Fungal Planet description sheets: 1112-1181.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Austroboletus asper on soil, Cylindromonium alloxyli on leaves of Alloxylon pinnatum, Davidhawksworthia quintiniae on leaves of Quintinia sieberi, Exophiala prostantherae on leaves of Prostanthera sp., Lactifluus lactiglaucus on soil, Linteromyces quintiniae (incl. Linteromyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Quintinia sieberi, Lophotrichus medusoides from stem tissue of Citrus garrawayi, Mycena pulchra on soil, Neocalonectria tristaniopsidis (incl. Neocalonectria gen. nov.) and Xyladictyochaeta tristaniopsidis on leaves of Tristaniopsis collina, Parasarocladium tasmanniae on leaves of Tasmannia insipida, Phytophthora aquae-cooljarloo from pond water, Serendipita whamiae as endophyte from roots of Eriochilus cucullatus, Veloboletus limbatus (incl. Veloboletus gen. nov.) on soil. Austria, Cortinarius glaucoelotus on soil. Bulgaria, Suhomyces rilaensis from the gut of Bolitophagus interruptus found on a Polyporus sp. Canada, Cantharellus betularum among leaf litter of Betula, Penicillium saanichii from house dust. Chile, Circinella lampensis on soil, Exophiala embothrii from rhizosphere of Embothrium coccineum. China, Colletotrichum cycadis on leaves of Cycas revoluta. Croatia, Phialocephala melitaea on fallen branch of Pinus halepensis. Czech Republic, Geoglossum jirinae on soil, Pyrenochaetopsis rajhradensis from dead wood of Buxus sempervirens. Dominican Republic, Amanita domingensis on litter of deciduous wood, Melanoleuca dominicana on forest litter. France, Crinipellis nigrolamellata (Martinique) on leaves of Pisonia fragrans, Talaromyces pulveris from bore dust of Xestobium rufovillosum infesting floorboards. French Guiana, Hypoxylon hepaticolor on dead corticated branch. Great Britain, Inocybe ionolepis on soil. India, Cortinarius indopurpurascens among leaf litter of Quercus leucotrichophora. Iran, Pseudopyricularia javanii on infected leaves of Cyperus sp., Xenomonodictys iranica (incl. Xenomonodictys gen. nov.) on wood of Fagus orientalis. Italy, Penicillium vallebormidaense from compost. Namibia, Alternaria mirabibensis on plant litter, Curvularia moringae and Moringomyces phantasmae (incl. Moringomyces gen. nov.) on leaves and flowers of Moringa ovalifolia, Gobabebomyces vachelliae (incl. Gobabebomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Vachellia erioloba, Preussia procaviae on dung of Procavia capensis. Pakistan, Russula shawarensis from soil on forest floor. Russia, Cyberlindnera dauci from Daucus carota. South Africa, Acremonium behniae on leaves of Behnia reticulata, Dothiora aloidendri and Hantamomyces aloidendri (incl. Hantamomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Aloidendron dichotomum, Endoconidioma euphorbiae on leaves of Euphorbia mauritanica, Eucasphaeria proteae on leaves of Protea neriifolia, Exophiala mali from inner fruit tissue of Malus sp., Graminopassalora geissorhizae on leaves of Geissorhiza splendidissima, Neocamarosporium leipoldtiae on leaves of Leipoldtia schultzii, Neocladosporium osteospermi on leaf spots of Osteospermum moniliferum, Neometulocladosporiella seifertii on leaves of Combretum caffrum, Paramyrothecium pituitipietianum on stems of Grielum humifusum, Phytopythium paucipapillatum from roots of Vitis sp., Stemphylium carpobroti and Verrucocladosporium carpobroti on leaves of Carpobrotus quadrifolius, Suttonomyces cephalophylli on leaves of Cephalophyllum pilansii. Sweden, Coprinopsis rubra on cow dung, Elaphomyces nemoreus from deciduous woodlands. Spain, Polyscytalum pini-canariensis on needles of Pinus canariensis, Pseudosubramaniomyces septatus from stream sediment, Tuber lusitanicum on soil under Quercus suber. Thailand, Tolypocladium flavonigrum on Elaphomyces sp. USA, Chaetothyrina spondiadis on fruits of Spondias mombin, Gymnascella minnisii from bat guano, Juncomyces patwiniorum on culms of Juncus effusus, Moelleriella puertoricoensis on scale insect, Neodothiora populina (incl. Neodothiora gen. nov.) on stem cankers of Populus tremuloides, Pseudogymnoascus palmeri from cave sediment. Vietnam, Cyphellophora vietnamensis on leaf litter, Tylopilus subotsuensis on soil in montane evergreen broadleaf forest. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 625-715.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica: Cadophora antarctica from soil. Australia: Alfaria dandenongensis on Cyperaceae, Amphosoma persooniae on Persoonia sp., Anungitea nullicana on Eucalyptus sp., Bagadiella eucalypti on Eucalyptus globulus, Castanediella eucalyptigena on Eucalyptus sp., Cercospora dianellicola on Dianella sp., Cladoriella kinglakensis on Eucalyptus regnans, Cladoriella xanthorrhoeae (incl. Cladoriellaceae fam. nov. and Cladoriellales ord. nov.) on Xanthorrhoea sp., Cochlearomyces eucalypti (incl. Cochlearomyces gen. nov. and Cochlearomycetaceae fam. