Kinetic Aspects of Esterification and Transesterification in Microstructured Reactors.

Microstructured reactors offer fast chemical engineering transfer and precise microfluidic control, enabling the determination of reactions' kinetic parameters. This review examines recent advancements in measuring microreaction kinetics. It explores kinetic modeling, reaction mechanisms, and intrinsic kinetic equations pertaining to two types of microreaction: esterification and transesterification reactions involving acids, bases, or biocatalysts. The utilization of a micro packed-bed reactor successfully achieves a harmonious combination of the micro-dispersion state and the reaction kinetic characteristics. Additionally, this review presents micro-process simulation software and explores the advanced integration of microreactors with spectroscopic analyses for reaction monitoring and data acquisition. Furthermore, it elaborates on the control principles of the micro platform. The superiority of online measurement, automation, and the digitalization of the microreaction process for kinetic measurements is highlighted, showcasing the vast prospects of artificial intelligence applications.

Low temperature and highly-efficient one-step decomposition of phosphogypsum via biochar by Fe3+/Co2+/Ni2+ unitary/ternary catalyst.

Phosphogypsum (PG), which has great environmental harm and restricts the sustainable development of phosphorus chemical industry, is a solid waste produced in phosphoric acid production. Thermal decomposition of PG is an extensive way to reutilization of resource, and the key point is to establish an appropriate decomposition path and catalyst system of PG. In the work, the strategy for low-temperature and highly-efficient decomposition of PG is established based on the thermodynamic analysis and the experimental research by metal ions to reduce the decomposition temperature. Meanwhile, SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) is used to characterize the composition and morphology of PG in the various conditions, also the decomposition temperature is analyzed by TGA(Thermogravimetric Analysis). Then, the decomposition ratio via Fe3+/Co2+/Ni2+ unitary/ternary catalyst is obtained by precipitation method. Through kinetic analysis combined with XRF(X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer) and EDX(Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) results, it is found that there is a reaction competition in the decomposition process by Fe3+/Co2+/Ni2+ ternary catalyst. Further the mechanism of catalytic system on PG is derived. The present work can be concluded that Fe3+/Co2+/Ni2+ can effectively reduce the decomposition temperature of PG, and the effect of ternary metal is more obvious than that of unitary metal. Finally, pomelo peel is used instead of coke to successfully decompose PG at low temperature by one step method. The establishment of low temperature decomposition system of PG has potential application in phosphorus chemical industry and is in line with sustainable development.

AKR1B8 deficiency drives severe DSS-induced acute colitis through invasion of luminal bacteria and activation of innate immunity.

Background: Dysfunction of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) promotes inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and associated colorectal cancer (CRC). AKR1B8 deficiency impairs the IEC barrier function, leading to susceptibility to chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), yet it remains unclear how acute colitic response is in AKR1B8 deficient mice. Methods: AKR1B8 knockout (KO) and littermate wild type mice were exposed to oral 1.5% DSS in drinking water for 6 days. Disease activity index and histopathological inflammation scores by H&E staining were calculated for colitic severity; permeability was assessed by fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-Dextran) probes and bacterial invasion and transmission were detected by in situ hybridization in mucosa or by culture in blood agar plates. Immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry were applied for immune cell quantification. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and target gene expression was analyzed by Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Results: AKR1B8 KO mice developed severe acute colitis at a low dose (1.5%) of DSS in drinking water compared to wild type controls. In AKR1B8 KO mice, FITC-dextran was penetrated easily and luminal bacteria invaded to the surface of IEC layer on day 3, and excessive bacteria translocated into the colonic mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and liver on day 6, which was much mild in wild type mice. Hyper-infiltration of neutrophils and basophils occurred in AKR1B8 KO mice, and monocytes in spleen and macrophages in colonic mucosa increased markedly compared to wild type mice. TLR4 signaling in colonic epithelial cells of AKR1B8 KO mice was activated to promote great IL-1ß and IL-6 expression compared to wild type mice. Conclusions: AKR1B8 deficiency in IECs drives severe acute colitis induced by DSS at a low dose through activation of the innate immunity, being a novel pathogenic factor of colitis.

Novel 3D cross-shaped Zn/Co bimetallic zeolite imidazolate frameworks for simultaneous removal Cr(VI) and Congo Red.

The photocatalytic properties of Zn/Co zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-ZnCo) prepared by various Zn/Co ratio are of significantly diversity due to the morphology structure of the ZIF-ZnCo. Thereinto, the prepared ZIF-ZnCO-8:1 is excellent capability by virtue of its 3D cross-shaped structure. Spectral test results show that as-prepared novel 3D cross-shaped ZIF-ZnCo has a lower recombination rate of electron and hole pairs than the lamellar and dodecahedral, thus improving the photocatalytic ability. The photocatalytic ability of 3D cross-shaped ZIF-ZnCo was carefully investigated for removing mixed solution of Congo Red (CR) and Cr(VI). The photocatalytic reduction ability of 3D cross-shaped ZIF-ZnCo was 22% higher than ZIF-8 for Cr(VI). Meanwhile, CR was altogether removed at dark processing and Cr(VI) was removed 70% after dark processing 120 min and photocatalytic 240 min. Therefore, the high adsorption and photocatalytic capacity denote the potential application of 3D cross-shaped ZIF-ZnCo.

Prevention of deep venous thrombosis in stroke: a best practice implementation project.

