Association of cognitive and adaptive skills with internalizing and externalizing problems in autistic children and adolescents.

The presence of an intellectual disability (ID) alongside autism is considered to increase the risk for mental health and behavior problems in children and adolescents. Existing evidence is restricted by looking at ID as a categorical classification. The study aimed to examine the association of cognitive and adaptive behavior skills with internalizing and externalizing problems in a large sample of autistic children and adolescents, across a wide range of cognitive skills. Participants were 2759 children and adolescents aged between 4 and 18 years recruited as part of the Simons Simplex Collection (SSC), of whom 709 (approximately 25%) had ID. Multiple regression models examined associations of internalizing and externalizing problems with cognitive and adaptive skills (communication, daily living, and socialization skills). Cognitive skills were not associated with externalizing problems but were associated with more internalizing problems in autistic children without ID (Cog ß: 0.126). All adaptive skill domains were inversely associated with externalizing (Communication ß: -0.145; Daily-Living ß: -0.132; Socialization ß: -0.289) and internalizing problems (Communication ß: -0.074; Daily-Living ß: -0.064; Socialization ß: -0.213) in those without ID. Daily living (ß: -0.158) and socialization skills (ß: -0.104) were inversely correlated with externalizing problems in autistic children with ID, while only socialization problems (ß: -0.099) were associated with internalizing problems in this group. Socialization skills were systematically associated with internalizing and externalizing problems across all levels of cognitive functioning. Supporting social skills development may benefit all aspects of child mental health, while recognizing that children with higher cognitive skills are more vulnerable to internalizing problems might assist with earlier identification of these problems.

Patients Age 40 Years and Younger With Multiple Myeloma Have the Same Prognosis as Older Patients: An Analysis of Real-World Patients' Evidence From Latin America.

PURPOSE: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly heterogeneous, incurable disease most frequently diagnosed in the elderly. Therefore, data on clinical characteristics and outcomes in the very young population are scarce. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed clinical characteristics, response to treatment, and survival in 103 patients with newly diagnosed MM age 40 years or younger compared with 256 patients age 41-50 years and 957 patients age 51 years or older. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in sex, isotype, International Scoring System, renal involvement, hypercalcemia, anemia, dialysis, bony lesions, extramedullary disease, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The most used regimen in young patients was cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, dexamethasone, followed by cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, dexamethasone and bortezomib, thalidomide, dexamethasone. Of the patients age 40 years or younger, only 53% received autologous stem-cell transplant (ASCT) and 71.1% received maintenance. There were no differences in overall survival (OS) in the three patient cohorts. In the multivariate analysis, only high LDH, high cytogenetic risk, and ASCT were statistically associated with survival. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, younger patients with MM in Latin America have similar clinical characteristics, responses, and OS compared with the elderly.

[The impact of novel drugs on the survival of patients with multiple myeloma in two chilean centers]. / Mieloma múltiple en Chile. Uso de drogas noveles en dos centros nacionales.

BACKGROUND: The incorporation of novel drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulators, improved considerably the survival of patients with multiple myeloma. AIM: To evaluate the effect on survival of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulators in patients with multiple myeloma in two national hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of clinical records from two hospitals of Santiago. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic data was obtained from 144 patients with multiple myeloma diagnosed between 2002 and 2016. RESULTS: Information was retrieved from 78 patients at one center and from 66 at the other center. The mean age at diagnosis was 58 and 62 years, the proportion of males was 53% and 52%, and presentation at stage III was 34% and 46%, respectively. The use of novel drugs, mainly bortezomib, was 90% in one of the centers and 3% in the other one. The use of autologous stem-cell transplantation was 47% and 3% respectively. The median overall survival of patients from the centers with and without access to novel drugs was 117 and 71 months respectively (p < 0.05). The five-year overall survival was 93 and 43% respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of novel drugs, especially bortezomib, and autologous stem-cell transplantation significantly improved the survival of multiple myeloma patients treated in national hospitals. It is necessary to include them as a first line treatment.