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Codinaea lambertiae on Lambertia formosa, Diaporthe obtusifoliae on Acacia obtusifolia, Didymella acaciae on Acacia melanoxylon, Dothidea eucalypti on Eucalyptus dalrympleana, Fitzroyomyces cyperi (incl. Fitzroyomyces gen. nov.) on Cyperaceae, Murramarangomyces corymbiae (incl. Murramarangomyces gen. nov., Murramarangomycetaceae fam. nov. and Murramarangomycetales ord. nov.) on Corymbia maculata, Neoanungitea eucalypti (incl. Neoanungitea gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus obliqua, Neoconiothyrium persooniae (incl. Neoconiothyrium gen. nov.) on Persoonia laurina subsp. laurina, Neocrinula lambertiae (incl. Neocrinulaceae fam. nov.) on Lambertia sp., Ochroconis podocarpi on Podocarpus grayae, Paraphysalospora eucalypti (incl. Paraphysalospora gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus sieberi, Pararamichloridium livistonae (incl. Pararamichloridium gen. nov., Pararamichloridiaceae fam. nov. and Pararamichloridiales ord. nov.) on Livistona sp., Pestalotiopsis dianellae on Dianella sp., Phaeosphaeria gahniae on Gahnia aspera, Phlogicylindrium tereticornis on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Pleopassalora acaciae on Acacia obliquinervia, Pseudodactylaria xanthorrhoeae (incl. Pseudodactylaria gen. nov., Pseudodactylariaceae fam. nov. and Pseudodactylariales ord. nov.) on Xanthorrhoea sp., Pseudosporidesmium lambertiae (incl. Pseudosporidesmiaceae fam. nov.) on Lambertia formosa, Saccharata acaciae on Acacia sp., Saccharata epacridis on Epacris sp., Saccharata hakeigena on Hakea sericea, Seiridium persooniae on Persoonia sp., Semifissispora tooloomensis on Eucalyptus dunnii, Stagonospora lomandrae on Lomandra longifolia, Stagonospora victoriana on Poaceae, Subramaniomyces podocarpi on Podocarpus elatus, Sympoventuria melaleucae on Melaleuca sp., Sympoventuria regnans on Eucalyptus regnans, Trichomerium eucalypti on Eucalyptus tereticornis, Vermiculariopsiella eucalypticola on Eucalyptus dalrympleana, Verrucoconiothyrium acaciae on Acacia falciformis, Xenopassalora petrophiles (incl. Xenopassalora gen. nov.) on Petrophile sp., Zasmidium dasypogonis on Dasypogon sp., Zasmidium gahniicola on Gahnia sieberiana.Brazil: Achaetomium lippiae on Lippia gracilis, Cyathus isometricus on decaying wood, Geastrum caririense on soil, Lycoperdon demoulinii (incl. Lycoperdon subg. Arenicola) on soil, Megatomentella cristata (incl. Megatomentella gen. nov.) on unidentified plant, Mutinus verrucosus on soil, Paraopeba schefflerae (incl. Paraopeba gen. nov.) on Schefflera morototoni, Phyllosticta catimbauensis on Mandevilla catimbauensis, Pseudocercospora angularis on Prunus persica, Pseudophialophora sorghi on Sorghum bicolor, Spumula piptadeniae on Piptadenia paniculata.Bulgaria: Yarrowia parophonii from gut of Parophonus hirsutulus. Croatia: Pyrenopeziza velebitica on Lonicera borbasiana.Cyprus: Peziza halophila on coastal dunes. Czech Republic: Aspergillus contaminans from human fingernail. Ecuador: Cuphophyllus yacurensis on forest soil, Ganoderma podocarpense on fallen tree trunk. England: Pilidium anglicum (incl. Chaetomellales ord. nov.) on Eucalyptus sp. France: Planamyces parisiensis (incl. Planamyces gen. nov.) on wood inside a house. French Guiana: Lactifluus ceraceus on soil. Germany: Talaromyces musae on Musa sp. India: Hyalocladosporiella cannae on Canna indica, Nothophoma raii from soil. Italy: Setophaeosphaeria citri on Citrus reticulata, Yuccamyces citri on Citrus limon.Japan: Glutinomyces brunneus (incl. Glutinomyces gen. nov.) from roots of Quercus sp. Netherlands (all from soil): Collariella hilkhuijsenii, Fusarium petersiae, Gamsia kooimaniorum, Paracremonium binnewijzendii, Phaeoisaria annesophieae, Plectosphaerella niemeijerarum, Striaticonidium deklijnearum, Talaromyces annesophieae, Umbelopsis wiegerinckiae, Vandijckella johannae (incl. Vandijckella gen. nov. and Vandijckellaceae fam. nov.), Verhulstia trisororum (incl. Verhulstia gen. nov.). New Zealand: Lasiosphaeria similisorbina on decorticated wood. Papua New Guinea: Pseudosubramaniomyces gen. nov. (based on Pseudosubramaniomyces fusisaprophyticus comb. nov.). Slovakia: Hemileucoglossum pusillum on soil. South Africa: Tygervalleyomyces podocarpi (incl. Tygervalleyomyces gen. nov.) on Podocarpus falcatus.Spain: Coniella heterospora from herbivorous dung, Hymenochaete macrochloae on Macrochloa tenacissima, Ramaria cistophila on shrubland of Cistus ladanifer.Thailand: Polycephalomyces phaothaiensis on Coleoptera larvae, buried in soil. Uruguay: Penicillium uruguayense from soil. Vietnam: Entoloma nigrovelutinum on forest soil, Volvariella morozovae on wood of unknown tree. Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 400-468.

