e tipo de assistência médica podem estar relacionados à ocorrência de algumas nefropatias. O maior risco de NTI em indivíduos sem plano de saúde privado pode ser um indicativo de desigualdades no cuidado à saúde.

The Mycophenolate-based Immunosuppressive Regimen Is Associated With Increased Mortality in Kidney Transplant Patients With COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: The chronic use of immunosuppressive drugs is a key risk factor of death because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), although no evident association between the class of immunosuppressive and outcomes has been observed. Thus, we aimed to compare COVID-19-associated outcomes among KTRs receiving 3 different immunosuppressive maintenance regimes. METHODS: This study included data from 1833 KTRs with COVID-19 diagnosed between March 20 and April 21 extracted from the national registry before immunization. All patients were taking calcineurin inhibitor associated with mycophenolate acid (MPA, n = 1258), azathioprine (AZA, n = 389), or mammalian targets of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi, n = 186). Outcomes within 30 and 90 d were assessed. RESULTS: Compared with patients receiving MPA, the 30-d (79.9% versus 87.9% versus 89.2%; P < 0.0001) and 90-d (75% versus 83.5% versus 88.2%; P < 0.0001) unadjusted patient survivals were higher in those receiving AZA or mTORi, respectively. Using adjusted multivariable Cox regression, compared with patients receiving AZA, the use of MPA was associated with a higher risk of death within 30 d (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-2.40; P = 0.003), which was not observed in patients using mTORi (aHR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.45-1.35; P = 0.365). At 90 d, although higher risk of death was confirmed in patients receiving MPA (aHR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.09-1.98; P = 0.013), a reduced risk was observed in patients receiving mTORi (aHR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.35-0.97; P = 0.04) compared with AZA. CONCLUSIONS: This national cohort data suggest that, in KTRs receiving calcineurin inhibitor and diagnosed with COVID-19, the use of MPA was associated with higher risk of death, whereas mTORi use was associated with lower risk of death.

Temporal Reduction in COVID-19-Associated Fatality Among Kidney Transplant Recipients: The Brazilian COVID-19 Registry Cohort Study.

Data from the general population suggest that fatality rates declined during the course of the pandemic. This analysis, using data extracted from the Brazilian Kidney Transplant COVID-19 Registry, seeks to determine fatality rates over time since the index case on March 3rd, 2020. Data from hospitalized patients with RT-PCR positive SARS-CoV-2 infection from March to August 2020 (35 sites, 878 patients) were compared using trend tests according to quartiles (Q1: <72 days; Q2: 72-104 days; Q3: 105-140 days; Q4: >140 days after the index case). The 28-day fatality decreased from 29.5% (Q1) to 18.8% (Q4) (pfor-trend = 0.004). In multivariable analysis, patients diagnosed in Q4 showed a 35% reduced risk of death. The trend of reducing fatality was associated with a lower number of comorbidities (20.7-10.6%, p for-trend = 0.002), younger age (55-53 years, pfor-trend = 0.062), and better baseline renal function (43.6-47.7 ml/min/1.73 m2, pfor-trend = 0.060), and were confirmed by multivariable analysis. The proportion of patients presenting dyspnea (pfor-trend = 0.001) and hypoxemia (pfor-trend < 0.001) at diagnosis, and requiring intensive care was also found reduced (pfor-trend = 0.038). Despite possible confounding variables and time-dependent sampling differences, we conclude that COVID-19-associated fatality decreased over time. Differences in demographics, clinical presentation, and treatment options might be involved.

Distribution of kidney diseases in Joinville, Santa Catarina: analysis of a kidney biopsy data bank between 2008 and 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Studies based on kidney biopsies are important for the epidemiological understanding of nephropathies. OBJECTIVE: To describe the main nephropathies diagnosed through renal biopsies, and compare them with regards to gender, time, healthcare insurance and age. METHODS: A population-based retrospective study that reviewed all kidney disease diagnoses obtained by biopsy of a native kidney from pathology services between 2008 and 2019 in Joinville, Brazil. RESULTS: Of 778 biopsies performed, 44.5% were primary nephropathies and 28.5% were secondary. The highest prevalence was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) [18.1%], followed by tubulointerstitial nephropathy (TIN) [15.9%] and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) [9.1%]. There was a growing increase in the prevalence of TIN among elderly and uninsured patients over the period. In the multivariate analysis, among the primary glomerulopathies, males had a higher risk for the occurrence of IgAN [OR=2.02; 95% CI 1.13-3.61; p=0.018], as well as being a protective factor for the occurrence of lupus glomerulonephritis (LGN) [OR=0.20, 95% CI 0.08-0.49; p<0.001]. Advancing age and dependence on a public healthcare decreased the likelihood of having a diagnosis of LGN [OR=0.91, 95% CI 0.88-0.94, p < 0.001 and OR=0.45, CI 95 % 0.21-0.96; p = 0.036, respectively]. Patients without private healthcare insurance were more likely to have TIN [OR=1.77, 95%CI 1.16-2.70; p = 0.008]. CONCLUSION: Sex, age and type of medical healthcare insurance may be related to the occurrence of some nephropathies. The increased risk of TIN in individuals without a private healthcare plan may be an indication of inequalities in health care.

