Improving Outcomes Among Young Adults with type 1 diabetes: The D1 Now Randomised Pilot Study Protocol.

BACKGROUND: Young adults (18-25 years old) living with type 1 diabetes mellitus often have sub-optimal glycaemic levels which can increase their risk of long term diabetes complications. Informed by health psychology theory and using a (public and patient involvement) young adult-centred approach, we have developed a complex intervention, entitled D1 Now, to improve outcomes in this target group. The D1 Now intervention includes three components; 1) a support-worker, 2) an interactive messaging system and 3) an agenda setting tool for use during clinic consultations. AIMS: The aim of the D1 Now pilot study is to gather and analyse acceptability and feasibility data to allow us to (1) refine the D1 Now intervention, and (2) determine the feasibility of a definitive Randomised Control Trial (RCT) of the intervention. METHODS: Diabetes clinics on the island of Ireland will be recruited and randomised to a D1 Now intervention arm or a usual care control arm. For a participant to be eligible they should be 18-25 years old and living with type 1 diabetes for at least 12 months. Participant outcomes (influenced by a Core Outcome Set) include change in HbA1c, clinic attendance, number of episodes of severe hypoglycaemia and of diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetes distress, self-management, quality of life and perceived level of control over diabetes; these will be will be measured at baseline and after 12 months follow-up for descriptive statistics only. An assessment of treatment fidelity, a health economic analysis and a qualitative sub-study will also be incorporated into the pilot study. ISRCTN (ref: ISRCTN74114336).

Behaviour change in diabetes: behavioural science advancements to support the use of theory.

Behaviour is central to the management of diabetes, both for people living with diabetes and for healthcare professionals delivering evidence-based care. This review outlines the evolution of behavioural science and the application of theoretical models in diabetes care over the past 25 years. There has been a particular advancement in the development of tools and techniques to support researchers, healthcare professionals and policymakers in taking a theory-based approach, and to enhance the development, reporting and replication of successful interventions. Systematic guidance, theoretical frameworks and lists of behavioural techniques provide the tools to specify target behaviours, identify why ideal behaviours are not implemented, systematically develop theory-based interventions, describe intervention content using shared terminology, and evaluate their effects. Several examples from a range of diabetes-related behaviours (clinic attendance, self-monitoring of blood glucose, retinal screening, setting collaborative goals in diabetes) and populations (people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, healthcare professionals) illustrate the potential for these approaches to be widely translated into diabetes care. The behavioural science approaches outlined in this review give healthcare professionals, researchers and policymakers the tools to deliver care and design interventions with an evidence-based understanding of behaviour. The challenge for the next 25 years is to refine the tools to increase their use and advocate for the role of theoretical models and behavioural science in the commissioning, funding and delivery of diabetes care.

Brittle diabetes revisited: a description of erratic and difficult-to-control diabetes in an elderly woman with Type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: 'Brittle diabetes' is frequently attributed to psychological stressors causing insulin omission in young women with Type 1 diabetes. It has received little attention in the recent medical literature. CASE REPORT: We report the case of an 87-year-old woman who had recurrent episodes of unexplained diabetic ketoacidosis. Despite frequent inpatient monitoring of capillary glucose, her blood glucose levels remained erratic. She experienced a total of 12 episodes of ketoacidosis (some occurring during hospitalization), with 11 episodes occurring over a 3-month period. Several episodes of ketoacidosis required care in a high-dependency unit and up to 32 h of intravenous insulin and fluids. Extensive investigations failed to identify any underlying cause of the recurrent ketoacidosis. Ultimately, the introduction of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion pump resulted in improved glycaemic control and avoided the need for further hospitalizations. CONCLUSION: Individuals of advanced age can benefit from insulin pump therapy. The original definition of 'brittle diabetes' referred to patients whose lives were 'constantly disrupted by episodes of hypo- or hyperglycaemia'. Our case reminds us that this clinical entity can result from altered biology and is not always related to psychological stressors.

Barriers and facilitators to attendance at Type 2 diabetes structured education programmes: a qualitative study of educators and attendees.

