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Sex determination and differentiation in fish has always been a hot topic in genetic breeding of aquatic animals. With the advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) in recent years, sex chromosomes and sex determining genes can be efficiently identified in teleosts. To date, master sex determination genes have been elucidated in 114 species, of which 72 species have sex determination genes belonging to TGF-ß superfamily. TGF-ß is the only signaling pathway that the largest proportion of components, which including ligands (amhy, gsdfy, gdf6), receptors (amhr, bmpr), and regulator (id2bby), have opportunity recognized as a sex determination gene. In this review, we focus on the recent studies about teleost sex-determination genes within TGF-ß superfamily and propose several hypotheses on how these genes regulate sex determination process. Differing from other reviews, our review specifically devotes significant attention to all members of the TGF-ß signal pathway, not solely the sex determination genes within the TGF-ß superfamily. However, the functions of the paralogous genes of TGF superfamily are still needed ongoing research. Further studies are required to more accurately interpret the molecular mechanism of TGF-ß superfamily sex determination genes.
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Peces , Procesos de Determinación del Sexo , Transducción de Señal , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Animales , Procesos de Determinación del Sexo/genética , Procesos de Determinación del Sexo/fisiología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/genética , Transducción de Señal/genética , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Peces/genética , Peces/metabolismo , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
In medicine, ovarian tissue cryopreservation exists for fertility preservation of cancer patients. In fact, ovarian tissue frozen for subsequent thawing and re-transplantation can be contaminated with cancer cells. Therefore, investigations on the effect of cryopreservation on the post-thawed viability of such cells are relevant. Speed of warming is a key parameter of cell cryopreservation. However, the data about comparative viability of cancer cells cryopreserved with different parameters of warming are limited. The aim of our investigations was to assess the malignancy of cryopreserved cancer cells after conventional cooling followed by relatively slow and quick speed of warming. In vitro cultured breast cancer cells of lines ZR-75-1 and MD0MD-231 in form of compacted fragments (as a model of solid tumors) were frozen following a protocol usually used for freezing of ovarian tissue (6 % ethylene glycol+6 % glycerol+0.15 M sucrose, -0.3 °C/min). Cells were warmed by two routine regimes of warming: at 37 °C ("slow" warming) and 100 °C ("quick" warming). Biological properties of cells were investigated: viability, proliferation rate, 2D- and 3D-migration, transmembrane movement and invasion. Quick warming at 100 °C in comparison with slow warming at 37 °C exhibited significantly higher cell survival for MDA-MB-231 cells: 70.1 % vs. 63.2 % and for ZR-75-1 86.8 % vs. 82.9 %, respectively. The cell motility including 2D movement and 3D transmembrane migration were higher after quick thawing at 100 °C. Invasive abilities of cells after cryopreservation were higher than that of fresh (non-treated cells). Both thawing regimes showed a similar rate of cell proliferation. Cryopreservation procedures, and especially this one with quick thawing, increase malignancy of ZR-75-1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and risk of metastasis.
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As one of the most significant contaminants and stressors in aquaculture systems, ammonia adversely jeopardizes the health of aquatic animals. Ammonia exposure affects the development, metabolism, and survival of shellfish. However, the responses of the innate immune and antioxidant systems and apoptosis in shellfish under ammonia stress have rarely been reported. In this study, razor clams (Sinonovacula constricta) were exposed to different concentrations of non-ion ammonia (0.25 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L) for 72 h and then placed in ammonia-free seawater for 72 h for recovery. The immune responses induced by ammonia stress on razor clams were investigated by antioxidant enzyme activities and degree of apoptosis in digestive gland and gill tissues at different time points. The results showed that exposure to a high concentration of ammonia greatly disrupted the antioxidant system of the razor clam by exacerbating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species ( O 2 - , H2O2) and disordering the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), and the level of activity remained at a significantly high level after recovering for 72 h (P < 0.05). In addition, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the expression of key genes (Caspase 7, Cyt-c, Bcl-2, and Bax) in the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in the digestive glands and gills of razor clams as a result of ammonia stress and were unable to return to normal levels after 72 h of recovery. TUNEL staining indicated that apoptosis was more pronounced in gills, showing a dose and time-dependent pattern. As to the results, ammonia exposure leads to the activation of innate immunity in razor clams, disrupts the antioxidant system, and activates the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. This is important for comprehending the mechanism underlying the aquatic toxicity resulting from ammonia in shellfish.
