A theoretical study of Lifshitz transition for 2H-TaS2.

Lifshitz transition was proposed to explain a change of the topology structure in a Fermi surface induced by continuous lattice deformation without symmetry breaking since 1960. It is well known that the anomalies of the kinetic coefficients (the coefficient of heat conduction and electrical conductivity, viscosity, sound absorption, etc.) are usually closely connected with the Lifshitz transition behavior. 2H-TaS2 is a typical representative to study its anomalies of temperature dependence of heat capacity, resistivity, Hall effect, and magnetic susceptibility. Its geometrical structure of the charge density wave (CDW) phase and layer number dependence of carrier-sign alternation upon cooling in the Hall measurements have not been well understood. The geometrical structure (T-Ts) of the CDW phase was predicted through first principles calculations for bulk and mono-layer 2H-TaS2. Driven by electron-lattice coupling, Ta atoms contract to form a partially gapped CDW phase. The CDW phase has a larger average interlayer separation of S-S atoms in the adjacent two layers compared with the metal phase, which results in a weaker chemical bonding among S-S atoms in the adjacent two layers and then a narrower bandwidth of the energy band. The narrower bandwidth of the energy band leads to a larger density of states (DOS) in the out-of-plane direction above the Fermi level for the CDW phase. As the Fermi level continually drops from the DOS region with a negative slope to that with a positive slope on cooling, the reversal of the p → n type carrier and the pocket-vanishing-type Lifshitz transition occur in the bulk 2H-TaS2. However, the Fermi level slightly drops by 6 meV and happens to be at the positions of pseudo band gaps, so the reduction of in-plane DOS and total DOS is responsible for the always p-type carrier in the mono-layer samples. Our CDW vector of the k-space separation between two saddle points is QSP ≈ 0.62 GK and can provide a theoretical support for the "saddle-point" CDW mechanism proposed by Rice and Scott. Our theoretical explanation gives a new understanding of both Lifshitz transition for symmetry breaking and reversal for the p-n carrier sign in the Hall measurements in various two-dimensional transition metal disulfides.

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Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is an effective therapeutic drug for improving short stature. Currently, rhGH can be used for various causes of short stature, including growth hormone deficiency, and the expansion of its clinical application has raised concerns about its safety. Based on existing evidence, when rhGH is used in a standardized manner for physiological replacement therapy, its safety profile is favorable. In clinical practice, attention should be focused on short-term safety during rhGH treatment, with the combination of literature evidence and clinical experience. There is still no definitive conclusion on the long-term safety due to insufficient duration of rhGH treatment. This paper reviews the possible adverse events that may occur during rhGH treatment and their risk control measures, aiming to help clinical physicians understand the overall safety of rhGH treatment and improve its clinical standardization.

Hyperuricemia and intravenous fat emulsion are risk factors for gout flares during active gastrointestinal bleeding: a case control study.

OBJECTIVE: It is well-established that patients with a history of gout are more susceptible to experiencing gastrointestinal bleeding. Gout flare during active gastrointestinal bleeding poses a significant challenge due to the gastrointestinal side effects of anti-inflammatory therapy. This study sought to investigate the risk factors associated with gout flares during episodes of gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective observational study involving 94 patients who experienced active gastrointestinal bleeding and had a history of gout. This study was conducted at Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital from January 2019 to October 2022. We collected and recorded demographic information and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Among the gout flare patients, hyperuricemia and intravenous fat emulsion therapy were more prevalent compared to those who remained stable (81.6% vs. 57.8% and 46.9% vs. 24.4%, p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that both hyperuricemia (odds ratio 2.741, 95% CI 1.014-7.413, p = 0.047) and intravenous fat emulsion therapy (odds ratio 2.645, 95% CI 1.046-6.686, p = 0.040) were independent predictors of gout flares. Furthermore, gout attacks occurred sooner in patients receiving intravenous fat emulsion therapy compared to those not receiving it (median: 4 days (interquartile range: 2) vs. median: 5 days (interquartile range: 2.25), p = 0.049). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed a high incidence of gout flares during episodes of active gastrointestinal bleeding, with patients undergoing intravenous fat emulsion therapy and those with hyperuricemia being at increased risk.