AIMS: Attendance at structured diabetes education has been recommended internationally for all people with Type 2 diabetes. However, attendance rates are consistently low. This qualitative study aimed to explore experiences of attending and delivering Type 2 diabetes structured education programmes in Ireland and barriers and facilitators to attendance. METHODS: People with Type 2 diabetes who had attended one of the three programmes delivered in Ireland and educators from the three programmes took part in semi-structured telephone interviews. Interviews were audio-taped, transcribed and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Twelve attendees and 14 educators were interviewed. Two themes were identified in relation to experiences of programme attendance and delivery: 'Structured education: addressing an unmet need' and 'The problem of non-attendance'. The third theme 'Barriers to attendance: can't go, won't go, don't know and poor system flow' outlined how practicalities of attending, lack of knowledge of the existence and benefits, and limited resources and support for education within the diabetes care pathway impacts on attendance. The final theme 'Supporting attendance: healthcare professionals and the diabetes care pathway' describes facilitators to participants' attendance and the strategies educators perceived to be important in increasing attendance. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare professionals have an important role in improving attendance at structured diabetes education programmes. Improving attendance may require promotion by healthcare professionals and for education to be better embedded and supported within the diabetes care pathway.

The preferences of young adults with Type 1 diabetes at clinics using a discrete choice experiment approach: the D1 Now Study.

AIM: Attending routine outpatient clinic appointments is a central self-management behaviour of individuals living with Type 1 diabetes. A large number of young adults with Type 1 diabetes disengage from diabetes services, which may contribute to poor psychosocial and diabetes outcomes. The aim of this study is to elicit preferences from young adults with Type 1 diabetes regarding clinic-related services to inform service delivery. METHODS: A discrete choice experiment was developed to understand the preferences of young adults with Type 1 diabetes for clinic-related services. RESULTS: Young adults recruited from young adult Type 1 diabetes clinics in 2016 completed the experiment (n = 105). Young adults with Type 1 diabetes showed a preference for shorter waiting times, seeing a nurse and a consultant, relative to a nurse alone, and a flexible booking system compared with fixed appointment times. Results suggest no preference for a nurse and a doctor, relative to a nurse alone, or other optional services (e.g. seeing dietitians or psychologists), type of HbA1c test and digital blood glucose diaries over paper-based diaries. CONCLUSION: This study highlights aspects of routine clinic appointments that are valued by young adults living with Type 1 diabetes, namely shorter waiting times at clinic, the option to see both a nurse and consultant at each visit and a flexible clinic appointment booking system. These findings suggest young adults with Type 1 diabetes value convenience and should help services to restructure their clinics to be more responsive to the needs of young adults.

Factors influencing health-related quality of life in patients with Type 1 diabetes.

AIMS: Generic, preference-based measures of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are a common input to the economic evaluation of new health technologies. As such, it is important to explore what characteristics of patients with Type 1 diabetes might impact scores on such measures. METHODS: This study utilizes baseline data from a cluster-randomized trial that recruited patients with Type 1 diabetes at six centers across Ireland. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the three-level EuroQol EQ-5D (EQ-5D) measure. Patients' responses to individual dimensions of the EQ-5D were explored. To see which patient factors influenced EQ-5D scores, multivariate regression analysis was conducted with EQ-5D scores as the outcome variable. RESULTS: Data was available for 437 Type 1 diabetes patients. The median age of these patients was 40 (IQR: 31-49) years and 53.8% were female. Overall, patients reported a high HRQoL based on EQ-5D scores (0.87 (SD: 0.19). Fifty-four percent of patients reported a perfect HRQoL. For those that reported problems, the most common dimension was the anxiety/depression dimension of the EQ-5D (29.6%). In the multivariate regression analysis, self-reported mental illness (- 0.22 (95% CI: -0.34, - 0.10)) and being unemployed (- 0.07 (95% CI: -0.13, - 0.02)) were negatively associated with EQ-5D scores (p < 0.05). The influence of self-reported mental illness was persistent in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The study results indicate that patients with Type 1 diabetes report a high HRQoL based on responses to the EQ-5D. However, there are a substantial number of Type 1 diabetes patients that report problems in the anxiety/depression dimension, which may provide avenues to improve patients' HRQoL. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN79759174 .

