Effects of Florfenicol on nirS-Type Denitrification Community Structure of Sediments in an Aquatic Microcosm Model.

Florfenicol is one of the most widely used antibiotics in aquaculture and veterinary clinics because of its low side effects and strong bactericidal effect. A total of 45~60% of florfenicol is not absorbed by the animal body and accumulates in the aquatic environment through a variety of pathways, which affects denitrification. Indoor aquatic microcosm models were constructed and sediment samples were collected at different florfenicol concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L) on days 0, 7, 30, and 60 to extract the microbial genome DNA and determine the water properties. qPCR and amplicon sequencing were used to study the dynamic changes in the nirS gene and nirS-type denitrification community structure, diversity, and abundance, respectively. The results showed that high florfenicol stress influenced the sediment's physicochemical properties, reducing conductivity, alkaline dissolved nitrogen, and organic matter content. In addition, the abundance of nirS, a functional denitrification gene, increased obviously with increased florfenicol concentrations but decreased the diversity of nirS-type denitrification microorganisms. Proteobacteria was the dominant denitrifying phylum in the sediment. Our study provides a scientific basis for the rational use of florfenicol in aquaculture to maintain a healthy and stable microecological environment and also provides a preliminary understanding of the response characteristics of water denitrifying microorganisms to florfenicol exposure.

Effect of florfenicol on nirS-type denitrifying communities structure of water in an aquatic microcosm model.

Florfenicol is used worldwide for its low side effects and strong bactericidal effect. Florfenicol is physicochemically stable and can persist in natural water bodies and affect water denitrification. Indoor aquatic microcosm models were constructed and water samples were collected at different florfenicol concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L) on days 0, 7, 30, and 60 to extract the microbial genome DNA and determine the water properties. qPCR and amplicon sequencing were used to study the dynamic changes of nirS gene and nirS-type denitrifying communities structure, diversity and abundance, respectively. The results showed that higher florfenicol concentrations caused accumulation of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in water. Florfenicol stress caused orders of magnitude changes in nirS gene abundance, showing a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. 100 mg/L florfenicol addition led to a sustained increase of nirS gene abundance in water bodies. The florfenicol addition altered denitrifying community structure and suppressed the richness and diversity index of denitrifying bacteria in water body. Over time, the richness and diversity index gradually recovered. Proteobacteria was always the dominant denitrifying phylum in water. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas and beta proteobacterium showed obvious positive correlation with nirS gene abundance and were the dominant genera under florfenicol stress. Our study provided a scientific basis for the rational use of florfenicol in aquaculture to maintain a healthy and stable microecological environment, and also provided a preliminary understanding of the response characteristics of water denitrifying microorganisms to florfenicol exposure.

Resistance and virulence gene analysis and molecular typing of Escherichia coli from duck farms in Zhanjiang, China.

Introduction: The widespread use of antibiotics in animal agriculture has increased the resistance of Escherichia coli, and pathogenic E. coli often harbor complex virulence factors. Antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria can cause public health problems. Correlation analyses of the resistance, virulence, and serotype data from the pathogenic bacteria found on farms and in the surrounding environment can thus provide extremely valuable data to help improve public health management. Methods: In this investigation, we have assessed the drug resistance and virulence genes as well as the molecular typing characteristics of 30 E. coli strains isolated from duck farms in the Zhanjiang area of China. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the drug resistance and virulence genes as well as serotypes, and whole-genome sequencing was used to analyze the multilocus sequence typing. Results: The detection rates for the oqxA resistance gene and fimC virulence gene were highest (93.3%, respectively). There were no correlations between the drug resistance and virulence gene numbers in the same strain. The epidemic serotype was O81 (5/24), ST3856 was an epidemic sequence type, and strains I-9 and III-6 carried 11 virulence genes. The E. coli strains from the duck farms in the Zhanjiang area were thus found to have a broad drug resistance spectrum, various virulence genes, complex serotypes, and certain pathogenicity and genetic relationship. Discussion: Monitoring the spread of pathogenic bacteria and the provision of guidance regarding the use of antibiotics in the livestock and poultry industries will be required in the future in the Zhanjiang area.

Effects of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotic (Florfenicol) on Resistance Genes and Bacterial Community Structure of Water and Sediments in an Aquatic Microcosm Model.

