Air Pollution and Chronic Eye Disease in Adults: A Scoping Review.

PURPOSE: We conducted a scoping review of studies examining ambient air pollution as a risk factor for chronic eye disease influencing the lens, retina, and intraocular pressure in adults. METHODS: Terms related to air pollution and eye disease outcomes were used to search for publications on Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, Global Health, PubMed, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from January 1, 2010, through April 11, 2022. RESULTS: We identified 27 articles, focusing on the following non-mutually exclusive outcomes: cataract (n = 9), presbyopia (n = 1), retinal vein occlusion or central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalents (n = 5), intraocular pressure (IOP) (n = 3), glaucoma (n = 5), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (n = 5), diabetic retinopathy (n = 2), and measures of retinal morphology (n = 3). Study designs included cross-sectional (n = 16), case-control (n = 4), and longitudinal (n = 7). Air pollutants were measured in 50% and 95% of the studies on lens and retina or IOP, respectively, and these exposures were assigned to geographic locations. Most research was conducted in global regions with high exposure to air pollution. Consistent associations suggested a possibly increased risk of cataract and retina-associated chronic eye disease with increasing exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5-PM10), NO2, NOx, and SO2. Associations with O3 were less consistent. CONCLUSIONS: Accumulating research suggests air pollution may be a modifiable risk factor for chronic eye diseases of the lens and retina. The number of studies on each specific lens- or retina-related outcome is limited. Guidelines regarding the role of air pollution in chronic eye disease do not exist.

Minimally Invasive Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery at a Large Regional Health System: Assessing the Safety of Program Expansion.

BACKGROUND: Complex, minimally invasive hepatopancreatobiliary surgery (MIS HPB) is safe at high-volume centers, yet outcomes during early implementation are unknown. We describe our experience during period of rapid growth in an MIS HPB program at a large regional health system. METHODS: During an increase in MIS HPB (60% greater from preceding year), hospital records of patients who underwent HPB surgery between 1/1/2019 and 12/31/2020 were reviewed. Operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), conversion rates, length of stay (LOS), and perioperative outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: 267 patients' cases were reviewed. The population was 62 ± 13 years, 50% female, 90% white. MIS was more frequently performed for hepatic than pancreatic resections (59% vs 21%, P < .001). Open cases were more frequently performed for invasive malignancy in both pancreatic (70% vs 40%, P < .018) and hepatic (87% vs 70%, P = .046) resections. There was no difference in operative time between MIS and open surgery (293[218-355]min vs 296[199-399]min, P = .893). When compared to open, there was a shorter LOS (4[2-6]d vs 7[6-10]d, P < .001) and lower readmission rate (21% vs 37%, P = .005) following MIS. Estimated blood loss was lower in MIS liver resections, particularly when performed for benign disease (200[63-500]mL vs 600[200-1200]mL, P = .041). Overall 30-day mortality was similar between MIS and open surgery (1.0% vs 1.8%, P = 1.000). DISCUSSION: During a surgical expansion phase within our regional health system, MIS HPB offered improved perioperative outcomes when compared to open surgery. These data support the safety of implementation even during intervals of rapid programmatic growth.

Prioritization and functional analysis of GWAS risk loci for Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified ~20 genetic susceptibility loci for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), and its precursor, Barrett's esophagus (BE). Despite such advances, functional/causal variants and gene targets at these loci remain undefined, hindering clinical translation. A key challenge is that most causal variants map to non-coding regulatory regions such as enhancers, and typically, numerous potential candidate variants at GWAS loci require testing. We developed a systematic informatics pipeline for prioritizing candidate functional variants via integrative functional potential scores (FPS) consolidated from multi-omics annotations, and used this pipeline to identify two high-scoring variants for experimental interrogation: chr9q22.32/rs11789015 and chr19p13.11/rs10423674. Minimal candidate enhancer regions spanning these variants were evaluated using luciferase reporter assays in two EAC cell lines. One of the two variants tested (rs10423674) exhibited allele-specific enhancer activity. CRISPR-mediated deletion of the putative enhancer region in EAC cell lines correlated with reduced expression of two genes-CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) and Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP); expression of five other genes remained unchanged (CRLF1, KLHL26, TMEM59L, UBA52, RFXANK). Expression quantitative trait locus mapping indicated that rs10423674 genotype correlated with CRTC1 and COMP expression in normal esophagus. This study represents the first experimental effort to bridge GWAS associations to biology in BE/EAC and supports the utility of FPS to guide variant prioritization. Our findings reveal a functional variant and candidate risk enhancer at chr19p13.11 and implicate CRTC1 and COMP as putative gene targets, suggesting that altered expression of these genes may underlie the BE/EAC risk association.