Strength in Numbers: an international consensus conference to develop a novel approach to care delivery for young adults with type 1 diabetes, the D1 Now Study.

PLAIN ENGLISH SUMMARY: Many young adults with type 1 diabetes struggle with the day-to-day management of their condition. They often find it difficult to find the time to attend their clinic appointments and to meet with their diabetes healthcare team. Young adults living with type 1 diabetes are not routinely involved in research that may help improve health services other than being invited to take part in studies as research participants. A 3-day international conference was held in Galway in June 2016 called "Strength In Numbers: Teaming up to improve the health of young adults with type 1 diabetes". It aimed to bring together people from a broad variety of backgrounds with an interest in young adults with type 1 diabetes. Young people with type 1 diabetes came together with healthcare professionals, researchers, software developers and policy makers to come up with and agree on a new approach for engaging young adults with type 1 diabetes with their health services and to improve how they manage their diabetes.The people involved in the conference aimed to reach agreement (consensus) on a fixed set of outcome measures called a core outcome set (COS) that the group would recommend future studies involving young adults with type 1 diabetes to use, to suggest a new approach (intervention) for providing health services to young adults with type 1 diabetes, and to come up with health technology ideas that could help deliver the new intervention. Over the 3 days, this diverse international group of people that included young adults living with type 1 diabetes, agreed on a COS, 3 key parts of a new intervention and 1 possible health technology idea that could help with how the overall intervention could be delivered.Involving young adults living with type 1 diabetes in a 3-day conference along with other key groups is an effective method for coming up with a new approach to improve health services for young adults with type 1 diabetes and better support their self-management. ABSTRACT: Background A 3-day international consensus meeting was hosted by the D1 Now study team in Galway on June 22-24, 2016 called "Strength In Numbers: Teaming up to improve the health of young adults with type 1 diabetes". The aim of the meeting was to bring together young adults with type 1 diabetes, healthcare providers, policy makers and researchers to reach a consensus on strategies to improve engagement, self-management and ultimately outcomes for young adults living with type 1 diabetes. Methods This diverse stakeholder group participated in the meeting to reach consensus on (i) a core outcome set (COS) to be used in future intervention studies involving young adults with type 1 diabetes, (ii) new strategies for delivering health services to young adults and (iii) potential digital health solutions that could be incorporated into a future intervention. Results A COS of 8 outcomes and 3 key intervention components that aim to improve engagement between young adults with type 1 diabetes and service providers were identified. A digital health solution that could potentially compliment the intervention components was proposed. Conclusion The outputs from the 3-day consensus conference, that held patient and public involvement at its core, will help the research team further develop and test the D1 Now intervention for young adults with type 1 diabetes in a pilot and feasibility study and ultimately in a definitive trial. The conference represents a good example of knowledge exchange among different stakeholders for health research and service improvement.

Investigating the management of diabetes in nursing homes using a mixed methods approach.

AIMS: As populations age there is an increased demand for nursing home (NH) care and a parallel increase in the prevalence of diabetes. Despite this, there is growing evidence that the management of diabetes in NHs is suboptimal. The reasons for this are complex and poorly understood. This study aimed to identify the current level of diabetes care in NHs using a mixed methods approach. METHODS: The nursing managers at all 44 NHs in County Galway in the West of Ireland were invited to participate. A mixed methods approach involved a postal survey, focus group and telephone interviews. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 75% (33/44) and 27% (9/33) of nursing managers participated in the qualitative research. The reported prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was 14% with 80% of NHs treating residents with insulin. Hypoglycaemia was reported as 'frequent' in 19% of NHs. A total of 36% of NHs have staff who have received diabetes education or training and 56% have access to diabetes care guidelines. Staff education was the most cited opportunity for improving diabetes care. Focus group and interview findings highlight variations in the level of support provided by GPs and access to dietetic, podiatry and retinal screening services. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for national clinical guidelines and standards of care for diabetes management in nursing homes, improved access to quality diabetes education for NH staff, and greater integration between healthcare services and NHs to ensure equity, continuity and quality in diabetes care delivery.