This study evaluates the effects of a broad-spectrum antibiotic (florfenicol) on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial community structure in aquatic environments. We constructed an indoor aquatic microcosm model, adding different concentrations of florfenicol (0.1, 1, 10, 100 mg L-1), and water and sediment samples were collected after 0, 7, 30, and 60 days. qPCR and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing were used to study the changes in the ARGs and bacterial community structure of the collected samples. The results show that the inclusion of florfenicol resulted in an increased abundance of the floR and optrA genes. Adding 100 mg L-1 florfenicol to the water increased the abundance of optrA gene copies with the maximum on the Day 7, and increased the abundance of floR gene copies with the maximum on Day 30. Adding 100 mg L-1 florfenicol to the sediment increased the abundance of floR and optrA genes by one order of magnitude on Day 60. Meanwhile, the average number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the water samples was 257, and the average number of OTUs in sediment samples was 823. The bacterial community diversity and richness in sediments were higher than those in water. The difference between the maximal and minimal values of the Shannon diversity index in the water and sediment samples was 4.36 and 1.95, respectively. The effect of florfenicol on the bacterial community structure in water was much higher than that in sediment. At 30 days, the diversity index and richness index of the florfenicol treatment groups with 1 and 10 mg L-1 concentrations began to increase; at 60 days, the diversity and richness indices of the 100 mg L-1 florfenicol treatment group began to increase. The samples at the same sampling time in the sediments clustered closer together. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for guiding the rational use of florfenicol in aquaculture, maintaining a healthy and stable microecological environment in aquaculture, and provide theoretical data for environmental ecological risk assessment and safety management caused by microbial resistance under the abuse of florfenicol.

Effect of Immune Stress on Growth Performance and Immune Functions of Livestock: Mechanisms and Prevention.

Immune stress markedly affects the immune function and growth performance of livestock, including poultry, resulting in financial loss to farmers. It can lead to decreased feed intake, reduced growth, and intestinal disorders. Studies have shown that pathogen-induced immune stress is mostly related to TLR4-related inflammatory signal pathway activation, excessive inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, hormonal disorders, cell apoptosis, and intestinal microbial disorders. This paper reviews the occurrence of immune stress in livestock, its impact on immune function and growth performance, and strategies for immune stress prevention.

Edaravone attenuates neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus of rat traumatic brain injury model via activation of BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of our study was to explore the effects of edaravone on rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and investigate the underlying mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All rats were separated randomly into 3 groups as follows: sham group (n = 25), TBI group (n = 25), TBI + edaravone group (n = 25). Edaravone was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 3 mg/kg at 30 min, 12 h, and 24 h after TBI. The neurological impairment and spatial cognitive function were assessed by the neurologic severity score (NSS) and Morris water maze (MWM), respectively. Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to determine the expression levels of caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB). Transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay as well as flow cytometry assay was used to determine the apoptosis rate of cells. RESULTS: Edaravone administration significantly attenuated neurological impairment induced by TBI and promoted cognitive function outcome. The expression of BDNF and TrkB was elevated with treatment of edaravone, which was increased after TBI. The expression of apoptosis related proteins such as caspase-3 and Bax-2 was decreased while that of Bcl-2 was enhanced with edaravone administration following TBI. In addition, edaravone treatment reduced TBI-induced cell apoptosis in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that administration with edaravone was able to inhibit neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus in a rat TBI model. The neuroprotective function of edaravone may relate to modulation of the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.