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Australia: Vermiculariopsiella eucalypti, Mulderomyces natalis (incl. Mulderomyces gen. nov.), Fusicladium paraamoenum, Neotrimmatostroma paraexcentricum, and Pseudophloeospora eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus spp., Anungitea grevilleae (on leaves of Grevillea sp.), Pyrenochaeta acaciae (on leaves of Acacia sp.), and Brunneocarpos banksiae (incl. Brunneocarpos gen. nov.) on cones of Banksia attenuata. Novel foliicolous taxa from South Africa include Neosulcatispora strelitziae (on Strelitzia nicolai), Colletotrichum ledebouriae (on Ledebouria floridunda), Cylindrosympodioides brabejum (incl. Cylindrosympodioides gen. nov.) on Brabejum stellatifolium, Sclerostagonospora ericae (on Erica sp.), Setophoma cyperi (on Cyperus sphaerocephala), and Phaeosphaeria breonadiae (on Breonadia microcephala). Novelties described from Robben Island (South Africa) include Wojnowiciella cissampeli and Diaporthe cissampeli (both on Cissampelos capensis), Phaeotheca salicorniae (on Salicornia meyeriana), Paracylindrocarpon aloicola (incl. Paracylindrocarpon gen. nov.) on Aloe sp., and Libertasomyces myopori (incl. Libertasomyces gen. nov.) on Myoporum serratum. Several novelties are recorded from La Réunion (France), namely Phaeosphaeriopsis agapanthi (on Agapanthus sp.), Roussoella solani (on Solanum mauritianum), Vermiculariopsiella acaciae (on Acacia heterophylla), Dothiorella acacicola (on Acacia mearnsii), Chalara clidemiae (on Clidemia hirta), Cytospora tibouchinae (on Tibouchina semidecandra), Diaporthe ocoteae (on Ocotea obtusata), Castanediella eucalypticola, Phaeophleospora eucalypticola and Fusicladium eucalypticola (on Eucalyptus robusta), Lareunionomyces syzygii (incl. Lareunionomyces gen. nov.) and Parawiesneriomyces syzygii (incl. Parawiesneriomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Syzygium jambos. Novel taxa from the USA include Meristemomyces arctostaphylos (on Arctostaphylos patula), Ochroconis dracaenae (on Dracaena reflexa), Rasamsonia columbiensis (air of a hotel conference room), Paecilomyces tabacinus (on Nicotiana tabacum), Toxicocladosporium hominis (from human broncoalveolar lavage fluid), Nothophoma macrospora (from respiratory secretion of a patient with pneumonia), and Penidiellopsis radicularis (incl. Penidiellopsis gen. nov.) from a human nail. Novel taxa described from Malaysia include Prosopidicola albizziae (on Albizzia falcataria), Proxipyricularia asari (on Asarum sp.), Diaporthe passifloricola (on Passiflora foetida), Paramycoleptodiscus albizziae (incl. Paramycoleptodiscus gen. nov.) on Albizzia falcataria, and Malaysiasca phaii (incl. Malaysiasca gen. nov.) on Phaius reflexipetalus. Two species are newly described from human patients in the Czech Republic, namely Microascus longicollis (from toenails of patient with suspected onychomycosis), and Chrysosporium echinulatum (from sole skin of patient). Furthermore, Alternaria quercicola is described on leaves of Quercus brantii (Iran), Stemphylium beticola on leaves of Beta vulgaris (The Netherlands), Scleroderma capeverdeanum on soil (Cape Verde Islands), Scleroderma dunensis on soil, and Blastobotrys meliponae from bee honey (Brazil), Ganoderma mbrekobenum on angiosperms (Ghana), Geoglossum raitviirii and Entoloma kruticianum on soil (Russia), Priceomyces vitoshaensis on Pterostichus melas (Carabidae) (Bulgaria) is the only one for which the family is listed, Ganoderma ecuadoriense on decaying wood (Ecuador), Thyrostroma cornicola on Cornus officinalis (Korea), Cercophora vinosa on decorticated branch of Salix sp. (France), Coprinus pinetorum, Coprinus littoralis and Xerocomellus poederi on soil (Spain). Two new genera from Colombia include Helminthosporiella and Uwemyces on leaves of Elaeis oleifera. Two species are described from India, namely Russula intervenosa (ectomycorrhizal with Shorea robusta), and Crinipellis odorata (on bark of Mytragyna parviflora). Novelties from Thailand include Cyphellophora gamsii (on leaf litter), Pisolithus aureosericeus and Corynascus citrinus (on soil). Two species are newly described from Citrus in Italy, namely Dendryphiella paravinosa on Citrus sinensis, and Ramularia citricola on Citrus floridana. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS nrDNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