A systematic review of interventions to improve outcomes for young adults with Type 1 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Many young adults with Type 1 diabetes experience poor outcomes. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving clinical, behavioural or psychosocial outcomes for young adults with Type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched. Any intervention studies related to education, support, behaviour change or health service organizational change for young adults aged between 15-30 years with Type 1 diabetes were included. A narrative synthesis of all studies was undertaken due to the large degree of heterogeneity between studies. RESULTS: Eighteen studies (of a possible 1700) were selected and categorized: Health Services Delivery (n = 4), Group Education and Peer Support (n = 6), Digital Platforms (n = 4) and Diabetes Devices (n = 4). Study designs included one randomized controlled trial, three retrospective studies, seven feasibility/acceptability studies and eight studies with a pre/post design. Continuity, support, education and tailoring of interventions to young adults were the most common themes across studies. HbA1c was the most frequently measured outcome, but only 5 of 12 studies that measured it showed a significant improvement. CONCLUSION: Based on the heterogeneity among the studies, the effectiveness of interventions on clinical, behavioural and psychosocial outcomes among young adults is inconclusive. This review has highlighted a lack of high-quality, well-designed interventions, aimed at improving health outcomes for young adults with Type 1 diabetes.

The impact of sharing personalised clinical information with people with type 2 diabetes prior to their consultation: A pilot randomised controlled trial.

AIM: To assess the impact of sharing personalised clinical information with people with type 2 diabetes prior to their out-patient consultation on patient involvement during the consultation, diabetes self-management self-efficacy and glycaemic control. METHODS: A pilot three-arm randomised controlled trial. The 'intervention booklet' group received a booklet including personalised clinical information, a 'general information booklet' control group received a booklet with no personalised clinical information and a 'usual care' control group received no written information. RESULTS: 136 people took part. The intervention group were significantly more likely to have shown the booklet to a 'significant other', (48% V 23%, p<0.05), brought the booklet with them to the clinic (85% V 35%, p<0.005) and to refer to the booklet during the consultation (45% V 13%, p<0.005). No significant differences in patient involvement during the consultation, diabetes management self-efficacy or glycaemic control were found between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although participants found it useful to receive their clinical results, no differences were found in the patient outcomes measured. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Further pilot work on the timing of the intervention, who it is targeted at and what outcomes are measured is warranted before proceeding to a full-scale RCT.

Glycaemic control of Type 1 diabetes in clinical practice early in the 21st century: an international comparison.

AIMS: Improving glycaemic control in people with Type 1 diabetes is known to reduce complications. Our aim was to compare glycaemic control among people with Type 1 diabetes using data gathered in regional or national registries. METHODS: Data were obtained for children and/or adults with Type 1 diabetes from the following countries (or regions): Western Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, Champagne-Ardenne (France), Germany, Epirus, Thessaly and Thessaloniki (Greece), Galway (Ireland), several Italian regions, Latvia, Rotterdam (The Netherlands), Otago (New Zealand), Norway, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Sweden, Volyn (Ukraine), USA and Wales) from population or clinic-based registries. The sample size with available data varied from 355 to 173 880. Proportions with HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol (< 7.5%) and ≥ 75 mmol/mol (≥ 9.0%) were compared by age and sex. RESULTS: Data were available for 324 501 people. The proportions with HbA1c 58 mmol/mol (< 7.5%) varied from 15.7% to 46.4% among 44 058 people aged < 15 years, from 8.9% to 49.5% among 50 766 people aged 15-24 years and from 20.5% to 53.6% among 229 677 people aged ≥ 25 years. Sex differences in glycaemic control were small. Proportions of people using insulin pumps varied between the 12 sources with data available. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there are substantial variations in glycaemic control among people with Type 1 diabetes between the data sources and that there is room for improvement in all populations, especially in young adults.

Glycaemic control is harder to achieve than blood pressure or lipid control in Irish adults with type 1 diabetes.

We sought to determine the attainment of targets for glycaemic control and vascular risk reduction in an Irish cohort of T1DM adults. Of 797 patients (53% male, mean age 40.3 ± 14.8 years, HbA1c 8.5 ± 1.6% (69.6 ± 17.8 mmol mol(-1))), 15%, 68% and 62% achieved targets for HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL cholesterol, respectively.