Effects of in vitro-induced drug resistance on the virulence of Streptococcus.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of in vitro-induced drug resistance on the virulence of Streptococcus. Micro-dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). In vitro-induced drug resistance was conducted for S. agalactiae (CVCC1886) and S. dysgalactiae (CVCC3701) by gradually increasing the antimicrobial concentration (strains were from IVDC, China). PCR was used to detect the resistance and virulence genes of the strains before and after resistance induction. Colony morphology was observed to compare the physiological and biochemical properties of the strains. A total of 88 clean-grade Kunming mice (obtained from Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China) were used in half of the lethal dose (LD50) test for detecting the changes in virulence of strains. The results showed that S. agalactiae (CVCC1886) and S. dysgalactiae (CVCC3701) developed resistance against seven kinds of antibiotics, respectively. Resistance and virulence genes of CVCC3701 were changed when treated by the Penicillin-inducing. The growth of the CVCC3701-PEN was decreased compared to the CVCC3701. Virulence test in mice indicated that the LD50 of CVCC3701 before induction and CVCC3701-PEN after induction were 5.45 × 106 and 5.82 × 108  CFU/ml, respectively. Compared with the untreated bacteria, the bacterial virulence was reduced 1.1 × 102 times after resistance induction. In conclusion, S. dysgalactiae (CVCC3701) is a susceptible strain of drug resistance to antibiotics, in vitro-induced drug resistance reduced the virulence of CVCC3701, but the virulence is still existing and also could result in the death of mice. For public health safety, it must be alert to the emergence of drug resistance of Streptococcus in animal production.

Inhibition of microRNA-203 protects against traumatic brain injury induced neural damages via suppressing neuronal apoptosis and dementia-related molecues.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can lead to cognitive dysfunction and motor dysfunction. TBI is a potential risk factor for subsequent dementia. Hyperphosphorylation of Tau and ApoE4 has been found in patients with TBI. A significant increase in miR-203 was also found in the peripheral blood of TBI mice. Thus, we hypothesize that miR-203 inhibitor protects against neuronal damage and behavioral deficits by inhibition of Tau phosphorylation, ApoE4 expression and apoptosis. METHODS: TBI mice were induced and treated with miR-203 inhibitor. Tau phosphorylation and ApoE4, hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), learning and memory, and motor function were separately detected by Western blot analysis, electrophysiology recording and behavioral assessments including Morris water maze test, beam-balance test, beam-walk test and rotarod test. Caspase-3 activity and bcl-2 expression were detected by ELISA. RESULTS: TBI induction led to increased phosphorylation of Tau and ApoE4 expression. Administration of miR-203 inhibitor suppressed TBI induced ApoE4 expression and Tau hyperphosphorylation, rescued TBI mediated hippocampal LTP deficits and hippocampus dependent learning and memory dysfunction. miR-203 inhibitor treatment also improved motor function. In addition, miR-203 inhibitor treatment inhibited neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3 activity and increasing bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSION: miR-203 inhibitor treatment can rescue TBI-induced neural damage by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and dementia markers like ApoE4 expression and Tau phosphorylation.

Development and validation of a nomogram to predict overall survival for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Heterogeneity of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) constraints accurate prognosis prediction of the tumor. We therefore aimed at developing a novel nomogram for accurate prediction of overall survival (OS) of patients with metastatic RCC. METHODS: We extracted 2010 to 2016 data for metastatic RCC patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, and randomly stratified them equally into training and validation sets. Prognostic factors for OS were analyzed using Cox regression models, and thereafter integrated into a 1, 3 and 5-year OS predictive nomogram. The nomogram was validated using the training and validation sets. The performance of this model was evaluated by the Harrell's concordance index (C-index), calibration curve, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), category-free net reclassification improvement (NRI), index of prediction accuracy (IPA), and decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS: Overall, 2315 metastatic RCC patients in the SEER database who fulfilled our inclusion criteria were utilized in constructing a nomogram for predicting OS of newly diagnosed metastatic RCC patients. The nomogram incorporated eight clinical factors: Fuhrman grade, lymph node status, sarcomatoid feature, cancer-directed surgery and bone, brain, liver, and lung metastases, all significantly associated with OS. The model was superior to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system (7th edition) both in training (C-indices, 0.701 vs. 0.612, P < 0.001) and validation sets (C-indices, 0.676 vs. 0.600, P < 0.001). The calibration plots of the nomogram corresponded well between predicted and observed values. NRI, IDI, and IPA further validated the superior predictive capability of the nomogram relative to the AJCC staging system. The DCA plots revealed reliable clinical application of our model in prognosis prediction of metastatic RCC patients. CONCLUSIONS: We developed and validated an accurate nomogram for individual OS prediction of metastatic RCC patients. This nomogram can be applied in design of clinical trials, patient counseling, and rationalizing therapeutic modalities.