[ANTITHROMBOTIC MEDICATION IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH PREVIOUS INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION].

AIM: To analyze pregnancy outcome in patients who were on antithrombotic medication (AM) because of previous pregnancy with fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The studied group (SG) included 21 pregnancies in 15 women with history of previous IUGR. The patients were on low dose aspirin (LDA) and/or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Pregnancy outcome was compared to the one in two more groups: 1) primary group (PG) including the previous 15 pregnancies with IUGR of the same women; 2) control group (CG) including 45 pregnancies of women matched for parity with the ones in the SG, with no history of IUGR and without medication. The SG, PG and CG were compared for the following: mean gestational age (g.a.) at birth, mean birth weight (BW), proportion of cases with early preeclampsia (PE), IUGR (total, moderate, and severe), intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), neonatal death (NND), admission to NICU, cesarean section (CS) because of chronic or acute fetal distress (FD) related to IUGR, PE or placental abruption. Student's t-test was applied to assess differences between the groups. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The differences between the SG and the PG regarding mean g. a. at delivery (33.7 and 29.8 w.g. respectively) and the proportion of babies admitted to NICU (66.7% vs. 71.4%) were not statistically significant. The mean BW in the SG (2114,7 g.) was significantly higher than in the PG (1090.8 g.). In the SG compared with the PG there were significantly less cases of IUFD (14.3% and 53.3% respectively), early PE (9.5% vs. 46.7%) moderate and severe IUGR (10.5% and 36.8% vs. 41.7% and 58.3%). Neonatal mortality in the SG (5.6%) was significantly lower than in the PG (57.1%), The proportion of CS for FD was not significantly different--53.3% in the SG and 57.1% in the PG. On the other hand, comparison between the SG and the CG demonstrated significantly lower g.a. at delivery in the SG (33.7 vs. 38 w.g.) an lower BW (2114 vs. 3094 g). There were significantly more cases with IUGR in the SG compared to the CG--total, moderate and severe (47.4 %, 10.5% and 36.8% in the SG vs. 8.9%, 6.7% and 2.2% in the CG) and NICU admissions (66.7% vs. 4.4%). There were no cases in the control group with severe PE (9.5% in the SG), IUFD (14.3% in the SG), and CS for FD (53.3% in the SG). The proportion of pregnancies without complication in the SG (23.8%) was significantly lower than in the CG (86.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of pregnancies with AM because of previous fetal IUGR is improved compared to the index ones. However, it is less favorable compared to the outcome in matched cases with no history of IUGR in previous pregnancies.

[INDICATIONS FOR ANTITHROMBOTIC MEDICATION DURING PREGNANCY--ANALYSIS OF CURRENT PRACTICES IN BULGARIA].