Mieloma múltiple en Chile. Uso de drogas noveles en dos centros nacionales / The impact of novel drugs on the survival of patients with multiple myeloma in two chilean centers

BACKGROUND: The incorporation of novel drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulators, improved considerably the survival of patients with multiple myeloma. Aim: To evaluate the effect on survival of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulators in patients with multiple myeloma in two national hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of clinical records from two hospitals of Santiago. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic data was obtained from 144 patients with multiple myeloma diagnosed between 2002 and 2016. Results: Information was retrieved from 78 patients at one center and from 66 at the other center. The mean age at diagnosis was 58 and 62 years, the proportion of males was 53% and 52%, and presentation at stage III was 34% and 46%, respectively. The use of novel drugs, mainly bortezomib, was 90% in one of the centers and 3% in the other one. The use of autologous stem-cell transplantation was 47% and 3% respectively. The median overall survival of patients from the centers with and without access to novel drugs was 117 and 71 months respectively (p < 0.05). The five-year overall survival was 93 and 43% respectively (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of novel drugs, especially bortezomib, and autologous stem-cell transplantation significantly improved the survival of multiple myeloma patients treated in national hospitals. It is necessary to include them as a first line treatment.

How did the pandemic affect the socio-emotional well-being of Chilean schoolchildren? A longitudinal study.

This study investigated the repercussions of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the subsequent quarantine on the emotional well-being of children in their initial years of formal schooling, with particular emphasis on children with special educational needs (SEN) and children from high and low socioeconomic statuses (SES). This longitudinal study employed the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6-18 (CBCL) completed by the students' guardians at least once during 2018-2019 and again during 2020. The results showed differences in internalizing and externalizing problems after 8 months of quarantine and a significant increase in students fitting clinical or borderline categories given by the CBCL itself. The results are described in detail for four groups considering the combination of SEN and SES characteristics, showing the importance of their intersectionality, especially between low SES and SEN. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

First Report of Tocilizumab Use in a Cohort of Latin American Patients Hospitalized for Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia.

Introduction/objectives: An interleukin-6 inhibition strategy could be effective in selected COVID-19 patients. The objective is to present our experience of tocilizumab use in patients with severe COVID-19. Methods: Observational retrospective cohort study. Hospitalized patients were evaluated by our multidisciplinary team for eventual use of tocilizumab. Patients with progressive ventilatory impairment and evidence of a hyperinflammatory state despite usual treatment received tocilizumab 8 mg/kg intravenous (maximum dose 800 mg), in addition to standard treatment. The use and time of use of mechanical ventilation (MV), the change of the Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient, of the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) and of inflammation laboratory parameters after 72 h of tocilizumab use was evaluated. Results: 29 patients received tocilizumab. 93.1% were men, 37.9% were obese, and 34.5% had hypertension. Of the 20 patients who were not on MV when receiving tocilizumab, 11 required non-invasive MV, for an average of 5 days, and one of them required intubation. A-a gradient, PaO2/FiO2, and inflammation parameters improved significantly. A better lymphocyte count, which improved significantly after tocilizumab use, was significantly associated with less use of MV. Five patients presented positive culture samples after tocilizumab, three being of clinical significance. A lower lymphocyte count was associated with having a positive culture. No other significant adverse events were seen. Conclusion: Our study suggests the utility and shows the safety of tocilizumab use in COVID-19 patients who have respiratory failure and evidence of hyperinflammation. Lymphocyte improvement was a predictor of good response.

Different outcomes for transplant-eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients in Latin America according to the public versus private management: a GELAMM study.

The aim of this study was to describe clinical and survival characteristics of transplant-eligible multiple myeloma (MM) patients in Latin America (LA), with a special focus on differences between public and private healthcare facilities. We included 1293 patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2018. A great disparity in outcomes and survival between both groups was observed. Late diagnosis and low access to adequate frontline therapy and ASCT in public institutions probably explain these differences. Patients treated with novel drug induction protocols, followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and maintenance, have similar overall survival compared to that published internationally.