Effect of the catastrophic medical insurance on household catastrophic health expenditure: evidence from China / El efecto del seguro médico para enfermedades catastróficas o de alto coste sobre el gasto doméstico en salud: la evidencia en China

OBJECTIVE: China launched an innovative program of catastrophic medical insurance (CMI) to protect households from catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment. This article assesses the effect of CMI on relieving CHE and impoverishment from catastrophic illnesses in urban and rural China. METHOD: In total, 8378 cases are included in the analysis. We employed descriptive statistical analysis to compare the incidence and intensity of CHE at five health expenditure levels, from 1 June 2014 to 31 May 2015. To illustrate the different protection of the policy, we analyzed the data in two lines, the covered medical expenses and the total medical expenses. RESULTS: CMI drop down CHE incidence from 4.8% to 0.1% and the mean catastrophic payment gap from 7.9% to zero when only considering covered medical expenses. CMI drop down CHE incidence from 15.5% to 7.9% and the mean catastrophic payment gap from 31.2% to 14.7% when considering total medical expenses. If CMI reimburse uncovered medical expenses at 30%, the mean catastrophic payment gap could be 7.9% and insured person's annual premium will increase US$2.19. CONCLUSIONS: China CMI perfectly meet the pursued policy objectives when only considering the covered medical expenses. However, when considering the total medical expenses, the CMI is only partially effective in protecting households from CHE. The considerable gap is the result of the limitation of CMI list

OBJETIVO: China lanzó un innovador programa de Seguro Catastrófico de Salud (SCS) para proteger a los hogares del gasto sanitario catastrófico (GSC) y el empobrecimiento. Este artículo evalúa el efecto del SCS para aliviar el GSC y el empobrecimiento a causa de las enfermedades catastróficas en zonas urbanas y rurales de China. MÉTODO: En total, se incluyen 8378 casos en el análisis. Se emplearon análisis estadísticos descriptivos para comparar la incidencia y la intensidad del GSC en cinco niveles de gastos de salud, del 1 de junio de 2014 al 31 de mayo de 2015. Para ilustrar la diferente protección de la política se analizaron los datos en dos líneas: los gastos sanitarios cubiertos por el seguro y los gastos sanitarios totales. RESULTADOS: Considerando los gastos cubiertos por el seguro, se redujeron los hogares con gastos catastróficos del 4,8% al 0,1%, y la brecha de pago catastrófico media cayó del 7,9% al 0,0% en promedio. Cuando consideramos el gasto sanitario total, los hogares con gasto catastrófico se redujeron del 15,5% al 7,9%, y la brecha de pago catastrófico media cayó del 31,2% al 14,7% en promedio. Esta cantidad podría reducirse al 7,9% si se reembolsara el 30% a los gastos no cubiertos por el SCS, lo que supondría un aumento de la prima del seguro por persona de US$ 2,19. CONCLUSIONES: El SCS de China cumple perfectamente los objetivos de la política perseguida cuando solo se consideran los gastos cubiertos por el seguro. Si se consideran los gastos totales, el SCS solo es parcialmente efectivo para proteger a los hogares del gasto sanitario catastrófico. El motivo de este desfase es la limitación existente en la lista de servicios cubiertos por el SCS

Docosahexaenoic Acid Protects Traumatic Brain Injury by Regulating NOX2 Generation via Nrf2 Signaling Pathway.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is verified to have neuroprotective effects on traumatic brain injury (TBI) rats by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway, but the role of NOX2 in this effect has not been illuminated. So this study explored the role of NOX2 in TBI models treated with DHA, aiming to complete the mechanism of DHA. TBI rat models were constructed with or without DHA treatment, and H2O2-induced hippocampal neurons were pretreated with DHA alone or in combination with Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol. The neurological function, cognitive ability, and cerebral edema degree of rats were assessed. The apoptosis rate and viability of cells was measured. The generation of NOX2, Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO-1 expression levels, and ROS content in hippocampal CA1 region and hippocampal neurons were detected. DHA could not only improve the neurological function, brain edema and cognitive ability in TBI rats, but also decrease effectively the contents of NOX2 and ROS in hippocampal CA1 region and hippocampal neurons. DHA promoted the nuclear transposition of Nrf2 and the expression levels of HO-1 and NQO-1 in hippocampal CA1 region and hippocampal neurons. On the contrary, Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol inhibited the nuclear transposition of Nrf2 and the expression levels of HO-1 and NQO-1 in hippocampal neurons, promoted the generation of ROS and NOX2, and accelerated cell apoptosis. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that DHA treated TBI by reducing NOX2 generation that might function on Nrf2 signaling pathway, providing a potential evidence for its clinical application.