AIM: To analyze current practices in Bulgaria regarding antithrombotic medication (AM) during pregnancy, and to compare them with the ones recommended in literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 84 pregnant women who were low dose aspirin (LDA) or/and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (UH), data about AM were collected and analyzed. A descriptive analysis was performed of the indications for AM, its type, the applied doses and therapeutic regimens. RESULTS: 39/84 pregnant women (46.4%) had indications for AM. In 18/84 cases (21.4%) the type of AM was precisely selected according to the indications. Of them 12 were on LDA alone (8--history of early preeclampsia/IUGR, 2--diabetes, 1--autoimmune disease, 1--chronic hypertension), 4--on LMWH/UF alone (2--venous thromboembolism, 2--essential thrombocytemia) and 2 received both LMH and LDA (1--antiphospholipid syndrome, 1--phlebothrombosis and stillbirth). Another 21/84 cases (25%) had indications for AM but its type was not appropriately selected. This subgroup included cases with high risk inherited thrombophylia (IT), history of placental mediated disease (PMD) in previous pregnancies and/or accompanying medical disorders. These patients had indications for either LDA or LMA administration, but were on combined medication. In 45/84 cases (53.6%) with uneventful past obstetric history or early pregnancy losses (before 10 w.g.) but no PMD there were no indications for AM. Among them, 17/84 (20.2%) had low risk IT in 18/84 (21.4%) IT was ruled out and 10/84 (12%) were not tested for IT at all. In total, 64/84 patients (76.2%) were on LDA--alone (25/84 - 29.8%), or in combination with LMWH (39/84 - 46.4%). Treatment with LDA was indicated in 45/64 (70.3%) cases--12/25 (48%) of the ones who were on LDA alone and 23/39 (59%) of those on LDA and LMW In 19/64 cases (29.7%) LDA administration was not indicated. 59/84 (70.2%) of the patients were on LMW/UH- alone (20/84 - 23.8%) orin combination with LDA (39/84 - 46.4%). This therapy was indicated in only 6/59 cases (10.2%), treated with LMWH/UH - 4/20 (20%) of the ones on LMWH/UH alone and 2/39 (5.2%) of the ones on LDA plus LMWH. In 53/59 cases (89.8%) the administration of LMWH was not indicated. LDA was started preconceptionally, in the Ist or in the lind trimester in 12/64 (18.7%), 32/64 (50%) and 6/64 (9.4%) of the cases respectively. LMWN/UH was started preconceptionally, in the Ist orin the lind trimester in 5/59 (8.6%), 33/59 (56.9%) and 5/59 (8.6%) of the cases respectively. The information when AM was started was not reliable in 14/64 (21.9%) cases on LDA and in 16/59 (27.1%) - on LMWH. In 12/84 cases (14.3%) LDA and LMWH were administered every other day. This referred to 5/64 (7.8%) cases on LDA and to 7/58 (12.1%) - on LMWH. LDA and LMWH were administered in PAI 4G/4G polymorphism despite the fact that in'these cases fibrinolysis but not coagulation was affected. CONCLUSIONS: AM was administered according to strict indications and with appropriately selected preparations in only 21.4% of the studied cases. In another 25% there were indications for AM, but its type was not precisely selected. 53.6% of the patients had no indications for AM. LDA administration (alone or in combination with LMWH) was indicated in 70.9% of the cases; the same referred to only 10.2% of the ones who were on LMWH. Application/administration of AM every other day was inappropriate given the pharmacokinetics of the preparations. AM was also applied in IT with decreased fibrinolysis but not increased coagulability.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 320-370.