Young adult type 1 diabetes care in the West of Ireland: an audit of hospital practice.

BACKGROUND: It is well recognised that management of young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) poses difficult challenges for physicians and health care organisations as a whole. In Ireland and in particular the west of Ireland there has been little audit or research on young adults with T1DM and the services available to them. DESIGN: In 2011 a retrospective review of this patient population in our territory referral centre was carried out. RESULTS: The average glycaemic control in this population was poor at 81mmols/mol and diabetes related complications were present in 32%. Engagement by this population with services was poor with an average of 3 missed clinic appointments over a 24 month period. CONCLUSION: These results have prompted a re think of how health care professionals can deliver a service that better suits the needs of this challenging patient group.

Evaluating hyperglycaemia in the hospitalised patient: towards an improved system for classification and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycaemia is common amongst hospitalised patients. Some of this is due to pre-existing diabetes (either previously diagnosed or not), but a proportion is due to stress hyperglycaemia, a transient state of high blood sugars related to the underlying illness. AIMS: We aimed to estimate the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in an Irish hospital setting, including an assessment of what contribution is made by cases of stress hyperglycaemia. METHODS: Over a 9-day period, all bedside glucometer-measured point of care blood glucoses performed in medical and surgical wards in University Hospital Galway were examined. Medical case notes and our diabetes computerised database were analysed to identify individuals with pre-existing diabetes. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured on the remainder of patients, to differentiate between pre-existing diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol) and stress hyperglycaemia (HbA1c < 48 mmol/mol). RESULTS: A total of 1,637 glucose readings were performed on 262 in-patients, of which 164 (63 %) were in the hyperglycaemic range. Of the 126 eligible for study inclusion, 92 (73 %) had pre-existing diabetes and 11 (9 %) had previously undiagnosed diabetes. The remaining 20 patients (16 %) had stress hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS: We report a high prevalence of hyperglycaemia (including stress hyperglycaemia) in an in-patient cohort in whom testing was undertaken at the discretion of the treating physician. Our data illustrate the utility of HbA1c measurement in this setting to help differentiate between pre-existing diabetes and stress hyperglycaemia. Much work remains to be done on how to best identify and treat in-patient hyperglycaemia.

A prospective study of risk factors for foot ulceration: the West of Ireland Diabetes Foot Study.

BACKGROUND: This is the first study to examine risk factors for diabetic foot ulceration in Irish general practice. AIM: To determine the prevalence of established risk factors for foot ulceration in a community-based cohort, and to explore the potential for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) to act as a novel risk factor. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. METHODS: Patients with diabetes attending 12 (of 17) invited general practices were invited for foot screening. Validated clinical tests were carried out at baseline to assess for vascular and sensory impairment and foot deformity. Ulcer incidence was ascertained by patient self-report and medical record. Patients were re-assessed 18 months later. RESULTS: Of 828 invitees, 563 (68%) attended screening. On examination 23-25% had sensory dysfunction and 18-39% had evidence of vascular impairment. Using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network risk stratification system we found the proportion at moderate and high risk of future ulceration to be 25% and 11%, respectively. At follow-up 16/383 patients (4.2%) developed a new foot ulcer (annual incidence rate of 2.6%). We observed an increasing probability of abnormal vascular and sensory test results (pedal pulse palpation, doppler waveform assessment, 10 g monofilament, vibration perception and neuropathy disability score) with declining eGFR levels. We were unable to show an independent association between new ulceration and reduced eGFR [Odds ratio 1.01; P = 0.64]. CONCLUSION: Our data show the extent of foot complications in a representative sample of diabetes patients in Ireland. Use of eGFR did not improve identification of patients at risk of foot ulceration.