Nomogram prediction of overall survival based on log odds of positive lymph nodes for patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to establish a nomogram to predict the long-term overall survival (OS) for patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). METHOD: The PSCC patients receiving regional lymph node dissection (RLND) were enrolled from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2004 and 2015. The dataset of all eligible patients were used to develop the predictive model. The significant independent predictors were identified through Cox regression modeling based on the Bayesian information criterion and then incorporated into a nomogram to predicted 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS. Internal validation was performed using the bootstrap resampling method. The model performance was evaluated using Harrell's concordance index (C-index), calibration plots, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), net reclassification improvement (NRI), and decision curve analysis (DCA). RESULTS: Totally, 384 eligible PSCC patients were enrolled from the SEER database. A nomogram for OS prediction was developed, in which three clinical variables significantly associated with OS were integrated, including age, N classification, and log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS). The C-index of the nomogram (0.746, 95% CI: 0.702-0.790) was significantly higher than that of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system (0.692, 95% CI: 0.646-0.738, P = .020). The bootstrap optimism-corrected C-index for the nomogram was 0.739 (95% CI: 0.690-0.784). The bias-corrected calibration plots showed the predicted risks were in good accordance with the actual risks. The results of NRI, IDI, and DCA exhibited superior predictive capability and higher clinical use of the nomogram compared with the AJCC staging system. CONCLUSION: We successfully constructed a simple and reliable nomogram for OS prediction among PSCC patients receiving RLND, which would be beneficial to clinical trial design, patient counseling, and therapeutic modality selection.

miR-146a Mimics Ameliorates Traumatic Brain Injury Involving JNK and NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among the world, while the advance of TBI management is rather limited in recent years. The deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been widely reported in TBI patients and animal models, and certain miRNAs have been identified as the emerging biomarkers of TBI. However, the role of miRNAs in the regulatory mechanism of TBI remains unclear. To demonstrate the effect of miR-146a mimic on TBI-induced neural damages, TBI mouse model was constructed by cortical impact injury (CCI). The chemokine levels were examined by ELISA assays. Behavioral experiments were used to estimate the impact of miR-146a mimics on neurological functions in mice. Western blot assays were performed to demonstrate the protein levels. qRT-PCR assays were utilized to investigate the expression alteration of RNA levels. It was found that miR-146a was upregulated both in brain and serum in TBI mice. miR-146a mimic downregulated inflammatory cytokines secretion in mouse brain. The NF-κB signaling pathway was inhibited by miR-146a mimic. miR-146a treatment attenuated the impact caused by TBI to mouse brain and improve the long-term neurological function. In conclusion, miR-146a mimics ameliorate TBI-related injuries via JNK and NF-κB signaling pathway.

Docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates traumatic brain injury involving JNK-mediated Tau phosphorylation signaling.

Hyperphosphorylation of Tau has been found in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) improves neurological function by suppressing Tau phosphorylation. By inhibiting JNK, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) protects against cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesize that DHA protects against neuronal damage and behavioral deficits by inhibition of JNK mediated Tau phosphorylation. We induced TBI in mice and examined the phosphorylation status of JNK and Tau. We treated TBI and sham operated mice with DHA, and investigated the effects of DHA on JNK and Tau phosphorylation, hippocampal long term potentiation (LTP), learning and memory, and motor function by Western blot analysis, electrophysiology recording and behavioral assessments including Morris water maze test, beam-balance test, beam-walk test and rotarod test. We found that TBI induction lead to increased phosphorylation of JNK and Tau. DHA suppressed TBI induced JNK and Tau hyperphosphorylation, rescued TBI mediated hippocampal LTP deficits and hippocampus dependent learning and memory dysfunction, and improved motor function. Inhibition of JNK and Tau phosphorylation by DHA may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for TBI induced neurological dysfunction and Tauopathy.

Effect of the catastrophic medical insurance on household catastrophic health expenditure: evidence from China.