An international multidisciplinary consensus on pediatric metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent in children and adolescents, particularly those with obesity. NAFLD is considered a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome due to its close associations with abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Experts have proposed an alternative terminology, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), to better reflect its pathophysiology. This study aimed to develop consensus statements and recommendations for pediatric MAFLD through collaboration among international experts. METHODS: A group of 65 experts from 35 countries and six continents, including pediatricians, hepatologists, and endocrinologists, participated in a consensus development process. The process encompassed various aspects of pediatric MAFLD, including epidemiology, mechanisms, screening, and management. FINDINGS: In round 1, we received 65 surveys from 35 countries and analyzed these results, which informed us that 73.3% of respondents agreed with 20 draft statements while 23.8% agreed somewhat. The mean percentage of agreement or somewhat agreement increased to 80.85% and 15.75%, respectively, in round 2. The final statements covered a wide range of topics related to epidemiology, pathophysiology, and strategies for screening and managing pediatric MAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: The consensus statements and recommendations developed by an international expert panel serve to optimize clinical outcomes and improve the quality of life for children and adolescents with MAFLD. These findings emphasize the need for standardized approaches in diagnosing and treating pediatric MAFLD. FUNDING: This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82070588, 82370577), the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1800801), National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2022-PUMCH-C-014), the Wuxi Taihu Talent Plan (DJTD202106), and the Medical Key Discipline Program of Wuxi Health Commission (ZDXK2021007).

MLMFNet: A multi-level modality fusion network for multi-modal accelerated MRI reconstruction.

Magnetic resonance imaging produces detailed anatomical and physiological images of the human body that can be used in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, MRI suffers its comparatively longer acquisition time than other imaging methods and is thus vulnerable to motion artifacts, which ultimately lead to likely failed or even wrong diagnosis. In order to perform faster reconstruction, deep learning-based methods along with traditional strategies such as parallel imaging and compressed sensing come into play in recent years in this field. Meanwhile, in order to better analyze the diseases, it is also often necessary to acquire images in the same region of interest under different modalities, which yield images with different contrast levels. However, most of these aforementioned methods tend to use single-modal images for reconstruction, neglecting the correlation and redundancy information embedded in MR images acquired with different modalities. While there are works on multi-modal reconstruction, the information is yet to be efficiently explored. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end neural network called MLMFNet, which helps the reconstruction of the target modality by using information from the auxiliary modality across feature channels and layers. Specifically, this is highlighted by three components: (I) An encoder based on UNet with a single-stream strategy that fuses auxiliary and target modalities; (II) a decoder that tends to multi-level features from all layers of the encoder, and (III) a channel attention module. Quantitative and qualitative analyses are performed on a public brain dataset and knee brain dataset, which show that the proposed method achieves satisfying results in MRI reconstruction within the multi-modal context, and also demonstrate its effectiveness and potential to be used in clinical practice.

Sequencing and Analysis of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Lentipes ikeae.

We sequenced and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genome of Lentipes ikeae and explored the phylogenetic relationships among Sicydiinae based on mitochondrial genome sequences. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of L. ikeae was determined using the Illumina HiSeq X Ten sequencing platform, and the gene structural characteristics and base composition were analyzed. Based on the mitochondrial genome sequences of 28 Sicydiinae species published in GenBank and mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs), Acanthogobius flavimanus (Gobionellinae) was selected as an outgroup to construct phylogenetic trees of Sicydiinae using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The mitochondrial genome of L. ikeae (GenBank number: OP764680) has a total length of 16,498 bp and encodes 13 PCGs, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a D-loop (control) region. Gene rearrangement is not observed. The mitochondrial genome of L. ikeae exhibits an AT preference, with AT skew > 0 and GC skew < 0 across the entire genome. The phylogenetic relationships of Sicydiinae based on 13 mitochondrial PCG sequences are Sicydium + (Stiphodon + (Sicyopus + Lentipes)) + Sicyopterus, indicating that Sicydium, Sicyopterus, Lentipes, and Stiphodon are all monophyletic groups.