Novel species of fungi described in the present study include the following from Malaysia: Castanediella eucalypti from Eucalyptus pellita, Codinaea acacia from Acacia mangium, Emarcea eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana, Myrtapenidiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus pellita, Pilidiella eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus brassiana and Strelitziana malaysiana from Acacia mangium. Furthermore, Stachybotrys sansevieriicola is described from Sansevieria ehrenbergii (Tanzania), Phacidium grevilleae from Grevillea robusta (Uganda), Graphium jumulu from Adansonia gregorii and Ophiostoma eucalyptigena from Eucalyptus marginata (Australia), Pleurophoma ossicola from bone and Plectosphaerella populi from Populus nigra (Germany), Colletotrichum neosansevieriae from Sansevieria trifasciata, Elsinoë othonnae from Othonna quinquedentata and Zeloasperisporium cliviae (Zeloasperisporiaceae fam. nov.) from Clivia sp. (South Africa), Neodevriesia pakbiae, Phaeophleospora hymenocallidis and Phaeophleospora hymenocallidicola on leaves of a fern (Thailand), Melanconium elaeidicola from Elaeis guineensis (Indonesia), Hormonema viticola from Vitis vinifera (Canary Islands), Chlorophyllum pseudoglobossum from a grassland (India), Triadelphia disseminata from an immunocompromised patient (Saudi Arabia), Colletotrichum abscissum from Citrus (Brazil), Polyschema sclerotigenum and Phialemonium limoniforme from human patients (USA), Cadophora vitícola from Vitis vinifera (Spain), Entoloma flavovelutinum and Bolbitius aurantiorugosus from soil (Vietnam), Rhizopogon granuloflavus from soil (Cape Verde Islands), Tulasnella eremophila from Euphorbia officinarum subsp. echinus (Morocco), Verrucostoma martinicensis from Danaea elliptica (French West Indies), Metschnikowia colchici from Colchicum autumnale (Bulgaria), Thelebolus microcarpus from soil (Argentina) and Ceratocystis adelpha from Theobroma cacao (Ecuador). Myrmecridium iridis (Myrmecridiales ord. nov., Myrmecridiaceae fam. nov.) is also described from Iris sp. (The Netherlands). Novel genera include (Ascomycetes): Budhanggurabania from Cynodon dactylon (Australia), Soloacrosporiella, Xenocamarosporium, Neostrelitziana and Castanediella from Acacia mangium and Sabahriopsis from Eucalyptus brassiana (Malaysia), Readerielliopsis from basidiomata of Fuscoporia wahlbergii (French Guyana), Neoplatysporoides from Aloe ferox (Tanzania), Wojnowiciella, Chrysofolia and Neoeriomycopsis from Eucalyptus (Colombia), Neophaeomoniella from Eucalyptus globulus (USA), Pseudophaeomoniella from Olea europaea (Italy), Paraphaeomoniella from Encephalartos altensteinii, Aequabiliella, Celerioriella and Minutiella from Prunus (South Africa). Tephrocybella (Basidiomycetes) represents a novel genus from wood (Italy). Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.

[Biometry and assessment of the levator hiatus by three-dimensional pelvic floor ultrasound].

Images of the levator hiatus in 40 nulliparous, 40 asymptomatic parous women and 40 women with pelvic organ prolapse were obtained by transperineal/translabial three-dimentional ultrasonography of the pelvic floor. Volumes were taken at rest and during squeezing. Recontructed images of the levator hiatus at the plane of minimal dimentions were obtained by off-line processing of the stored volumes. The transverse, the longitudinal diameter and the area of the levator hiatus were measured at rest and during squeezing in the three groups. Qualitative assessment of the shape and the symmetry of the levator hiatus at rest was made, too. The average hiatal dimentions (transverse, longitudinal diameter and hiatal area) measured at rest in the three groups were: 35.8 mm, 43.1 mm and 11.84 cm2 in the nulliparous; 43.6 mm, 47.1 mm and 15.1 cm2 in the asymptomatic parous women and 50.5 mm, 57.2 mm and 25.8 cm2 in women with pelvic organ prolapse. Nulliparous women achieved the greatest reduction of hiatal area during squeezing (by 21% average). In asymptomatic parous women the hiatal area reduction averaged 12% while in women with pelvic organ prolapse the average reduction was by 4% only. Levator injury was detected in 7.5% of the asymptomatic parous women and in 22.5% of the women with pelvic organ prolapse. Left-sided injuries predominated. Three-dimentional ultrasound provides easy and high-quality imaging of the pubovisceral miscles for the objective assessment of the levator hiatus in static and dynamic conditions.

[Solifenacin in treatment of the overactive bladder syndrome--diagnosis, clinical management and results].

UNLABELLED: The overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a pathological condition that affects millions of people round the world. Its incidence increases with ageing. The main therapeutic option for OAB nowadays is anti-muscarinic drug therapy. AIM: To define and implement the diagnostic criteria, clinical guidelines in our country and to evaluate the results of Solifenacin therapy in patients with OAB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Along a three years period (2006-2009) 163 OAB patients were analyzed followed and treated. In our group of patients 106 (65.2%) are females and 57 (34.8%)--males. The diagnosis is based mainly on the complaints of the patient, evaluated thoroughly with a detail anamnesis and questionnaires. Urodynamic studies were performed In some of the patients. The efficacy of Solifenacin therapy has been validated with the same methods used in SUNRISE and VENUS studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The mean age of female patients in our group is 63.8 years, and 65.6 years for males. The most commonly observed symptoms of OAB are urgency--88.3% and frequency--92%. Urge-incontinence is observed in 48.8% of the cases. Therapy with Solifenacin 5 and 10 mg has alleviated urgency in 82% and urge-incontinence in 88.9%. Mean number of pads used for 24 hours has decreased from 2.6 to 0.4 after therapy. CONCLUSION: Urgency is the main mandatory symptom for the diagnosis OAB. Therapy with Solifenacin 5 and 10 mg guarantees very good clinical results, and high degree of compliance of the patients.

Characterization of clonogenic stromal cells isolated from human endometrium.