OBJECTIVE: China launched an innovative program of catastrophic medical insurance (CMI) to protect households from catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment. This article assesses the effect of CMI on relieving CHE and impoverishment from catastrophic illnesses in urban and rural China. METHOD: In total, 8378 cases are included in the analysis. We employed descriptive statistical analysis to compare the incidence and intensity of CHE at five health expenditure levels, from 1 June 2014 to 31 May 2015. To illustrate the different protection of the policy, we analyzed the data in two lines, the covered medical expenses and the total medical expenses. RESULTS: CMI drop down CHE incidence from 4.8% to 0.1% and the mean catastrophic payment gap from 7.9% to zero when only considering covered medical expenses. CMI drop down CHE incidence from 15.5% to 7.9% and the mean catastrophic payment gap from 31.2% to 14.7% when considering total medical expenses. If CMI reimburse uncovered medical expenses at 30%, the mean catastrophic payment gap could be 7.9% and insured person's annual premium will increase US$2.19. CONCLUSIONS: China CMI perfectly meet the pursued policy objectives when only considering the covered medical expenses. However, when considering the total medical expenses, the CMI is only partially effective in protecting households from CHE. The considerable gap is the result of the limitation of CMI list.

Inhibition of HDAC6 expression decreases brain injury induced by APOE4 and Aß co­aggregation in rats.

The present study aimed to explore the effects of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) on brain injury in rats induced by apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) and amyloid ß protein alloform 1­40 (Aß1­40) copolymerization. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control group, sham group, APOE4 + Aß1­40 co­injection group (model group) and HDAC6 inhibitor group (HDAC6 group). The brain injury model was established by co­injection of APOE4 + Aß1­40. Morris water maze experiment was used to observe the spatial memory and learning the ability of rats. Histological changes of the hippocampus were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The mRNA expression levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and HDAC6 were detected by reverse transcription­quantitative PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of HDAC6. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of HDAC6, microtubule­associated protein tau and glycogen synthase kinase 3ß (GSK3ß). APOE4 and Aß1­40 co­aggregation decreased the short­term spatial memory and learning ability of rats, whereas inhibition of HDAC6 activity attenuated the injury. Inhibition of HDAC6 activity resulted in an attenuation of the APOE4 and Aß1­40 co­aggregation­induced increase in the number of dysplastic hippocampal cells. Further experiments demonstrated that APOE4 and Aß1­40 co­aggregation decreased the expression levels of ChAT mRNA, and the phosphorylation levels of tau GSK3ß protein in the hippocampus, whereas inhibition of HDAC6 activity resulted in increased expression of ChAT mRNA, tau protein and GSK3ß phosphorylation. The inhibition of HDAC6 activity was also demonstrated to reduce brain injury induced by APOE4 and Aß1­40 co­aggregation in model rats.

Risk factors associated with suicide among kidney cancer patients: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis.

BACKGROUND: The suicide risk was higher in kidney cancer patients than in the general population. The purpose of this study was to characterize the suicide rates among kidney cancer patients and to identify the potential risk factors associated with suicide from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. METHODS: Kidney cancer patients were identified from the SEER database during 1973-2015. Suicide rates and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of this population were calculated, and the US general population during 1981-2015 was chosen as a reference. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression were performed to find out potential risk factors of suicide. RESULTS: There were 207 suicides identified among 171 819 individuals with kidney cancer observed for 948 272 person-years. The suicide rate was 21.83 per 100 000 person-years, and SMR was 1.83 (95% CI: 1.59-2.10). On Cox regression, diagnosis in early years (1973-1982 vs 2003-2015, HR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.01-4.11, P = 0.048; 1983-1992 vs 2003-2015, HR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.18-3.35, P = 0.010), male sex (vs female sex, HR: 4.43, 95% CI: 2.95-6.65, P < 0.001), unmarried status (vs married status, HR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.91-3.38, P < 0.001), non-black race (white race vs black race, HR: 4.47, 95% CI: 2.09-9.58, P < 0.001; other races vs black race, HR: 3.01, 95% CI: 1.08-8.37, P = 0.035), higher histologic grade (grade IV vs grade I, HR: 3.27, 95% CI: 1.50-7.13, P = 0.003; grade III vs grade I, HR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.19-3.81, P = 0.011) and cancer-directed surgery not performed (vs performed, HR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.52-5.11, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors of suicide among kidney cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis in early years, male sex, unmarried status, non-black race, higher histologic grade, and cancer-directed surgery not performed were significantly associated with suicide among kidney cancer patients. In order to prevent suicidal death, clinicians should pay more attention to patients with high-risk factors of suicide.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Provides Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury Models via Activating Nrf2-ARE Signaling.