Restructuring of the Diabetes Day Centre: a pilot lean project in a tertiary referral centre in the West of Ireland.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is a chronic disease amenable to management in the community and outpatient setting. The increasing incidence of diabetes places outpatient endocrinology services under pressure to provide a quality service in a timely manner. Our aim was to apply lean thinking to the diabetes clinic in a tertiary referral centre in the West of Ireland to improve flow, as reflected in reduced patient journey times. METHODS: The project lasted 6 months, from January to June 2011. An introductory seminar on lean thinking was arranged to inform and motivate the Diabetes Day Centre staff. Two 'rapid improvement events' took place. Value stream mapping (VSM) was the predominant lean tool employed. Patient journeys were mapped and quantified (minutes) using timesheets allocated to each step in the process at baseline, and following intervention. Data were analysed using Minitab V.16.0. RESULTS: VSM allowed the value-adding and problem-causing steps in the patient journey through the diabetes clinic process to be identified and addressed. Total patient journey time through the clinic was significantly reduced from 118 (± 38.02) min to 58 (± 18.30) min (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This project reflects the successful application of VSM as a lean tool in a pilot study at our institution as evidenced by improved patient flow and a significant reduction in patient journey time through the clinic. Through the incorporation of Lean into the ethos of the hospital, we have the potential to deliver excellent care in a safe environment and in an efficient manner, while benefiting the patient, employees and tax-payer.

Predictors of quality of life gains among people with type 1 diabetes participating in the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) structured education programme.

AIMS: To examine predictors of quality of life gains among people with type 1 diabetes following the Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) self-management training programme. METHODS: Clinical and questionnaire data were collected from 437 patients from 6 hospital centres before, and 18 months post-DAFNE intervention. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)), weight, height, and blood pressure levels were recorded by clinicians during clinic appointments. Questionnaires included the Diabetes-Specific Quality of Life Scale (DSQOLS), the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Basic demographics were recorded at baseline. Linear mixed models were fitted to identify predictors of change in quality of life at an 18 month follow-up assessment. RESULTS: Patients with high levels of diabetes-related distress experienced greatest improvement in DSQOLS quality of life scores (p = 0.001). Patients with poor glycaemic control (higher levels of HbA(1c); p = 0.03) and those with high levels of anxiety (p = 0.001) experienced the greatest reductions in diabetes-related distress. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with higher baseline levels of anxiety, higher levels of diabetes-related distress and higher baseline levels of HbA(1c) are most likely to experience quality of life gain from participation in self-management programmes such as DAFNE.

Providing diabetes patients with personalized written clinical information in the diabetes outpatient clinic: a pilot study.

AIM: To explore the impact of sharing personalized written clinical information with diabetes outpatients on patient involvement in the clinical consultation. METHODS: One hundred and six patients attending diabetes outpatient clinics for a review visit were allocated to receive either a patient information sheet containing personalized clinical information (prior to their consultation) or no information sheet. Both groups were compared by observing the number of patients raising any of the 17 topics included on the patient information sheet, the number of topics raised by each individual and the proportion of the total consultation time in which the patient was involved in conversation. A mean patient score was calculated by summing the number of topics raised by each patient. RESULTS: Patients in the intervention group were more likely to initiate a conversation on all 17 topics during the consultation than those in the control group. These differences were significant for all topics except glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and diabetes complications. The mean patient score was significantly higher in the intervention group (5 vs. 1, P < 0.005), with the highest patient score in the intervention group being 14 compared with 4 in the control group. The mean patient conversation time for the intervention group was significantly longer than for the control group (6.34 vs. 3.34 min, P < 0.01). The overall consultation time did not significantly differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Providing patients with personalized clinical information in a routine clinical setting can increase patients' involvement in the consultation without significantly increasing the length of the consultation.

Diabetes associated with atypical antipsychotic treatment may be severe but reversible: case report.

OBJECTIVE: To draw attention to severe presentations of atypical neuroleptic related diabetes and to document that a marked degree of remission can take place after drug withdrawal. METHOD: We describe two patients who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis after treatment with quetiapine and risperidone, respectively. RESULTS: Both patients were negative for islet cell antibodies. They both required treatment with insulin, one in very high dosage, but their insulin requirements fell progressively after the atypical antipsychotic was withdrawn. After several months, neither patient required antidiabetic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Atypical antipsychotic-induced diabetes does not always take a "type 2" presentation in which weight gain and insulin resistance are implicated. Sometimes the presentation is with diabetic ketoacidosis, requiring insulin treatment, which can nevertheless be reversible.