Human endometrium is an object of extensive restructuring and remodeling during the female reproductive life and it is quite tempting to assume that these periodic changes happen with the participation of cells that should have the basic characteristics of multipotent cells. The aim of this study was to search for the presence of cells with plastic adherence, clonogenicity, and differentiation in human endometrium. To this end, human endometrial stromal cells were cultured in vitro for more than 15 passages. Flow cytometry analysis of the cultured cells showed that they were positive for CD29, CD73 and CD90, which are considered to be the markers of cells with mesenchymal origin. The cells were negative for the hematopoietic cell markers (CD45, CD34, CD14, CD3, CD19, CD16/56, and HLA-DR). Further, it was shown that the cultured cells had 15% clonogenic efficiency and could be induced to differentiate into adipogenic cells containing typical lipid-rich vacuoles. These results demonstrate that the human endometrium contains a low number of cells with the characteristics of endometrial stromal stem/progenitor cells, which seem to belong to the family of the mesenchymal stem cells. It can be speculated that these cells are engaged into the monthly restructuring and remodeling of human endometrium.

[Surgical treatment of post hysterectomy vesicovaginal fistulas: our experience of more than a decade].

The results of the surgical treatment of 21 consecutive patients with posthysterectomy vesicovaginal fistulas admitted in Second gynaecology clinic of the University Hospital of Ob&Gyn in Sofia between 1993 and 2006 are presented. 19 of the patients had no previous attempts of repair, 2 had 2 and 4 failed attempts for surgical repair respectively. All 21 patients were operated using one and the same technique of transperitoneal transvesical fistula repair. All operations were successful. There were no intra or postoperative complications and all patients had an uneventful recovery. The authors appreciate the technique used for its utmost reliability which warrants its greater complexity and surgical trauma compared to the other approaches for vesicovaginal fistula repair.

[3D and 4D ultrasonography in obstetrics].

The review article analyses the practical application of 3D/4D ultrasound in modern obstetrics. The basic terms applied with this method are introduced including their equivalents in Bulgarian. The main volume rendering modes are described. The advantages of 3D/4D ultrasound in obstetrics are outlined including: 1) improved understanding of normal fetal anatomy and fetal anomalies by the parents; 2) improved maternal-fetal bonding; 3) enhanced diagnosis of fetal anomalies; 4) precise identification of the nature, size and location of certain fetal defects; 5) precise volume measurement of organs with irregular shape; 6) retrospective analysis, data exchange and education. Some specific advantages of 3D/4D sonography are listed regarding its application in the first trimester, for the diagnosis of fetal anomalies and for fetal growth assessment. Some myths about 3D/4D ultrasound popular among patients and medical professionals are discussed. The ethical aspects of 3D/4D ultrasound in obstetrics as well as the future perspectives of the method are also outlined.

Microsatellite instability in Bulgarian patients with endometrial cancer.

PURPOSE: Microsatellite instability (MSI) is a frequent event in different types of cancer. In several studies MSI was shown to have both clinical and prognostic value. The aim of our study was to determine the frequency of MSI in Bulgarian patients with endometrial cancer (EC) and the possible relation of this phenomenon to their clinicopathological characteristics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 33 histologically confirmed EC patients were analyzed for tumor MSI using a panel of 6 microsatellite markers. RESULTS: We identified MSI in 30% of endometrial cancer cases. Six of them had high degree of MSI (MSI-H), and 4 displayed low degree of MSI (MSI-L). CONCLUSION: The frequency of MSI in Bulgarian EC patients does not differ significantly from that reported in other European studies.

Tissue microarray analysis of EGFR and erbB2 copy number changes in ovarian tumors.

The objective of this study was to assess the implication of copy number changes of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and erbB2 genes in the etiology and progression of ovarian tumors. In our study, we used the highly reliable method of fluorescent in situ hybridization, applied on tissue microarray, containing 1006 ovarian tumors from different malignancy, histologic type and grade, and tumor stage, in order to analyze the correlations between gene copy number changes and tumor phenotype. We established copy number changes of erbB2 in 15.30% of malignant ovarian tumors-8.16% amplifications and 7.14% gains. The frequency of EGFR copy number changes was 10.67%-3.65% amplifications and 7.02% gains. EGFR gains occurred with approximately the same frequency in malignant (7.02%), low malignant potential (8.33%), and benign (7.19%) ovarian tumors. ErbB2 amplification was associated with clear cell type of ovarian cancer (P < 0.04). No amplification of EGFR and erbB2 genes was established in tumors with low malignant potency and in benign tumors. Regarding cancer phenotype, there was no statistically significant association between erbB2 copy number changes and histologic grade as well as tumor stage of ovarian cancer. EGFR gains are early events in ovarian tumorigenesis. Our results showed similar frequencies of EGFR gains in different grade tumors, while EGFR amplification increased from grades 1 to 2 to 3.