OBJECTIVES: The current evidence implementation project aims to promote evidence-based practice in the care of patients with stroke, specifically around the prevention of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), in the neurology department of a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, China. INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of DVT within 14 days after stroke is 10-75%. Approximately 20% of patients with DVT develop pulmonary embolism, the third most common cause of death in patients with stroke and the most common cause of autopsy-verified death between the second and fourth week after stroke. Several risk factors are associated with the development of DVT, many of which can be alleviated by evidence-based strategies that can prevent or reduce the risk of DVT. METHODS: The current evidence implementation project utilized the Joanna Briggs Institute Practical Application of Clinical Evidence System program and involved 30 patients in each audit criterion. Interventions included staff education, involvement of rehabilitation staff, and building a patient education bundle. A postimplementation reaudit was undertaken including the same number of patient samples. RESULTS: The baseline audit results showed that the compliances for two audit criteria (patient mobilization and patient education) were under 20%, whereas those for the other criteria were at least 60%. After implementing the strategies, there were significant improvements especially in the two weak-compliance criteria. In addition, the overall compliance for most criteria increased. CONCLUSION: The project standardized the DVT prevention process in the Neurology Department of Nanfang Hospital. The overall compliance with DVT prevention for patients with stroke in the department improved.

High-efficient removal of U(VI) from aqueous solution by self-assembly pomelo peel/palygorskite composite.

The efficient separation of low-concentration radionuclides by the eco-friendly adsorbent is a compelling requirement in the development of nuclear industry. Hence, a novel composite consisted of one-dimensional palygorskite (Pal) and three-dimensional pomelo peel (PP) is prepared by self-assembly approach (PP/Pal) and coupling agent approach (PP/KPal) for removing uranium (U(VI)) from aqueous solution. Moreover, the mass ratio (PP/Pal), adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, temperature, and ionic strength are investigated. Two adsorption kinetic models and isotherm models are used to investigate the kinetic behaviors and adsorption capacity, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities were 370.5 mg·g-1 on PP/Pal and 357.3 mg·g-1 on PP/KPal at pH 6.0, contact time 150 min and 25 °C. Meanwhile, the composite can be easily separated from water via a simple filtering. Furthermore, thermodynamic parameters indicate that adsorption is an endothermic and spontaneous process. And the surface complexation, ion exchange, and electrostatic attraction play a vital role. This work shows that the PP/Pal composite with high efficiency, low cost, and green has a further application in the treatment of wastewater containing U(VI).

Preparation of graphene oxide-modified palygorskite nanocomposites for high-efficient removal of Co(II) from wastewater.

Removing Co(II) from wastewater is urgent due to the threat to the environment and human health. In the work, the nanocomposite of graphene oxide-modified palygorskite (mPal-GO) is synthesized by cross-linking one-dimensional palygorskite (Pal) with two-dimensional material graphene oxide (GO), and used to remove Co(II) from wastewater. Its structure is characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area measurement. The parameters, such as mass ratio (GO:mPal), temperature, pH, and contact time, are carefully investigated. The results indicate that pseudo-second-order equation and Langmuir isotherm model are the best fitting one in the adsorption process of Co(II) onto mPal-GO. The maximum adsorption capacity achieves 16.9 mg/g at pH = 6.0 and T = 298 K according to the Langmuir model analysis. Furthermore, mPal-GO can be reused more than 5 times with a slight decrease according to the adsorption-desorption cycle experiments. Finally, mPal-GO with the low-cost and easy separation is a promising candidate for removing of Co(II) from wastewater.

Adsorption of aniline from aqueous solution using graphene oxide-modified attapulgite composites.

Adsorption is an efficient treatment method for aniline removal in water treatment. In this work, the composites of graphene oxide-modified attapulgite were prepared and used firstly to remove aniline from wastewater. The composites were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The effects of initial concentration, time, temperature and pH value on adsorption of aniline on graphene oxide-modified attapulgite are investigated. pH and temperature are found to have a significant influence on the adsorption amount. The experimental results showed that graphene oxide-modified attapulgite possesses strong adsorption ability for aniline with hydrogen bond interaction. The saturated adsorption amount could reach up to 90 mg g-1 at pH = 2-4. The Langmuir isotherm is found to describe well the equilibrium adsorption data. Finally, graphene oxide-modified attapulgite is also observed to possess excellent reusability.

Renewable biomass derived porous BCN nanosheets and their adsorption and photocatalytic activities for the decontamination of organic pollutants.

In this work, the preparation, characterization and removal capabilities of a novel biomass derived BC and its BCN nanocomposites are described. Possessing hierarchically porous structures, extremely large surface areas and special chemical bonds, porous BCN nanosheets have demonstrated advantages in terms of their adsorption and photocatalytic activities. The adsorption and photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared catalysts were evaluated by the degradation of RhB. The best results exhibited 97% and 95% decomposition of RhB which were obtained by using porous BCN-40 nanosheets within 120 min at 25 °C under UV light and visible light (>420 nm) irradiation respectively. The rate constant of the porous BCN-40 nanosheets for the degradation of RhB was more 16 times than that of pure h-BN. Besides, the porous BCN nanosheets showed remarkable cycling stability, maintaining a high photocatalytic activity up to 94% after 5 cycles. Furthermore, the degradation mechanisms of RhB and the photocatalytic mechanism have been explained in this paper.

Highly stereoselective generation of complex oxy-bicyclic scaffolds via an atom-economic Pd(II)-catalyzed hydroalkynylation, isomerization and Diels-Alder cycloaddition sequence.

An atom-economic tandem Pd(II)-catalyzed hydroalkynylation, alkyne-allene isomerization, and Diels-Alder cycloaddition is reported. The reaction employs readily available starting substrates, proceeds in a highly ordered fashion, features high regio- and stereoselectivity, and tolerates a wide range of functionality and structural motifs, thus offering an attractive strategy for producing new molecular complexity and diversity from easily available starting materials. A mechanistic study with density functional theoretical calculations was conducted to rationalize the observed stereoselectivity.