Clinical and Lifestyle-Related Prognostic Indicators among Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Patients Receiving Treatment at a Comprehensive Cancer Center.

PURPOSE: The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has risen substantially in recent decades, while the average 5-year survival remains only ~20%. Disease stage and treatment are the strongest prognostic factors. The role of lifestyle factors in relation to survival remains uncertain, with a handful of studies to date investigating associations with obesity, smoking, physical activity, diet, or medications. METHODS: This study included patients diagnosed with primary adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, gastroesophageal junction, or cardia (N = 371) at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center between 2003 and 2019. Leveraging extensive data abstracted from electronic medical records, epidemiologic questionnaires, and a tumor registry, we analyzed clinical, behavioral, and environmental exposures and evaluated stage-specific associations with survival. Survival distributions were visualized using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age, sex, stage, treatment, and comorbidities were used to estimate the association between each exposure and all-cause or cancer-specific mortality. RESULTS: Among patients presenting with localized/regional tumors (stages I-III), current smoking was associated with increased overall mortality risk (HR = 2.5 [1.42-4.53], p = 0.002), while current physical activity was linked to reduced risk (HR = 0.58 [0.35-0.96], p = 0.035). Among patients with stage IV disease, individuals reporting pre-diagnostic use of statins (HR = 0.62 [0.42-0.92], p = 0.018) or NSAIDs (HR = 0.61 [0.42-0.91], p = 0.016) had improved overall survival. Exploratory analyses suggested that high pre-diagnostic dietary consumption of broccoli, carrots, and fiber correlated with prolonged overall survival in patients with localized/regional disease. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that lifestyle exposures may be differentially associated with EAC survival based on disease stage. Future investigation of larger, diverse patient cohorts is essential to validate these findings. Our results may help inform the development of lifestyle-based interventions to improve EAC prognosis and quality of life.

Physical Activity Before, During, and After Chemotherapy for High-Risk Breast Cancer: Relationships With Survival.

BACKGROUND: Although physical activity has been consistently associated with reduced breast cancer mortality, evidence is largely based on data collected at one occasion. We examined how pre- and postdiagnosis physical activity was associated with survival outcomes in high-risk breast cancer patients. METHODS: Included were 1340 patients enrolled in the Diet, Exercise, Lifestyle and Cancer Prognosis (DELCaP) Study, a prospective study of lifestyle and prognosis ancillary to a SWOG clinical trial (S0221). Activity before diagnosis, during treatment, and at 1- and 2-year intervals after enrollment was collected. Patients were categorized according to the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans as meeting the minimum guidelines (yes/no) and incrementally as inactive, low active, moderately active (meeting the guidelines), or high active. RESULTS: In joint-exposure analyses, patients meeting the guidelines before and 1 year after diagnosis experienced statistically significant reductions in hazards of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42 to 0.82) and mortality (HR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.34-0.77); associations were stronger at 2-year follow-up for recurrence (HR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.65) and mortality (HR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.52). In time-dependent analyses, factoring in activity from all time points, we observed striking associations with mortality for low- (HR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.24 to 0.68), moderate- (HR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.76), and high-active patients (HR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.53). CONCLUSIONS: Meeting the minimum guidelines for physical activity both before diagnosis and after treatment appears to be associated with statistically significantly reduced hazards of recurrence and mortality among breast cancer patients. When considering activity from all time points, including during treatment, lower volumes of regular activity were associated with similar overall survival advantages as meeting and exceeding the guidelines.

