Development of a web-based application to improve data collection of antimicrobial utilization in the public health care system in South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: Determining antimicrobial utilization patterns in hospitals can be a challenge given personnel and resource constraints with paper-based systems. A web-based application (APP) was developed in South Africa to address this, building on a recent point prevalence survey (PPS) using a paper-based system. Consequently, there was a need to test and evaluate the ease of use of a newly developed app and potential time saving versus paper-based methods for PPS. The findings can be used to further refine the APP. METHODS: The developed app was tested in a large academic public hospital in a PPS in South Africa. During data collection, the app was evaluated for functionality on 35 variables and subsequently refined. After data collection, the app was evaluated in terms of its time-saving potential and ease of use. RESULTS: 181 patient's files were surveyed across 13 wards in the hospital, with the antimicrobial usage findings similar to the previous paper-based study in the same hospital. The median age for males was 45.5 years and 42 years for females. Overall 80 out of 181 (44%) patients received antibiotics. Whilst 38% (12 out of 31) of patients in the adult surgical ward received antimicrobials, the prevalence was the highest (78%) in the pediatric medical wards. All the data collectors were confident in using the app after training and found the tool is not complex at all to use. In addition, the time taken to plan for the study and to collect data was considerably reduced. Reduced time spent in data collection and analysis is important for timely instigation of quality improvement programs in resource limited settings. CONCLUSIONS: All data collectors would recommend the app for future PPSs. Several concerns with data entry were identified, which have now been addressed. The app development has been successful and is now being deployed across South Africa as part of a national PPS as well as wider.

A simple route to triethanolamine (TEA) and cysteine capped ZnSe nanoparticles.

Water soluble triethanolamine (TEA) and cysteine capped ZnSe nanoparticles have been synthesized via simple solution based route. The method involves the reduction of selenium followed by the addition of the metal salt and capping group. The pH and metal salts were varied to study their effect on the optical properties and morphology of the particles. The as-synthesised ZnSe nanoparticles properties were studied by UV-Vis, photoluminescence, FTIR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution TEM.