Polyunsaturated fatty acid status and risk of type 1 diabetes in infants and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: The existing findings about the association between polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status (especially long-chain n-3 PUFAs) and the risk of preclinical or clinical type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children are controversial. This review aimed to evaluate the definite association. Material and methods: Three databases were systematically viewed until July, 2019 to identify relevant articles, without language restriction. Any observational study or randomized controlled trial reporting the risk estimates of preclinical or clinical T1D for PUFA status in infants and children was enrolled. Regardless of the statistical heterogeneity assessed by the I2 statistic, we pooled the odds ratios (ORs), relative risks (RRs) or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) through random-effects models. Results: Five observational studies were enrolled in the meta-analysis. The status of n-3 PUFAs was negatively and significantly associated with the risk of preclinical, but not clinical, T1D (pooled RR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73-0.99) with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 72.2%). However, no such association was found between n-6 PUFA status and the risk of preclinical or clinical T1D. Conclusions: The meta-analysis suggests that n-3 PUFA might play a potential protective role in the cause of preclinical T1D, and n-3 PUFA intake may be beneficial, since the n-3 PUFA status was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of preclinical T1D in children. Nevertheless, more well-designed prospective studies are necessary to determine whether dietary or supplemental intake of specific n-3 PUFA alters the risk of preclinical T1D.

Dietary and physical activity of adult patients with type 2 diabetes in Zhejiang province of eastern China: Data from a cross-sectional study.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Lifestyle management helps improve the clinical outcome of patients with type 2 diabetes. The present study aimed to obtain lifestyle data on the dietary and physical activity of adult type 2 diabetes patients in Zhejiang province of eastern China for better patient education and improvement of clinical management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 607 adult type 2 diabetes patients was carried out in 12 hospitals within eight cities of Zhejiang province. Data were collected for sex, age, basic physical measurement (blood pressure, height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference), dietary favor and habit (vegetarian diets vs meat diets, preference of salty or light flavors), detailed dietary intake (24-h recall method), as well as the weekly physical activity. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in the analysis was 56.39 ± 12.29 years, and 38.71% of the patients had higher levels of body mass index than recommended. The average daily total energy intake was 1887.71 ± 575.10 kcal. The percentage of calories from carbohydrate, protein and fat were 61.36 ± 11.59%, 13.29 ± 3.37% and 25.35 ± 11.16%, respectively. For physical activity, the patients generally spent most of their daily time sitting and sleeping, and the time for moderate vigorous activity was limited. CONCLUSIONS: Adult patients with type 2 diabetes in Zhejiang province have a relatively high carbohydrate and low protein diet, with very limited physical activity. Patient education to achieve a better lifestyle intervention needs to improve in this region.