A Narrative Review on the Impact of Smoking on Female Fertility.

Understanding the significant impact of preventable factors, such as lifestyle decisions and bad habits like smoking, on female fertility has received a lot of attention. Pervasive smoking among fertile women is a serious public health concern. Smoking has well-documented negative impacts on general health, but it also has significant consequences on fertility. Many women of reproductive age still smoke, despite a wealth of data elucidating the effects of pregnancy and the health of the fetus as a result of prenatal exposure. This review attempts to investigate the consequences of smoking on female fertility, specifically focusing on how it affects the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus through a thorough examination of numerous studies. Important topics such as ovarian reserve, steroidogenesis, ovulation, controlling the menstrual cycle, oviductal function, uterine receptivity, and implantation will receive extra focus.

Health Problems Among Under-Five Age Group Children in Developing Countries: A Narrative Review.

The under-five age group is a crucial time for development because children's quick mental, physical, and socio-emotional aspects serve as the "building blocks" for their future development. The issue of child health is multifaceted, with certain regions, especially developing nations, experiencing an alarming rise in under-five children morbidity and mortality rates. Progress in reducing these rates in developing countries lags behind that of developed nations. Disparities in children's survival rates are pronounced worldwide, with developing nations bearing a disproportionate burden. Key contributors to child fatalities include malnutrition, respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, measles, malaria, and neonatal complications. Extensive research utilizing prominent databases like PubMed and Google Scholar has been undertaken to explore this topic. Vaccination, adequate home care, access to medical services, and improved dietary practices emerge as crucial strategies for preventing many child fatalities. This review aims to delve into the underlying causes of illnesses and deaths among children under the age of five in developing nations.

Kangaroo Mother Care for Low-Birth-Weight Babies in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review.

In low and middle-income countries (LMICs), the infant mortality rate is much higher than the high-income countries (HICs). The higher infant mortality is due to low birth weight (LBW) a combination of intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) and prematurity, which are risk factors for acquiring infectious diseases amongst newborns. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a neonatal procedure that is carried out in newborn infants, especially in preterm babies and LBW babies. It is skin-to-skin contact between a mother's bare chest and a stable infant. KMC is an important intervention in reducing infant mortality rates in LMICs. A comprehensive literature and data search was done using key databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. A total of 42 articles out of 1,168 articles were selected for review after screening and elimination of the repeated articles. Through this review we have tried to analyse the benefits of KMC in newborns, the need for the participation of fathers and family members, and the need for implementation of this practice at a broader level by policy formulation in LMICs. We have also discussed the need for KMC for the prevention of infant mortality in LBW newborns in LMICs.