Seasonal and elevational variability in the induction of specialized compounds from mountain birch (Betula pubescens var. pumila) by winter moth larvae (Operophtera brumata).

The mountain birch [Betula pubescens var. pumila (L.)] forest in the Subarctic is periodically exposed to insect outbreaks, which are expected to intensify due to climate change. To mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses, plants have evolved chemical defenses, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non-volatile specialized compounds (NVSCs). Constitutive and induced production of these compounds, however, are poorly studied in Subarctic populations of mountain birch. Here, we assessed the joint effects of insect herbivory, elevation and season on foliar VOC emissions and NVSC contents of mountain birch. The VOCs were sampled in situ by an enclosure technique and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. NVSCs were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using an untargeted approach. At low elevation, experimental herbivory by winter moth larvae (Operophtera brumata) increased emissions of monoterpenes and homoterpenes over the 3-week feeding period, and sesquiterpenes and green leaf volatiles at the end of the feeding period. At high elevation, however, herbivory augmented only homoterpene emissions. The more pronounced herbivory effects at low elevation were likely due to higher herbivory intensity. Of the individual compounds, linalool, ocimene, 4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, 2-methyl butanenitrile and benzyl nitrile were among the most responsive compounds in herbivory treatments. Herbivory also altered foliar NVSC profiles at both low and high elevations, with the most responsive compounds likely belonging to fatty acyl glycosides and terpene glycosides. Additionally, VOC emissions from non-infested branches were higher at high than low elevation, particularly during the early season, which was mainly driven by phenological differences. The VOC emissions varied substantially over the season, largely reflecting the seasonal variations in temperature and light levels. Our results suggest that if insect herbivory pressure continues to rise in the mountain birch forest with ongoing climate change, it will significantly increase VOC emissions with important consequences for local trophic interactions and climate.

Comparison of generational effect on proteins and metabolites in non-transgenic and transgenic soybean seeds through the insertion of the cp4-EPSPS gene assessed by omics-based platforms.

This work evaluates different generations of transgenic (cp4-EPSPS gene) and non-transgenic soybean plants through proteomics and metabolomics. For proteomics purpose, 24 differentially abundant protein spots were found through 2-D DIGE, being 4 belonging to transgenic plants. From this total, 19 were successfully identified, storage proteins as predominant class. Some identified proteins are involved in growing and cell division, and stress response, such as LEA and dehydrin. For metabolomics, 17 compounds were putatively annotated, mainly belonging to the secondary metabolism, such as flavonoids. From these analyzes, all generations and varieties of the soybean are prone to be differentiate by PLS-DA. According to our results, transgenic plants appear to be more stable than non-transgenic ones. In addition, the omics-based approaches allowed access some relations between those differential spot proteins and metabolites, mainly those storage proteins and flavonoid.

The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment (eCO2) can enhance plant carbon uptake and growth1-5, thereby providing an important negative feedback to climate change by slowing the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration6. Although evidence gathered from young aggrading forests has generally indicated a strong CO2 fertilization effect on biomass growth3-5, it is unclear whether mature forests respond to eCO2 in a similar way. In mature trees and forest stands7-10, photosynthetic uptake has been found to increase under eCO2 without any apparent accompanying growth response, leaving the fate of additional carbon fixed under eCO2 unclear4,5,7-11. Here using data from the first ecosystem-scale Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in a mature forest, we constructed a comprehensive ecosystem carbon budget to track the fate of carbon as the forest responded to four years of eCO2 exposure. We show that, although the eCO2 treatment of +150 parts per million (+38 per cent) above ambient levels induced a 12 per cent (+247 grams of carbon per square metre per year) increase in carbon uptake through gross primary production, this additional carbon uptake did not lead to increased carbon sequestration at the ecosystem level. Instead, the majority of the extra carbon was emitted back into the atmosphere via several respiratory fluxes, with increased soil respiration alone accounting for half of the total uptake surplus. Our results call into question the predominant thinking that the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks will be generally enhanced under eCO2, and challenge the efficacy of climate mitigation strategies that rely on ubiquitous CO2 fertilization as a driver of increased carbon sinks in global forests.

G-CSF-treated granulocytes inhibit acute graft-versus-host disease.

It has been shown that in vivo and in vitro treatment with G-CSF induces the generation of low-density granulocytes (LDGs), which copurify with PBMCs and inhibit IFN-gamma production by human T cells. These results prompted us to postulate an immunomodulatory role for LDGs in acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Here it is shown that in the mouse experimental model, in vivo and in vitro G-CSF treatment generates LDGs capable of inhibiting 80% of T-cell IFN-gamma production. To assess the role of these LDGs in aGVHD, lethally irradiated (C57BL/6 x BALB/c) F1 hosts were reconstituted with T cell-depleted bone marrow cells plus nylon wool-purified spleen cells from G-CSF-treated (G-NWS) or -nontreated (NWS) C57BL/6 donors. Recipients of G-NWS had a 75% survival rate in contrast to a rate of 25% in the NWS recipients. The protective effect was completely abolished, and the mortality rate was 100% if donor-cell infusion was treated with anti-Gr1. Moreover, if LDGs were infused with NWS, full protection of aGVHD was observed, and no signs of disease were evidenced by mortality rate, weight loss, or histopathology of target organs. These results revealed the unexpected immunosuppressive capacity of G-CSF based on the generation of LDGs, leading to the possibility of using these cells as inhibitors of aGVHD.