In this study, we explored the neuroprotective effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in traumatic brain injury (TBI) models. In this study, we first confirmed that DHA was neuroprotective against TBI via the NSS test and Morris water maze experiment. Western blot was conducted to identify the expression of Bax, caspase-3, and Bcl-2. And the cell apoptosis of the TBI models was validated by TUNEL staining. Relationships between nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-antioxidant response element (Nrf2-ARE) pathway-related genes and DHA were explored by RT-PCR and Western blot. Rats of the DHA group performed remarkably better than those of the TBI group in both NSS test and water maze experiment. DHA conspicuously promoted the expression of Bcl-2 and diminished that of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, indicating the anti-apoptotic role of DHA. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and cortical malondialdehyde content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were renovated in rats receiving DHA treatment, implying that the neuroprotective influence of DHA was derived from lightening the oxidative stress caused by TBI. Moreover, immunofluorescence and Western blot experiments revealed that DHA facilitated the translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus. DHA administration also notably increased the expression of the downstream factors NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO-1) and heme oxygenase 1(HO-1). DHA exerted neuroprotective influence on the TBI models, potentially through activating the Nrf2- ARE pathway.

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence-related genes of Streptococcus obtained from dairy cows with mastitis in Inner Mongolia, China.

CONTEXT: Mastitis is the most expensive disease in the dairy cattle industry and results in decreased reproductive performance. Streptococcus, especially Streptococcus agalactiae, possesses a variety of virulence factors that contribute to pathogenicity. OBJECTIVE: Streptococcus isolated from mastitis was tested to assess the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and distribution of antibiotic resistance- and virulence-related genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-one Streptococcus isolates were phenotypically characterized for antimicrobial resistance against 15 antibiotics by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) using a micro-dilution method. Resistance- and virulence-related genes were detected by PCR. RESULTS: High percentage of resistance to ß-lactams, along with tetracycline and erythromycin, was found. Resistance to three or more of seven antimicrobial agents was observed at 88.9%, with penicillin-tetracycline-erythromycin-clindamycin as the major profile in Streptococcus isolates. Resistant genes were detected by PCR, the result showed that 86.4, 86.4, 81.5, and 38.3% of isolates were mainly carrying the pbp2b, tetL, tetM, and ermB genes, respectively. Nine virulence genes were investigated. Genes cyl, glnA, cfb, hylB, and scaA were found to be in 50% of isolates, while 3.7, 21, and 4.9% of isolates were positive for bca, lmb, and scpB, genes, respectively. None of the isolates carried the bac gene. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study suggests the need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary clinical medicine to avoid the increase and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance arising from the use of antimicrobial drugs in animals.

Immunogenicity of a divalent group A streptococcal vaccine.

We designed and recombined the polypeptide based on the M protein of group A streptococci (GAS)--the causative pathogen of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, which would be a divalent vaccine to prevent and defend the diseases in relation to the different GAS strains. A divalent vaccine comprising three different peptide epitopes of the antiphagocytic M protein of GAS--an aminoterminal specific sequences, respectively, from the M1 and M12 proteins and J14 peptide (ASREAKKQVEKALE) within the highly conserved C-terminal repeat region of the M1 and M12 proteins--was subcutaneously delivered to mice with the adjuvant. Furthermore, the antisera titers of mice inoculated with the divalent vaccine were assayed by ELISA, and then opsonization and percentage killing against two different GAS serotypes were completed. Our data demonstrated that antisera raised against the divalent vaccine containing amino acids and M-protein-conserved C repeat region are able to kill several GAS strains isolated from the Guangzhou population. Therefore, the divalent vaccine can be used to prevent those diseases caused by GAS in an endemic area. We successfully construct the M-protein-based divalent vaccine that can bring out a high-level antisera titer of mice vaccinated with it. So, the vaccine has the potential to be used to prevent diseases caused by GAS in our country.