Germline variation in the insulin-like growth factor pathway and risk of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and its precursor, Barrett's esophagus (BE), have uncovered significant genetic components of risk, but most heritability remains unexplained. Targeted assessment of genetic variation in biologically relevant pathways using novel analytical approaches may identify missed susceptibility signals. Central obesity, a key BE/EAC risk factor, is linked to systemic inflammation, altered hormonal signaling and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis dysfunction. Here, we assessed IGF-related genetic variation and risk of BE and EAC. Principal component analysis was employed to evaluate pathway-level and gene-level associations with BE/EAC, using genotypes for 270 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in or near 12 IGF-related genes, ascertained from 3295 BE cases, 2515 EAC cases and 3207 controls in the Barrett's and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium (BEACON) GWAS. Gene-level signals were assessed using Multi-marker Analysis of GenoMic Annotation (MAGMA) and SNP summary statistics from BEACON and an expanded GWAS meta-analysis (6167 BE cases, 4112 EAC cases, 17 159 controls). Global variation in the IGF pathway was associated with risk of BE (P = 0.0015). Gene-level associations with BE were observed for GHR (growth hormone receptor; P = 0.00046, false discovery rate q = 0.0056) and IGF1R (IGF1 receptor; P = 0.0090, q = 0.0542). These gene-level signals remained significant at q < 0.1 when assessed using data from the largest available BE/EAC GWAS meta-analysis. No significant associations were observed for EAC. This study represents the most comprehensive evaluation to date of inherited genetic variation in the IGF pathway and BE/EAC risk, providing novel evidence that variation in two genes encoding cell-surface receptors, GHR and IGF1R, may influence risk of BE.

Diet patterns and the incidence of age-related macular degeneration in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

BACKGROUND: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss among the elderly. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the association between dietary patterns and food groups (used to make them) with the 18-year incidence of AMD. METHODS: ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) participants who showed change in AMD lesions between retinal photographs taken at visit 3 and visit 5 were graded side by side to determine incident AMD (any=144; early=117; late=27). A 66-line item food frequency questionnaire, administered at visit 1 and visit 3, was used to identify 29 food groups. Principal component analysis was used to derive dietary patterns from average food group servings. Logistic regression was used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs for incident AMD (any, early and late) by tertiles of dietary pattern scores, adjusted for age, race, education, total calories and smoking status. P-trend was estimated using continuous scores. RESULTS: Western (unhealthy) and Prudent (healthy) dietary patterns were identified. No significant associations were observed between either dietary pattern and incident any or incident early AMD. However, a threefold higher incidence of late AMD was observed among participants with a Western pattern score above, as compared with below, the median (OR=3.44 (95% CI 1.33 to 8.87), p-trend=0.014). The risk of developing late AMD was decreased, but not statistically significant, among participants with a Prudent pattern score above, as compared with below, the median (OR=0.51 (95% CI 0.22 to 1.18), p-trend=0.054). CONCLUSIONS: Diet patterns were not significantly associated with incident any or incident early AMD. However, consumption of a Western pattern diet may be a risk factor for development of late AMD.

Habitual recreational physical activity is associated with significantly improved survival in cancer patients: evidence from the Roswell Park Data Bank and BioRepository.

PURPOSE: The association of recreational physical activity (RPA) with mortality is well established only for breast and colon cancers and few studies have evaluated relationships for exercising before and after diagnosis, across multiple disease sites. We examined the joint associations of pre- and post- diagnosis RPA with mortality in a cohort of 5,807 patients enrolled in the Data Bank and BioRepository at Roswell Park. METHODS: Patients were classified into one of four activity categories (habitually active, increased activity after diagnosis, decreased activity after diagnosis, habitually inactive). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the associations of activity status with mortality. RESULTS: In comparison to patients who were habitually inactive, habitually active patients experienced a 39% decreased hazard of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.54-0.69) and a 36% decreased hazard of cancer-specific mortality (HR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.56-0.73). Previously inactive patients who began exercising after diagnosis experienced a 28% decreased hazard of all-cause (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.59-0.89) and cancer-specific mortality (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.57-0.91) in comparison to patients who remained inactive. Patients engaging in 3-4 sessions/week experienced the greatest survival advantages, but 1-2 sessions/week also yielded significant survival advantages in comparison to inactivity. CONCLUSION: Low-to-moderate frequency pre- and post-diagnosis RPA was associated with significantly decreased mortality in patients diagnosed with a variety of malignancies. These observations solidify the clinical and public health importance of the message that some regular activity is better than inactivity, which is particularly encouraging, given that cancer survivors can be overwhelmed by current daily physical activity recommendations.

Abrogation of immune complex glomerulonephritis by native carboxypeptidase and pharmacological antagonism of the C5a receptor.