Isolation, identification and whole-genome analysis of an Achromobacter strain with a novel sulfamethazine resistance gene and sulfamethazine degradation gene cluster.

A sulfamethazine (SM2) degrading strain, Achromobacter mucicolens JD417, was isolated from sulfonamide-contaminated sludge using gradient acclimation. Optimal SM2 degradation conditions were pH 7, 36 °C, and 5 % inoculum, achieving a theoretical maximum degradation rate of 48 % at 50 ppm SM2. Cell growth followed the Haldane equation across different SM2 concentrations. Whole-genome sequencing of the strain revealed novel functional annotations, including a sulfonamide resistance gene (sul4) encoding dihydropteroate synthase, two flavin-dependent monooxygenase genes (sadA and sadB) crucial for SM2 degradation, and unique genomic islands related to metabolism, pathogenicity, and resistance. Comparative genomics analysis showed good collinearity and homology with other Achromobacter species exhibiting organics resistance or degradation capabilities. This study reveals the novel molecular resistance and degradation mechanisms and genetic evolution of an SM2-degrading strain, providing insights into the bioremediation of sulfonamide-contaminated environments.

Characteristics and fractionations of sediment oxygen demand in a complex tidal river network area.

Tidal river networks are affected by the tide and influenced by complex factors related to sediment oxygen demand (SOD). In this study, we used chemical inhibition to measure the oxygen consumption of different types of SOD to explore the specific oxygen consumption mechanism of sediments. Then, we evaluated the diffusion fluxes of the sediment-water interface and factors affecting SOD using diffusive gradients in thin films. Total SOD in the tidal river network area of the Pearl River basin was ∼0.5928 g/m2/day, which was 8.47% higher than that in the non-tidal river network area but lower than that in black and odorous water reported previously. In the tidal river network area, biological SOD was 15.6% higher in summer than in winter, and the difference in total SOD was greatly influenced by human activity. We observed a significant effect of sediment on SOD in winter, whereas there were no significant correlations between sediment and SOD in summer. Different particle-size distributions lead to different organic matter contents, resulting in different biological SOD ratios between seasons. Our study found that seasonal tidal changes can affect ion exchange at the sediment water interface, leading to changes in SOD.These findings will be of great significance for the study of phenomena associated with low dissolved oxygen in tidal river networks and provide directions for future sediment pollution control.

Assessment of the quality, diagnosis, and therapeutic recommendations of clinical practice guidelines on patients with Helicobacter pylori infection: A systematic review.

We conducted this study to systematically review and assess the current clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) related to the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The aim was to evaluate the quality of these included CPGs and provide clinicians with a convenient and comprehensive reference for updating their own CPGs. We searched four databases to identify eligible CPGs focusing on H. pylori diagnosis and treatment recommendations. The results were presented using evidence mappings. Quality and clinical applicability were assessed comprehensively using AGREE-II and AGREE-REX. Statistical tests, specifically Bonferroni tests, were employed to compare the quality between evidence-based guidelines and consensus. A total of 30 eligible CPGs were included, comprising 17 consensuses and 13 guidelines. The quality showed no statistical significance between consensuses and guidelines, mainly within the moderate to low range. Notably, recommendations across CPGs exhibited inconsistency. Nevertheless, concerning diagnosis, the urea breath test emerged as the most frequently recommended method for testing H. pylori. Regarding treatment, bismuth quadruple therapy stood out as the predominantly recommended eradication strategy, with high-dose dual therapy being a newly recommended option. Our findings suggest the need for specific organizations to update their CPGs on H. pylori or refer to recently published CPGs. Specifically, CPGs for pediatric cases require improvement and updating, while a notable absence of CPGs for the elderly was observed. Furthermore, there is a pressing need to improve the overall quality of CPGs related to H. pylori. Regarding recommendations, additional evidence is essential to elucidate the relationship between H. pylori infection and other diseases and refine test indications. Clinicians are encouraged to consider bismuth quadruple or high-dose dual therapy, incorporating locally sensitive antibiotics, as empirical radical therapy. .