Mieloma múltiple en Chile: Respuesta a tratamiento en pacientes con mieloma múltiple elegibles para trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos / Response rates to first-line treatment in eligible patients to autologous stem transplantation in Chile

Background The treatment of choice of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) is an induction with proteasome inhibitors followed autologous stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Since 2013, the treatment of these patients in the public system is based on CTD (cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone). Aim To evaluate the response rates achieved with CTD, and the results of HSCT in patients with NDMM in the public setting. Material and Methods Data from patients considered as candidates for HSCT from different centers of the National Adult Antineoplastic Drug Program (PANDA, for its acronym in Spanish), diagnosed between 2013 and 2017, was analyzed. The response to treatment of first and second lines of treatment was evaluated, in addition to the results of HSCT. An optimal Response was defined as the sum of strict complete remission, complete remission and very good partial response (sCR, CR and VGPR). Results One hundred and seventy-seven patients were analyzed, 54% women, and 53% with IgG multiple myeloma. Information about the international staging system was retrieved in 127 patients (71%). Seventeen percent were ISS I, 22% in ISS II and 32% ISS III. CTD was used as first treatment in 106 patients (60%), and cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone (CyBorD) in 13 (7%). As first line, CTD had an overall response of 50.9%, and CyBorD of 76.9%. Thirty patients were treated with bortezomib as second line treatment. Forty patients (22%) underwent HSCT. The 5-year Overall Survival (OS) in transplanted patients and non-transplanted patients was 100 and 62% respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusions The response rate achieved by CTD in these patients is suboptimal. The response to CyBorD was better.

AL amyloidosis in the Chilean public health system: a pending debt: multicenter study of the Chilean Monoclonal Gammopathies Cooperative Group / Amiloidosis AL en el sistema público de Chile: una deuda pendiente: estudio multicéntrico

ABSTRACT Background: Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare and underdiagnosed entity. Aim: To characterize patients with AL amyloidosis in Chilean public health centers. Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study. Public centers of the Chilean Monoclonal Gammopathies Cooperative Group were asked to search for patients with AL amyloidosis in their databases. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics were evaluated. Results: Forty-two patients aged 22 to 84 years were found. Twenty four percent had localized AL amyloidosis; 64% had a lambda light chain clone; 47% were associated with multiple myeloma and 9% with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The most commonly involved organ was the kidney (76%). Serum free light chains were measured in 31% and an echocardiogram was performed in 74% of patients. Seventeen percent of patients received only palliative care, 17% were treated with bortezomib, 21% with thalidomide, and 40% with melphalan. No patient was transplanted. The mean overall survival (OS) of the group was 19 months. The 5-year OS was 28%. Conclusions: It is important to obtain these realistic, national data to initiate strategies to improve early diagnosis and proper management of this disease.

La amiloidosis AL es una entidad poco frecuente y subdiagnosticada. Mientras todo el mundo discute sobre las nuevas herramientas diagnósticas y terapéuticas, en Chile y en América Latina en general, estamos lejos de esa realidad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar a los pacientes con amiloidosis AL en centros del sistema público de nuestro país. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, multicéntrico, descriptivo. Los centros públicos del grupo cooperativo hematológico chileno buscaron en sus bases de datos pacientes diagnosticados con amiloidosis AL. Se evaluaron las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y de laboratorio. La edad media fue de 65 años. A 24% de los pacientes se les diagnosticó amiloidosis AL localizada; 64% tuvo paraproteína con cadena ligera lambda; 47% se asoció con mieloma múltiple y 9% con linfoma no Hodgkin. El órgano afectado con mayor frecuencia fue el riñón (76%). Las cadenas ligeras libres de suero se realizaron en 31% y ecocardiograma en 74%. El 17% recibió solo cuidados paliativos, 17% recibió tratamiento con bortezomib, 21% con talidomida y 40% con melfalán. Ningún paciente fue trasplantado. La media de sobrevida global (SG) del grupo fue de 19 meses. La SG a 5 años fue de 28%. Es importante reportar estos resultados nacionales para iniciar estrategias que mejoren tanto el diagnóstico temprano como el tratamiento de esta patología. Por lo tanto, mejorar la sospecha diagnóstica es crucial.

[Response rates to first-line treatment in eligible patients to autologous stem transplantation in Chile]. / Mieloma múltiple en Chile: Respuesta a tratamiento en pacientes con mieloma múltiple elegibles para trasplante autólogo de progenitores hematopoyéticos.

