Polymorphism of CLE gene sequences in potato.

CLE (CLV3/ESR) is one of the most important groups of peptide phytohormones: its members regulate the development of various plant organs and tissues, as well as interaction with some parasites and symbionts and response to environmental factors. In this regard, the identif ication and study of the CLE genes encoding the peptides of this group in cultivated plants are of great practical interest. Relatively little is known about the functions of CLE peptides in potato, since the CLE genes of the potato Solanum phureja Juz. et Buk. were characterized only in 2021. At the same time, potato includes plenty of tuberous species of the genus Solanum L., both wild and cultivated, and the diversity of its forms may depend on differences in the sequences of CLE genes. In this work, we performed a search for and analysis of the CLE gene sequences in three wild potato species (S. bukasovii Juz., S. verrucosum Schltdl., S. commersonii Dunal) and four cultivated species (S. chaucha Juz. et Buk., S. curtilobum Juz. et Buk., S. juzepczukii Juz. et Buk., S. ajanhuiri Juz. et Buk.). In total, we identif ied 332 CLE genes in the analyzed potato species: from 40 to 43 genes of this family for each potato species. All potato species taken for analysis had homologues of previously identif ied S. phureja CLE genes; at the same time, the CLE42 gene, which is absent from the S. phureja genome, is present in all other analyzed potato species. Polymorphism of CLE proteins of S. commersonii is signif icantly higher than that of other analyzed potato species, due to the fact that S. commersonii grows in places outside the growing areas of other potato species and this potato is probably not one of the ancestors of cultivated potato. We also found examples of polymorphism of domains of CLE proteins that carried different tions. Further study of potato CLE proteins will reveal their role in development, including regulation of productivity in this important agricultural crop.

[What Does the WOX Say? Review of Regulators, Targets, Partners].

WOX (WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX) is a family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors in plants. WOX proteins maintain the activity of different types of meristems and regulate the formation of plant organs, controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. Study of the WOX family is important for the development of plant transformation and genome editing techniques. Here we review the functions of the WOX transcription factors as well as their targets, partners, and regulators. The WOX family can be divided into three phylogenetically distinct clades; so-called ancient, intermediate, and WUS clade; each clade is covered in a separate section. The WOX genes of Arabidopsis thaliana are described most comprehensively, with their orthologs in other plant species also considered. Summary tables with the described targets, regulators and partners of WOX family members are provided.

[Transcription Factors in Developmental Genetics and the Evolution of Higher Plants].

Transcription factors play an essential role in controlling various developmental programs in plants, coordinating the action of any genetic network. Among the most important groups of plant transcription factors are the homeodomain-containing transcription factors, in particular, those belonging to the KNOX and WOX families, the functions of which are associated with regulation of the meristem activity, development of the aboveground and underground parts of plants, and control of embryogenesis. This review examines the role of KNOX and WOX transcription factors in various developmental programs, as well as in the evolutionary complication of the body plan in terrestrial plants.

[Investigation of systemic control of plant cell division and differentiation in the model of tumor growth in radish].

The study addresses the control of plant cell division and differentiation using the model of tumor-forming lines of radish. Expression of the genes involved in control of the cell cycle (CycD3), maintenance of meristematic cell activity (STM, WUS, and KNAT1), and primary response to cytokinin (ARR) was studied in inbred radish lines characterized by tumor growth at different stages of development. The influence of exogenic cytokinin on the expression of the genes of interest is analyzed. The possible role of the CycD3, KNAT1, STM, WUS, and ARR5 in tumor formation in radish is discussed.

[Role of meristem-specific genes of plants in formation of genetic tumors].

In higher plants, homeobox genes of the KNOX and WOX subfamilies plays a key role in maintenance of the pool of stem cells, regulate proliferation, and prevent cell differentiation. It has been shown that meristem-specific genes are regulated by phytohormones and affect their metabolism, specifically that of cytokinins. Plant tumors are widely used as a model for studying the genetic control of cell division and differentiation. The tumors induced by pathogens and genetic tumors, whose development depends on the plant genotype, are distinguished. The changes in the levels of expression of genes--regulators of cell cycle, meristem-specific genes, and genes controlling metabolism and transmission of the signal of phytohormones were described on tumors of different origin. The mechanisms underlying tumor formation in plants and animals were shown to be similar, specifically as concerns the relationship between the genes--cell cycle regulators and tumorigenesis. In plants, transcriptional factors of the subfamily KNOX have similarity in structure and, supposedly, common origin with transcriptional factors MEIS in animals, which are very active in neoplastic cells. The review presents the characteristics of KNOX and WOX transcriptional factors, their functions in meristem development, and interaction with the plant hormonal system. The role of homeodomain-containing transcriptional factors in tumorigenesis in plants and animals is discussed. The role of meristem-specific genes and phytohormones in tumorigenesis is discussed on the example of genetic tumors obtained by mutagenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana and tumors in the radish inbred lines.

[The role of phytohormones in tumor formation in radish]. / Izuchenie roli fitogormonov v protsesse opukholeobrazovaniia u redisa.

Tumor formation was studied in inbred radish lines that produce tumors on plant roots during flowering. In all radish lines under consideration, the sequences homologous to oncogenes tmr/tml of Agrobacterium tumefaciens were revealed by Southern hybridization. No sequences homologous to the tms locus of A. tumefaciens and the oncogenes of A. rhizogenes were determined. It was found that auxin sensitivity and the tumor-producing capacity were coinherited. We suggest that tumor phenotype arise as a result of a combination between agrobacterial "cytokinin" oncogenes and certain alleles of "auxin" radish genes.