Theoretical study of CDW phases for bulk NbX2 (X = S and Se).

In most two-dimensional transition metal chalcogenides, the superconducting phase coexists with the charge density wave (CDW) phase. There exists at least one case, i.e. bulk 2H-NbS2, that does not conform to this picture. Scientists have shown great interest in trying to experimentally find the CDW phase of bulk NbS2 since 1975. Is there any theoretically more stable thermodynamic state than its higher-temperature metal phase, especially in the case of charge injection? Theoretically more stable CDW bulk configurations (TC for 2H-NbS2 and TTs for 2H-NbSe2) with partial pseudo energy gaps were predicted through the harmonic phonon softening theory and first-principles calculations. The ratios of larger to smaller pseudo gaps around K-H segment in the Brillouin zone for CDW phases are basically equal to those of superconductivity phases for bulk 2H-NbX2 (X = S and Se). The CDW phase should coexist with its superconductor state below the critical temperature rather than the metal phase for bulk 2H-NbS2. The presence of CDW phase should be more easily observed experimentally when the injected charge reaches 0.5e/Nb18S36 for bulk 2H-NbS2. Our calculations of density of state (DOS) indicated that, during Nb atoms contracting to form the CDW phases with symmetry breaking in the in-plane direction, dominant conductive carriers are always of p-type for bulk 2H-NbS2 while the alternation of carrier type from p-type to n-type occurs for bulk 2H-NbSe2. The Fermi level continuously drops and then the M-L segment of the out-of-plane energy band emerges from the Fermi surface, which corresponds to the reversal of p-n type sign. Lifshitz transition of pocket-vanishing types occurs in the out-of-plane direction without symmetry breaking during the geometrical structural phase transition for bulk 2H-NbSe2. Our calculations have theoretically addressed the long-standing coexistence issue of CDW and superconducting phases.

Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals the effect of environmental selection on phytoplankton community structure along a subtropical river.

The Dongjiang River, a major tributary of the Pearl River system that supplies water to more than 40 million people in Guangdong Province and neighboring regions of China, harbors rich biodiversity, including many endemic and endangered species. However, human activities such as urbanization, agriculture, and industrialization have posed serious threats to its water quality and biodiversity. To assess the status and drivers of phytoplankton diversity, which is a key indicator of aquatic ecosystem health, this study used Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding combined with machine learning methods to explore spatial variations in the composition and structure of phytoplankton communities along the Dongjiang River, including its estuary. The results showed that phytoplankton diversity exhibited spatial distribution patterns, with higher community structure similarity and lower network complexity in the upstream than in the downstream regions. Environmental selection was the main mechanism shaping phytoplankton community composition, with natural factors driving the dominance of Pyrrophyta, Ochrophyta, and Cryptophyta in the upstream regions and estuaries. In contrast, the downstream regions was influenced by high concentrations of pollutants, resulting in increased abundance of Cryptophyta. The random forest model identified temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, NO2-, and NH4+ as the main factors influencing the primary phytoplankton communities and could be used to predict changes during wet periods. This study provides valuable insights into the factors influencing phytoplankton diversity and community composition in the Dongjiang River, and demonstrates the application value of eDNA metabarcoding technique in large-scale, long-distance river biodiversity monitoring.

Association Between Serum Chemokine Ligand 20 Levels and Disease Activity and Th1/Th2/Th17-Related Cytokine Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a type of arthritis autoimmune disease characterized by systemic chronic inflammation. C-C Chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) is the same as most chemokines with immunomodulatory and inflammatory processes. The correlation of CCL20 in RA remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association among levels of CCL20, T helper cell (TH) subset (Th1/Th2/Th17)-related cytokine levels, and clinical indices of RA disease activity. Serum CCL20 levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a flow-fluorescence technique was used to assess Th1/Th2/Th17-related cytokine levels. The serum CCL20 levels in patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls and positively associated with C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and disease activity score-28 (DAS28). Patients with RA were categorized into 4 major groups, including remission, low, moderate, and high disease activity, with related DAS28 scores for each group. CCL20 levels of the disease moderate/high activity group were moderately positively correlated with IL-6 levels, but not with the other Th1/Th2/Th17-related cytokines. Serum CCL20 levels correlate strongly with RA disease activity and clinical inflammation and were significantly elevated in patients compared to healthy individuals. CCL20 plays a key role in the immune response of patients with RA and is, therefore, a potential biomarker of disease activity.