High mortality among kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019: Results from the Brazilian multicenter cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplant (KT) recipients are considered a high-risk group for unfavorable outcomes in the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). AIM: To describe the clinical aspects and outcomes of COVID-19 among KT recipients. METHODS: This multicenter cohort study enrolled 1,680 KT recipients diagnosed with COVID-19 between March and November 2020, from 35 Brazilian centers. The main outcome was the 90-day cumulative incidence of death, for the entire cohort and according to acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal replacement therapy (RRT) requirement. Fatality rates were analyzed according to hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mechanical ventilation (MV) requirement. Multivariable analysis was performed by logistic regression for the probability of hospitalization and death. RESULTS: The median age of the recipients was 51.3 years, 60.4% were men and 11.4% were Afro-Brazilian. Comorbidities were reported in 1,489 (88.6%), and the interval between transplantation and infection was 5.9 years. The most frequent symptoms were cough (54%), myalgia (40%), dyspnea (37%), and diarrhea (31%), whereas the clinical signs were fever (61%) and hypoxemia (13%). Hospitalization was required in 65.1%, and immunosuppressive drugs adjustments were made in 74.4% of in-hospital patients. ICU admission was required in 34.6% and MV in 24.9%. In the multivariable modeling, the variables related with the probability of hospitalization were age, hypertension, previous cardiovascular disease, recent use of high dose of steroid, and fever, dyspnea, diarrhea, and nausea or vomiting as COVID-19 symptoms. On the other hand, the variables that reduced the probability of hospitalization were time of COVID-19 symptoms, and nasal congestion, headache, arthralgia and anosmia as COVID-19 symptoms. The overall 90-day cumulative incidence of death was 21.0%. The fatality rates were 31.6%, 58.2%, and 75.5% in those who were hospitalized, admitted to the ICU, and required MV, respectively. At the time of infection, 23.2% had AKI and 23.4% required RRT in the follow-up. The cumulative incidence of death was significantly higher among recipients with AKI (36.0% vs. 19.1%, P < 0.0001) and in those who required RRT (70.8% vs. 10.1%, P < 0.0001). The variables related with the probability of death within 90 days after COVID-19 were age, time after transplantation, presence of hypertension, previous cardiovascular disease, use of tacrolimus and mycophenolate, recent use of high dose of steroids, and dyspnea as COVID-19 symptom. On the other hand, the variables that reduced the risk of death were time of symptoms, and headache and anosmia as COVID-19 symptoms. CONCLUSION: The patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were long-term KT recipients and most of them had some comorbidities. One in every five patients died, and the rate of death was significantly higher in those with AKI, mainly when RRT was required.

Exploring the causes of the high incidence of delayed graft function after kidney transplantation in Brazil: a multicenter study.

This retrospective multicenter (n = 18) cohort study evaluated the incidence, risk factors, and the impact of delayed graft function (DGF) on 1-year kidney transplant (KT) outcomes. Of 3992 deceased donor KT performed in 2014-2015, the incidence of DGF was 54%, ranging from 29.9% to 87.7% among centers. Risk factors (lower-bound-95%CI OR upper-bound-95%CI ) were male gender (1.066 1.2491.463 ), diabetic kidney disease (1.053 1.2961.595 ), time on dialysis (1.005 1.0071.009 ), retransplantation (1.035 1.3971.885 ), preformed anti-HLA antibodies (1.011 1.3831.892 ), HLA mismatches (1.006 1.0661.130 ), donor age (1.011 1.0171.023 ), donor final serum creatinine (sCr) (1.239 1.3171.399 ), cold ischemia time (CIT) (1.031 1.0431.056 ), machine perfusion (0.401 0.5420.733 ), and induction therapy with rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) (0.658 0.8000.973 ). Duration of DGF > 4 days was associated with inferior renal function and DGF > 14 days with the higher incidences of acute rejection, graft loss, and death. In conclusion, the incidence and duration of DGF were high and associated with inferior graft outcomes. While late referral and poor donor maintenance account for the high overall incidence of DGF, variability in donor and recipient selection, organ preservation method, and type of induction agent may account for the wide variation observed among transplant centers.