Background The treatment of choice of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) is an induction with proteasome inhibitors followed autologous stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Since 2013, the treatment of these patients in the public system is based on CTD (cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone). Aim To evaluate the response rates achieved with CTD, and the results of HSCT in patients with NDMM in the public setting. Material and Methods Data from patients considered as candidates for HSCT from different centers of the National Adult Antineoplastic Drug Program (PANDA, for its acronym in Spanish), diagnosed between 2013 and 2017, was analyzed. The response to treatment of first and second lines of treatment was evaluated, in addition to the results of HSCT. An optimal Response was defined as the sum of strict complete remission, complete remission and very good partial response (sCR, CR and VGPR). Results One hundred and seventy-seven patients were analyzed, 54% women, and 53% with IgG multiple myeloma. Information about the international staging system was retrieved in 127 patients (71%). Seventeen percent were ISS I, 22% in ISS II and 32% ISS III. CTD was used as first treatment in 106 patients (60%), and cyclophosphamide, bortezomib and dexamethasone (CyBorD) in 13 (7%). As first line, CTD had an overall response of 50.9%, and CyBorD of 76.9%. Thirty patients were treated with bortezomib as second line treatment. Forty patients (22%) underwent HSCT. The 5-year Overall Survival (OS) in transplanted patients and non-transplanted patients was 100 and 62% respectively (p < 0.01). Conclusions The response rate achieved by CTD in these patients is suboptimal. The response to CyBorD was better.

AL amyloidosis in the Chilean public health system: a pending debt. Multicenter study of the Chilean Monoclonal Gammopathies Cooperative Group.

BACKGROUND: Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare and underdiagnosed entity. AIM: To characterize patients with AL amyloidosis in Chilean public health centers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study. Public centers of the Chilean Monoclonal Gammopathies Cooperative Group were asked to search for patients with AL amyloidosis in their databases. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-two patients aged 22 to 84 years were found. Twenty four percent had localized AL amyloidosis; 64% had a lambda light chain clone; 47% were associated with multiple myeloma and 9% with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The most commonly involved organ was the kidney (76%). Serum free light chains were measured in 31% and an echocardiogram was performed in 74% of patients. Seventeen percent of patients received only palliative care, 17% were treated with bortezomib, 21% with thalidomide, and 40% with melphalan. No patient was transplanted. The mean overall survival (OS) of the group was 19 months. The 5-year OS was 28%. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to obtain these realistic, national data to initiate strategies to improve early diagnosis and proper management of this disease.

Intervención educativa en salud comunitaria para el empoderamiento de jefas de hogar en un sector económicamente vulnerable de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile / Health community educational intervention to empowerment female heads of households in an economic disadvantage community in Santiago Chile

OBJETIVO: contribuir al empoderamiento de las mujeres jefas de hogar pertenecientes a una comunidad de un sector económicamente vulnerable de la ciudad de Santiago, por medio de la entrega de herramientas y habilidades en salud. Muestra: 13 mujeres, entre 22 y 55 años. METODOLOGÍA: Intervención educativa basada en el Modelo 'Comunidad como Socio' de Anderson y McFarlane de Enfermería y el Modelo de Educación para Adultos de Jane Vella. Se respondió una encuesta anónima para recopilar información. El diagnóstico participativo permitió identificar temas a tratar: control de signos vitales y su aplicabilidad, y atención de primeros auxilios. RESULTADOS: Se aportó al conocimiento del manejo de cuidados básicos en salud (Signos Vitales, Primeros Auxilios y Hábitos de Vida Saludable) aplicados a su autocuidado y al de sus familias. Se practicó lo aprendido en un escenario simulado. CONCLUSIÓN: Se identificaron fortalezas, como motivación por el aprendizaje y buena recepción de las metodologías participativas. La intervención contribuyó al empoderamiento de las participantes mediante el aprendizaje de contenidos, otorgando seguridad para enfrentar situaciones de emergencia en su vida cotidiana.

OBJECTIVE: Contribute the empowerment of female heads of household belonging to a community of an economically vulnerable sector of the city of Santiago, through the delivery of tools and skills in health. Sample: 13 women, between 22 and 55 years old. METHODOLOGY: Educational intervention based on the "Community as a Partner" Model of Anderson and McFarlane of Nursing and the Adult Education Model of Jane Vella. A survey was answered anonymously to collect information. The participatory diagnosis allowed identifications of thetopics concerned including: control of vital signs and its applications and first aid attention demonstrated practically in the sessions. RESULTS: Contributions were made to the knowledge regarding the management of basic care in health (Vital Signs, First Aid and Habits of Healthy Living) applied to self-care of patients and their respective families. In a simulated scenario, participants in the survey demonstrated that they practiced what they had learned. CONCLUSION: Strengths such as motivation for learning and positive response to participative methodologies were identified. Additionally, the intervention contributed to the empowerment of the participants through the learning of contents and development of confidence to confront emergency situations in every day life.