Contextualized Small Target Detection Network for Small Target Goat Face Detection.

With the advancement of deep learning technology, the importance of utilizing deep learning for livestock management is becoming increasingly evident. goat face detection provides a foundation for goat recognition and management. In this study, we proposed a novel neural network specifically designed for goat face object detection, addressing challenges such as low image resolution, small goat face targets, and indistinct features. By incorporating contextual information and feature-fusion complementation, our approach was compared with existing object detection networks using evaluation metrics such as F1-Score (F1), precision (P), recall (R), and average precision (AP). Our results show that there are 8.07%, 0.06, and 6.8% improvements in AP, P, and R, respectively. The findings confirm that the proposed object detection network effectively mitigates the impact of small targets in goat face detection, providing a solid basis for the development of intelligent management systems for modern livestock farms.

Natural products targeting Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a special chronic intestinal inflammatory disease, which is mainly divided into Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Its occurrence is a complex process that regulated by multiple signaling pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)/ antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway. Nrf2/ARE pathway as the central defense mechanism against oxidative stress controls the expression of many antioxidant and anti-inflammatory genes in the nucleus, and plays a crucial role in the treatment of IBD. Various studies have proved that many natural compounds target Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway to treat IBD. Here, we introduced the regulatory mechanism of the Nrf2/ARE pathway, and its role in IBD and IBD complications (intestinal fibrosis and colorectal cancer (CRC)); summarized the research progress of Nrf2 targeted natural compounds and extracts in the treatment of IBD; and finally described the intestinal microbiota that alleviate or treat IBD via activating Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. This review highlights the potential for targeting Nrf2/ARE pathway to treat IBD.

Safety and effectiveness of nano composite hydrogel stent implantation in the treatment of coronary cardiovascular disease: A preclinical study.

With the improvement of people's quality of life, various cardiovascular diseases are the most common diseases. Therefore, the main site of disease atherosclerosis is blood vessels, so we can see that its flow rate has obvious changes. Through the analysis of coronary heart disease, this paper studies the relationship between coronary artery disease and cardiovascular disease, which is helpful to evaluate the risk of disease, and also provides the best prevention and treatment plan to overcome cardiovascular disease. As the material of artificial cartilage repair, nanocomposite hydrogel has excellent application value and attraction, because nanocomposite hydrogel has a structure similar to the extracellular matrix of natural chondrocytes. The patients in the experimental group were treated with nano composite hydrogel stent implantation. The other group of patients used the traditional way to carry out the comparative experiment. In the perfusion data of each ventricular wall in the coronary angiography and anterior wall perfusion group, the percentage of lateral wall in the normal proportion was the highest, 69.2%, 59.3% in the anterior wall, 39.5% in the inferior wall, and 19.7% in the apical value and interval. The percentage of LAD stenosis in anterior wall perfusion was O. The highest percentage in the lateral wall was 69.2%, and the lowest in the septum and apex was 19.7%. Nanocomposite hydrogel stent implantation can effectively treat coronary heart disease. The research shows that it is safe and effective in application.