Realidade do uso da profilaxia para trombose venosa profunda: da teoria à prática / Reality check: use of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis: from theory to practice

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento dos médicos sobre as indicações de profilaxia medicamentosa da trombose venosa profunda e fazer um paralelo com a utilização prática nos seus pacientes. Métodos: Foram pesquisados fatores clínicos, medicamentosos e cirúrgicos para trombose venosa profunda, em todos os pacientes internados no Centro Hospitalar Unimed de Joinville, durante 40 dias consecutivos, estratificando o risco conforme as Normas de Orientações Clínicas da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular. Foi verificado se os pacientess com indicação para profilaxia medicamentosa da trombose venosa estavam recebendo-a. Posteriormente, os médicoss dos pacientes incluídos no estudo responderam questionário sobre trombose venosa profunda. Resultados: Foram estudados 239 pacientes (57 baixo risco, 124 médio risco e 58 alto risco para trombose venosa profunda). Da amostra, 76 por cento(183/239) não estavam recebendo profilaxia medicamentosa da trombose venosa profunda. Receberam profilaxia, 27 por cento (34/124) dos pacientes com risco moderado e 38 por cento (22/58) dos pacientes com alto risco. Dos 91 médicos entrevistados, o questionário mostrou que todos possuem conhecimento teórico dos fatores de risco e métodos de preservação da trombose venosa profunda, e 92,3 por cento, sabem, teoricamente, como utiliza-los. A maioria (57,14 por cento) afirmou sempre utilizar profilaxia em pacientes de risco, 38,46 por cento referiam conhecer a incidência de trombose venosa profunda, e 72,53 por cento já haviam tratado casos de trombose venosa profunda. Conclusão: A profilaxia medicamentosa para trombose venosa profunda é subutilizada em pacientes com indicação para recebê-la. Os médicos demonstram bons conhecimentos sobre o assunto, porém a teoria informada não condiz com a praticada por esses profissionais.

Adenoma de glândulas mucosas do brônquio / Mucous gland adenoma of the bronchus

É relatado um caso de adenoma de glândulas mucosas do brônquio em homem de vinte anos de idade e feita breve revisäo da literatura. Essa neoplasia era classificada no grupo dos adenomas brônquicos, um grupo heterogêneo de neoplasias, composto por tumores de baixo grau de malignidade. De acordo com a atual classificaçäo da OMS ela é estudada separadamente, sendo uma forma muito rara de neoplasia benigna

Leiomiossarcoma renal: relato de caso com estudo imuno-histoquímico / Renal leiomysarcoma: report of a case with immunohistochemical study

Um caso raro de leiomiossarcoma renal é descrito. A caracterizaçäo histopatológica do material estudado, além das técnicas rotineiras, foi realizada com a técnica imuno-histoquímica associada a anticorpos monoclonais, definindo a neoplasia como de origem muscular. Uma breve discussäo sobre a histogênese é apresentada

Tempo de coagulaçäo ativado em cirurgia cardíaca com circulaçäo extracorpórea / Coagulation time in heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation

Muitos trabalhos tem sido publicados sobre o controle do sangramento durante a circulaçäo extracorpórea em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca. O uso de protocolos rígidos de anticoagulaçäo apresentam inconvenientes, pois näo levam em consideraçäo a sensibilidade individual dos pacientes à heparina. A técnica para determinar o Tempo de Coagulaçäo Ativado pelo celite foi descrita em 1966 e introduzida posteriormente em cirurgia cardíaca em 1975, determinando um grande progresso no controle da anticoagulaçäo em circulaçäo extracorpórea que pode ser evidenciado pela diminuiçäo das complicaçöes hemorrágicas no trans e pós-operatório. O objetivo de nosso trabalho foi o de avaliar a rotina de heparinizaçäo empregada nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com circulaçäo extracorpórea no HUSM. Observamos que, apesar do TCA manter-se em níveis adequados durante a perfusäo, houve grande variaçäo em seus valores, demonstrando diferente sensibilidade dos pacientes à heparina