Activation of complement generates C5a which leads to signaling through C5aR1. This is tightly controlled, including by the plasma proteins factor H (FH) and carboxypeptidase N. Here we studied a chronic serum sickness (CSS) model of glomerulonephritis (GN) in which there is an active humoral immune response, formation of glomerular immune complexes (ICs), and resulting glomerular inflammation. The antibody response, glomerular IC deposition, the degree of GN, and consequent renal functional insufficiency in CSS were all worse in FH-/- mice compared to wild-type FH+/+ animals. This was ameliorated in the former by giving a C5aR1 antagonist for the final 3 weeks of the 5-week protocol. In contrast, blocking CP-mediated inactivation of C5a increased these disease measures. Thus, complement regulation by both plasma FH and CP to limit the quantity of active C5a is important in conditions where the humoral immune response is directed to a continuously present foreign antigen. Signaling through C5aR1 enhances the humoral immune response as well as the inflammatory response to ICs that have formed in glomeruli. Both effects are relevant even after disease has begun. Thus, pharmacological targeting of C5a in IC-mediated GN has potential clinical relevance.

A study on anti-mannose binding lectin (anti-MBL) antibodies and serum MBL levels in Indian systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation and autoantibody production. Anti-mannose binding lectin (anti-MBL) autoantibodies have been studied in SLE for their possible effect on mannose binding lectin (MBL) levels and functional activity. This study aimed at the detection of anti-MBL autoantibodies in Indian SLE patients and evaluates their relationship with related immunological parameters. Two hundred diagnosed SLE patients from Western India were included in the study where 87 patients were lupus nephritis (LN) (43.5 %) and remaining (56.5 %) were non-LN. Disease activity was assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Anti-MBL autoantibodies to IgG and IgM isotypes, anti-C1q autoantibodies, MBL levels and circulating immune complex levels were detected by ELISA. C3, C4 and CRP levels were detected by nephelometer. Anti-MBL autoantibodies were detected in 52 % SLE patients, where 55 % had IgG-anti-MBL, 33.8 % had IgM-anti-MBL and 11.3 % had both subclasses. Low MBL levels were present in 64.4 % anti-MBL positives as compared to 61.5 % in anti-MBL negatives. Among anti-MBL positives, 74 % had anti-C1q antibodies, whereas 41.7 % of anti-MBL negatives had anti-C1q autoantibodies (p = 3.45E06). An inverse correlation was observed between serum MBL and CIC levels. A statistically significant difference was noted between anti-MBL positives and anti-MBL negative patients with hsCRP levels (p = 0.002). Occurrence of infections was higher among anti-MBL positives (65 %) as compared to anti-MBL negatives (35 %). The difference between SLEDAI scores among anti-MBL-positive and anti-MBL-negative groups was statistically insignificant. Anti-MBL autoantibodies in SLE patients can influence functional activity of MBL and have a significant role in SLE disease pathogenesis.

A study on anti-mannose binding lectin (anti-MBL) antibodies and serum MBL levels in Indian systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation and autoantibody production. Anti-MBL autoantibodies have been studied in SLE for their possible effect on MBL levels and functional activity. This study aimed at detection of anti-MBL autoantibodies in Indian SLE patients and evaluates their relationship with related immunological parameters. Two hundred diagnosed SLE patients from Western India were included in the study where 87 patients were lupus nephritis (LN) (43.5 %) and remaining (56.5 %) were non-LN. Disease activity was assessed using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Anti-MBL autoantibodies to IgG and IgM isotypes, anti-C1q autoantibodies, MBL levels and circulating immune complex levels were detected by ELISA. C3, C4 and CRP levels were detected by nephelometer. Anti-MBL autoantibodies were detected in 52 % SLE patients, where 55 % had IgG-anti-MBL, 33.8 % had IgM-anti-MBL and 11.3 % had both subclasses. Low MBL levels were present in 64.4 % anti-MBL positives as compared with 61.5 % in anti-MBL negatives. Among anti-MBL positives, 74 % had anti-C1q antibodies, whereas 41.7 % of anti-MBL negatives had anti-C1q autoantibodies (p = 3.45E06). An inverse correlation was observed between serum MBL and CIC levels. A statistically significant difference was noted between anti-MBL positives and anti-MBL negative patients with hsCRP levels (p = 0.002). Occurrence of infections was higher among anti-MBL positives (65 %) as compared with anti-MBL negatives (35 %). The difference between SLEDAI scores among anti-MBL positive and negative groups was statistically insignificant. Anti-MBL autoantibodies in SLE patients can influence functional activity of MBL and have a significant role in SLE disease pathogenesis.