The effect of goal-directed fluid therapy on delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Delayed graft function (DGF) is a common post-operative complication with potential long-term sequelae for many kidney transplant recipients, and hemodynamic factors and fluid status play a role. Fixed perioperative fluid infusions are the standard of care, but more recent evidence in the non-transplant population has suggested benefit with goal-directed fluid strategies based on hemodynamic targets. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry and Google Scholar through December 2022 for randomized controlled trials comparing risk of DGF between goal-directed and conventional fluid therapy in adults receiving a living or deceased donor kidney transplant. Effect estimates were reported with odds ratios (OR) and pooled using random effects meta-analysis. We identified 4 studies (205 participants) that met the inclusion criteria. The use of goal-directed fluid therapy had no significant effect on DGF (OR 1.37 95% CI, 0.34-5.6; p = 0.52; I2 = 0.11). Subgroup analysis examining effects among deceased and living kidney donation did not reveal significant differences in the effects of fluid strategy on DGF between subgroups. Overall, the strength of the evidence for goal-directed versus conventional fluid therapy to reduce DGF was of low certainty. Our findings highlight the need for larger trials to determine the effect of goal-directed fluid therapy on this patient-centered outcome.

How much do smear-negative patients really contribute to tuberculosis transmissions? Re-examining an old question with new tools.

BACKGROUND: Sputum smear microscopy is a common surrogate for tuberculosis infectiousness. Previous estimates that smear-negative patients contribute 13-20% of transmissions and are, on average, 20 to 25% as infectious as smear-positive cases are understood to be high. Herein, we use an ideal real-world setting, a comprehensive dataset, and new high-resolution techniques to more accurately estimate the true transmission risk of smear-negative cases. METHODS: We treated all adult culture-positive pulmonary TB patients diagnosed in the province of Alberta, Canada from 2003 to 2016 as potential transmitters. The primary data sources were the Alberta TB Registry and the Provincial Laboratory for Public Health. We measured, as primary outcomes, the proportion of transmissions attributable to smear-negative sources and the relative transmission rate. First, we replicated previous studies by using molecular (DNA) fingerprint clustering. Then, using a prospectively collected registry of TB contacts, we defined transmission events as active TB amongst identified contacts who either had a 100% DNA fingerprint match to the source case or a clinical diagnosis. We supplemented our analysis with genome sequencing on temporally and geographically linked DNA fingerprint clusters of cases not identified as contacts. FINDINGS: There were 1176 cases, 563 smear-negative and 613 smear-positive, and 23,131 contacts. Replicating previous studies, the proportion of transmissions attributable to smear-negative source cases was 16% (95% CI, 12-19%) and the relative transmission rate was 0.19 (95% CI, 0.14-0.26). With our combined approach, the proportion of transmission was 8% (95% CI, 3-14%) and the relative transmission rate became 0.10 (95% CI, 0.05-0.19). INTERPRETATION: When we examined the same outcomes as in previous studies but refined transmission ascertainment with the addition of conventional epidemiology and genomics, we found that smear-negative cases were ∼50% less infectious than previously thought. FUNDING: Alberta Innovates Health Solutions.

An in vitro comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of positive pressure and negative pressure irrigation techniques in root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis.

AIM: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the efficacy of irrigation with the negative pressure and the traditional positive pressure in eradicating Enterococcus faecalis from the root canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 extracted mandibular premolars were sterilized and divided into four groups with 10 samples each. Then, they were prepared to apical size #35 (Group 1, 3) and 45 (Group 2, 4) and inoculated with E. faecalis for 7 days and then irrigated with 3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The positive pressure irrigation was performed in Group 1 and Group 2 while the negative pressure irrigation (NPI) using the Endovac in Group 3 and Group 4. Samples taken after the root canal irrigation procedures were cultured and the colony-forming units were counted. Data were statistically analyzed using the Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Results were statistically significant when comparing apical negative-pressure irrigation size 45 (Group 4) to positive-pressure irrigation size 35 (Group 1). CONCLUSION: The results of this in vitro study showed that the apical NPI method (Endovac) was more effective in removing E. faecalis from the root canal at the larger apical preparation size.