Correlations between c-myc gene copy-number and clinicopathological parameters of ovarian tumours.

The objective of this study was to investigate increases in c-myc gene copy-number in ovarian tumours, and to analyze their correlations with clinicopathological parameters. Here we applied FISH on TMA (tissue microarrays) containing 507 ovarian tumour samples from different malignancy, histology, stage and grade. Overall, we found high frequency for c-myc copy-number increases (38.5%) in ovarian cancers: 22.1% amplifications and 16.4% gains. We established c-myc amplification in more than 30% in endometrioid and mixed epithelial ovarian carcinomas. c-myc gains were found in a high proportion (42.9%) of clear cell carcinomas. We found associations between c-myc copy-number changes and clinicopathological parameters of ovarian tumours such as degree of malignancy and histological type. We suggested that c-myc amplifications are characteristics for endometrioid, and c-myc gains for clear cell ovarian cancers. We suggest that copy-number increases of c-myc and 20q13.2 represent a possible mechanism for the regulation of the pathway STK15--c-myc--hTERT.

[Potentialities of immunodiagnostics in endometriosis]. / Vuzmozhnosti na imunodiagnostikata pri endometrioza.

In this study, the authors tried to figure out the value of immunodiagnostics, and especially the protein characteristics of the peritoneal fluid in women with endometriosis. The main purpose was to establish whether this kind of diagnostics is reliable enough for clinical purposes.

[LUTS in women and possible therapeutic effects of alfa1-adrenoblockers]. / LUTS pri zheni i vuzmozhnosti za terapevtichno povliiavane s alfa1-adrenoblokeri.

UNLABELLED: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS), including urinary incontinence, are one of the most common problems in women pathology. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the authors is to determine the symptomatic index, to perform an urodynamic assessment and to establish the therapeutic possibilities of the alfa1-adrenoblokers in women with LUTS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the course of a three year period (2001-2003) 74 women, ranging in age from 26 to 76 years old (average age of 48.6), have been examined and monitored. The symptomatic index was measured by a questionnaire, developed on the basis of IPSS and BFLUTS. The urodynamic study was performed with a multi-channel system Dantec-Meneut and includes multi-chanel cystrometry, followed by measuring of the pressure and the speed of urinary flow before the treatment and after it. Therapy with the L1-adrenoblocker Doxazosin was applied to 42 (56.7%) of the patients. RESULTS: 51 (68.9%) women were with predominantly irritative symptoms, and 23 (31.1%)--with predominantly obstructive. The urodynamic studies reval: 1. Obstruction of the lower urinary tract--7 (9.4%); 2. Obstruction with detrusor hyperactivity--15 (20.3%); 3. Detrusor hyperactivity--33 (44.6%); 4. Sensory urge-syndrome--6 (8.1%); 5. Disturbed contractility of the urinary bladder--4 (5.4%); 6. With no significant deviations--9 (12.2%) Total disappearance of the symptoms was achieved in 64.3% of the patients with the prescribed therapy, while in 11.9% symptoms have relapsed after discontinuation of the therapy. CONCLUSIONS: LUTS in women is not only a gerontology problem. It affects more and more often women in active and child-bearing age. The therapeutic use of alfa1-adrenoblockers is one alternatives in the treatment of these patients.

[A case of unruptured intrafollicular ovarian pregnancy diagnosed prior to operation]. / Sluchai na predoperativno diagnostitsirana nerupturirala intrafolikularna ovarialna bremennost.

A case of an unruptured intrafollicular ovarian pregnancy of 8 gestational weeks diagnosed by ultrasonography in a virtually asymptomatic patient is reported. A 32 year-old woman with 1 vaginal delivery 8 years ago presented with a history of intermittent spotting after removal of an IUD during her last menstrual period 4 weeks ago. IUD was inserted 6 years prior. The patient was symptom-free and showed no abnormal findings upon vaginal examination. Transvaginal ultrasonography however disclosed a gestational sac with a live embryo within the left ovary. The woman was operated on via laparotomy without delay. The intraoperative finding showed a normally appearing corpus luteum in the intact left ovary without any visible abnormality of the pelvic organs. Having in mind the US finding a resection of the corpus luteum was done revealing the gestational sac within it. The authors describe the following three US signs specific of unruptured intrafollicular ovarian pregnancy: extremely thickened uniformly echogenic wall of the sac, the sac is partially surrounded by ovarian structure, no corpus luteum is detected in either ovary. The essential role of transvaginal ultrasonography in the precise diagnosis of the ectopic pregnancy and its location is emphasized. The absence of specific complaints and findings until rupture of the ovary occurs and the association of ovarian pregnancy and IUD are also confirmed by the case-report.