Association of serum anti-carbamylated protein antibodies with disease activity and bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the association of serum anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies with disease activity and bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: The serum anti-CarP antibody concentrations of RA and non-RA patients and healthy controls were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and then compared. The diagnostic value of anti-CarP antibodies in RA was determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve. Patients with RA and bone erosions were evaluated using ultrasound examinations. Ultrasonography was performed using a semiquantitative scale. The serum receptor activator of nuclear factor Κ-Β ligand (RANKL) concentrations were measured by ELISA to focus on bone loss. RESULTS: Peripheral serum anti-CarP antibody concentrations in patients with RA were significantly higher than those in patients without RA and in healthy controls and were positively correlated with disease activity. Anti-CarP antibody concentrations were significantly increased in patients with anti-CCP-positive RA. Positive correlation were found between anti-CarP and RANKL. Increased serum anti-CarP antibodies in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (OP). CONCLUSIONS: Anti-CarP antibodies are associated with RA disease activity and may play an important role in bone loss associated with RA. The concentration of anti-CarP antibodies may be beneficial in the early diagnosis of RA, thus supporting its potential as a novel disease biomarker.

Current Pubertal Development in Chinese Children and the Impact of Overnutrition, Lifestyle, and Perinatal Factors.

CONTEXT: Age of pubertal onset has been decreasing in many countries but there have been no data on pubertal development in Chinese children over the last decade. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the current status of sexual maturation in Chinese children and adolescents. Secondary objectives were to examine socioeconomic, lifestyle, and auxological associations with pubertal onset. METHODS: In this national, cross-sectional, community-based health survey, a multistage, stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select a nationally representative sample, consisting of 231 575 children and adolescents (123 232 boys and 108 343 girls) between 2017 and 2019. Growth parameters and pubertal staging were assessed by physical examination. RESULTS: Compared to 10 years previously, the median age of Tanner 2 breast development and menarche were similar at 9.65 years and 12.39 years respectively. However, male puberty occurred earlier with a median age of testicular volume ≥4 mL of 10.65 years. Pubertal onset did occur earlier at the extremes, with 3.3% of the girls with breast development at 6.5-6.99 years old, increasing to 5.8% by 7.5-7.99 years old. Early pubertal onset was also noted in boys, with a testicular volume ≥ 4 mL noted in 1.5% at 7.5-7.99 years, increasing to 3.5% at 8.5-8.99 years old. Obesity and overweight increased risk of developing earlier puberty relative to normal weight in both boys and girls. CONCLUSION: Over the past decade, pubertal development is occurring earlier in Chinese children. While the cause is multifactorial, overweight and obesity are associated with earlier puberty onset. The currently used normative pubertal data of precocious puberty may not be applicable to diagnose precocious puberty.

Long-term Pegylated GH for Children With GH Deficiency: A Large, Prospective, Real-world Study.

CONTEXT: The evidence of long-term polyethylene glycol recombinant human GH (PEG-rhGH) in pediatric GH deficiency (GHD) is limited. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness and safety of long-term PEG-rhGH in children with GHD in the real world, as well as to examine the effects of dose on patient outcomes. DESIGN: A prospective, observational, posttrial study (NCT03290235). SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION: Children with GHD were enrolled from 81 centers in China in 4 individual clinical trials and received weekly 0.2 mg/kg/wk (high-dose) or 0.1 to <0.2 mg/kg/wk (low-dose) PEG-rhGH for 30 months. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Height SD score (Ht SDS) at 12, 24, and 36 months. RESULTS: A total of 1170 children were enrolled in this posttrial study, with 642 patients in the high-dose subgroup and 528 in the low-dose subgroup. The Ht SDS improved significantly after treatment in the total population (P < 0.0001), with a mean change of 0.53 ± 0.30, 0.89 ± 0.48, 1.35 ± 0.63, 1.63 ± 0.75 at 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, and 36 months, respectively. In addition, the changes in Ht SDS from baseline were significantly improved in the high-dose subgroup compared with the low-dose subgroup at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after treatment (all P < 0.05). A total of 12 (1.03%) patients developed serious adverse events. There was no serious adverse event related to the treatment, and no AEs leading to treatment discontinuation or death occurred. CONCLUSIONS: PEG-rhGH showed long-term effectiveness and safety in treating children with GHD. Both dose subgroups showed promising outcomes, whereas PEG-rhGH 0.2 mg/kg/wk might show additional benefit.