Reacción hemolítica transfusional tardía en un paciente con anemia de células falciformes: reporte de un caso / Delayed hemolytic reaction to transfusion in sickle cell anemia: report of one case

Sickle cell anemia was a rare disease in Chile, especially in adults, however the recent immigration wave from Haiti is changing this scenario. We report a 29 year old black female from Haiti with a non-disclosed history of sickle cell anemia. She was transfused with two units of red blood cells, found unconscious and with jaundice five days later and admitted to the hospital. On admission she had a hemoglobin of 3.3 g/dL, a total bilirubin of 5.08 mg/dL, a LDH of 1,306 Ui/L. She was transfused again, worsening her condition. An alloimmunization and delayed hemolytic reaction was suspected. A direct Coombs test was positive. She was treated with steroids and her serum hemoglobin rose progressively.

[Delayed hemolytic reaction to transfusion in sickle cell anemia. Report of one case]. / Reacción hemolítica transfusional tardía en un paciente con anemia de células falciformes: reporte de un caso.

Sickle cell anemia was a rare disease in Chile, especially in adults, however the recent immigration wave from Haiti is changing this scenario. We report a 29 year old black female from Haiti with a non-disclosed history of sickle cell anemia. She was transfused with two units of red blood cells, found unconscious and with jaundice five days later and admitted to the hospital. On admission she had a hemoglobin of 3.3 g/dL, a total bilirubin of 5.08 mg/dL, a LDH of 1,306 Ui/L. She was transfused again, worsening her condition. An alloimmunization and delayed hemolytic reaction was suspected. A direct Coombs test was positive. She was treated with steroids and her serum hemoglobin rose progressively.

Características de los pacientes traumatizados que ingresan a la UCI de un hospital general en Chile / Characteristics of trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a general hospital in Chile

Background: Trauma is an important cause of death among young adults. Aim: To determine the characteristics, treatments and evolution of trauma patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) of a public hospital in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: All polytrauma (PT) and severely traumatized (ST) patients admitted to ICU were included. We recorded the type of trauma along with demographic and hemodynamic variables, treatments and complications. The evolution and treatments received by PT and ST patients were compared. Results: We recorded data from 72 patients aged 43 ± 21 years (93% males). Sixty two percent were PT and 24% had penetrating injuries. TBI (Trauma Brain Injury) was the most common trauma. On admission, acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 18.7 + 7.3, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 32.8 + 20.1. ICU stay was 7.8 + 6 days. Sixty seven per cent of patients required surgery and 58% received blood transfusions. No differences were found between PT and ST. ICU and hospital mortality rates were 15 and 25% respectively. Conclusions: The characteristics and evolution of PT and ST of this series of patients are similar to those described abroad. Mortality was in agreement with ISS and APACHE II scores.

[Characteristics of trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a general hospital in Chile]. / Características de los pacientes traumatizados que ingresan a la UCI de un hospital general en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Trauma is an important cause of death among young adults. AIM: To determine the characteristics, treatments and evolution of trauma patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) of a public hospital in Santiago, Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All polytrauma (PT) and severely traumatized (ST) patients admitted to ICU were included. We recorded the type of trauma along with demographic and hemodynamic variables, treatments and complications. The evolution and treatments received by PT and ST patients were compared. RESULTS: We recorded data from 72 patients aged 43 ± 21 years (93% males). Sixty two percent were PT and 24% had penetrating injuries. TBI (Trauma Brain Injury) was the most common trauma. On admission, acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 18.7 + 7.3, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 32.8 + 20.1. ICU stay was 7.8 + 6 days. Sixty seven per cent of patients required surgery and 58% received blood transfusions. No differences were found between PT and ST. ICU and hospital mortality rates were 15 and 25% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The characteristics and evolution of PT and ST of this series of patients are similar to those described abroad. Mortality was in agreement with ISS and APACHE II scores.