Chitosan: Applications in Drug Delivery System.

Chitin and chitosan have unique structures with significant functional groups carrying useful chemical capabilities. Chitin and chitosan are acknowledged as novel biomaterials with advantageous biocompatibility and biodegradability. Chitosan is a polysaccharide that is made from chitin. There have been several attempts to employ this biopolymer in the biomedical area. This material's application in the production of artificial skin, drug targeting, and other areas is explored. The most prevalent strategies for recovering chitin from sea organisms are described and various pharmacological and biological uses are discussed. This review article targets drug delivery with the help of chitosan derived nanomaterial. The drug delivery system applications through nonmaterial have encountered a considerable role in the pharmaceutical, medical, biological, and other sectors in recent years. Nanomaterials have advanced applications as novel drug delivery systems in many fields, especially in industry, biology, and medicine. In the biomedical and pharmaceutical arena, the natural polymer-based nanoparticulate method has now been widely studied as particulate vehicles. By mixing alginate with other biopolymers, by immobilizing specific molecules such as sugar molecules and peptides by chemical or physical cross-linking, different properties and structures such as biodegradability, gelling properties, mechanical strength, and cell affinity can be obtained. Owing to their inherent ability to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules, increase stability, decrease toxicity, and enhance commonly formulated medications, these particles are now widely used in imaging and molecular diagnostics, cosmetics, household chemicals, sunscreens, radiation safety, and novel drug delivery.

The Association between Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance with Possible Ingenious Bio-Remedial Approaches.

Biofilm has garnered a lot of interest due to concerns in various sectors such as public health, medicine, and the pharmaceutical industry. Biofilm-producing bacteria show a remarkable drug resistance capability, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. This results in enormous economic pressure on the healthcare sector. The development of biofilms is a complex phenomenon governed by multiple factors. Several attempts have been made to unravel the events of biofilm formation; and, such efforts have provided insights into the mechanisms to target for the therapy. Owing to the fact that the biofilm-state makes the bacterial pathogens significantly resistant to antibiotics, targeting pathogens within biofilm is indeed a lucrative prospect. The available drugs can be repurposed to eradicate the pathogen, and as a result, ease the antimicrobial treatment burden. Biofilm formers and their infections have also been found in plants, livestock, and humans. The advent of novel strategies such as bioinformatics tools in treating, as well as preventing, biofilm formation has gained a great deal of attention. Development of newfangled anti-biofilm agents, such as silver nanoparticles, may be accomplished through omics approaches such as transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics. Nanoparticles' anti-biofilm properties could help to reduce antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This approach may also be integrated for a better understanding of biofilm biology, guided by mechanistic understanding, virtual screening, and machine learning in silico techniques for discovering small molecules in order to inhibit key biofilm regulators. This stimulated research is a rapidly growing field for applicable control measures to prevent biofilm formation. Therefore, the current article discusses the current understanding of biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacterial biofilm, and the novel therapeutic strategies to combat biofilm-mediated infections.

Revisiting the Vital Drivers and Mechanisms of ß-Glucan Masking in Human Fungal Pathogen, Candida albicans.

Among the several human fungal pathogens, Candida genus represents one of the most implicated in the clinical scenario. There exist several distinctive features that govern the establishment of Candida infections in addition to their capacity to adapt to multiple stress conditions inside humans which also include evasion of host immune responses. The complex fungal cell wall of the prevalent pathogen, Candida albicans, is one of the main targets of antifungal drugs and recognized by host immune cells. The wall consists of tiered arrangement of an outer thin but dense covering of mannan and inner buried layers of ß-glucan and chitin. However, the pathogenic fungi adopt strategies to evade immune recognition by masking these molecules. This capacity to camouflage the immunogenic polysaccharide ß-glucan from the host is a key virulence factor of C. albicans. The present review is an attempt to collate various underlying factors and mechanisms involved in Candida ß-glucan masking from the available pool of knowledge and provide a comprehensive understanding. This will further improve therapeutic approaches to candidiasis by identifying new antifungal targets that blocks fungal immune evasion.