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Antioxidantes , Bivalvos , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Amoníaco/toxicidad , Amoníaco/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Bivalvos/metabolismo , ApoptosisRESUMEN
Androstenedione (ADSD) is one of the widely detected androgens in diverse aquatic environments. However, there were few reports on the molecular mechanism of Chlorella vulgaris exposure to ADSD. In our previous research, we have investigated the genes associated with chlorophyll metabolism in Chlorella vulgaris response to ADSD. In this study, we focus on continuously up-regulated genes to explore the mechanism underlying Chlorella vulgaris resistance to ADSD toxicity. Chlorella vulgaris was exposed to ADSD with five concentration gradients. The continuously up-regulated genes were enriched by Series Test of Cluster (STC) analysis and verified by qRT-PCR. Microalgae Super Oxidase Dimutase (SOD) and Microalgae Malonic dialdehyde (MDA), two indicators of oxidative stress, were determined by ELISA after exposure to ADSD. The results showed that ADSD can stimulate the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and lead to enlargement in the cell body of Chlorella vulgaris. In addition, steroid biosynthesis and oxidoreductase activity processes were consistently up-regulated upon exposure to ADSD. In conclusion, our study highlighted the crucial role of phenotypic modification, hormone synthesis, and redox mechanisms in protecting Chlorella vulgaris cells from the harmful effects of ADSD contamination.
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Chlorella vulgaris , Microalgas , Androstenodiona/farmacología , Oxidación-Reducción , Estrés Oxidativo/genéticaRESUMEN
Amblyopia is a developmental visual disorder that causes substantial visual deficits. Studies using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging have disclosed abnormal brain functional connectivity (FC) both across long-range cortical sites and within the visual cortex in amblyopes, which is considered to be related to impaired visual functions. However, little work has examined whether restoring the vision of amblyopes accompanies with an improvement of FC. Here in adult amblyopes and healthy participants, we compared their brain FC before and after an altered-reality adaptation training. Before the training, the voxel-wise FCs of amblyopia patients were substantially weaker than those of healthy control participants both within and across the early visual areas. After the training, visual acuities improved in amblyopes but not in the control participants. The effect kept strengthening in the subsequent month without further adaptation. Importantly, we observed enhanced voxel-wise FC both within and across the early visual areas of amblyopes. Moreover, the enhancement continued for at least 1 month. These results suggest that the effective treatment can improve both the amblyopes' vision and functional connections in the visual cortex.
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Ambliopía , Corteza Visual , Adulto , Humanos , Ambliopía/diagnóstico por imagen , Ambliopía/terapia , Corteza Visual/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo , Mapeo Encefálico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
As a member of the forkhead box L gene family, foxl2 plays a significant role in gonadal development and the regulation of reproduction. During the evolution of deuterostome, whole genome duplication (WGD)-enriched lineage diversifications and regulation mechanisms occurs. However, only limited research exists on foxl2 duplication in teleost or other vertebrate species. In this study, two foxl2 paralogs, foxl2 and foxl2l, were identified in the transcriptome of spotted knifejaw (Oplegnathus punctatus), which had varying expressions in the gonads. The foxl2 was expressed higher in the ovary, while foxl2l was expressed higher in the testis. Phylogenetic reconstruction, synteny analysis, and the molecular evolution test confirmed that foxl2 and foxl2l likely originated from the first two WGD. The expression patterns test using qRT-PCR and ISH as well as motif scan analysis revealed evidence of potentially functional divergence between the foxl2 and foxl2l paralogs in spotted knifejaw. Our results indicate that foxl2 and foxl2l may originate from the first two WGD, be active in transcription, and have undergone functional divergence. These results shed new light on the evolutionary trajectories of foxl2 and foxl2l and highlights the need for further detailed functional analysis of these two duplicated paralogs.
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Peces , Vertebrados , Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Filogenia , Peces/genética , Vertebrados/genética , Genoma/genética , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMEN
The quality of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (S. chinensis) is principally attributed to lignan compounds. In this paper, a simple and rapid strategy for simultaneous extraction and determination of 10 lignans from S. chinensis was established through matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) assisted by diol-functionalized silica (Diol). The experimental parameters for MSPD extraction were screened using the response surface methodology (RSM). Diol (800 mg) was used as a dispersant and methanol (MeOH, 85%, v/v) as an eluting solvent (10 mL), resulting in a high extraction efficiency. MSPD extraction facilitated the combination of extraction and purification in a single step, which was less time-consuming than and avoided the thermal treatment involved in traditional methods. The simultaneous qualification and quantification of 10 lignans was achieved by combining MSPD and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The proposed method offered good linearity and a low limit of detection starting from 0.04 (schisandrin C) to 0.43 µg/mL (schisantherin B) for lignans, and the relative standard deviation (RSD, %) values of precision were acceptable, with a maximum value of 1.15% (schisantherin B and schisanhenol). The methodology was successfully utilized to analyze 13 batches of S. chinensis from different cultivated areas of China, which proved its accuracy and practicability in the quantitative analysis of the quality control of S. chinensis.
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Lignanos , Schisandra , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , DioxolesRESUMEN
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a critical health issue worldwide that has a negative impact on patients' quality of life, as well as on caregivers, society, and the environment. Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and neuropsychological scales can be used to identify AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) early, provide a differential diagnosis, and offer early therapies to impede the course of the illness. However, there are few reports of large-scale 11C-PIB-PET/CT investigations that focus on the pathology of AD and MCI. Therefore, further research is needed to determine how neuropsychological test scales and PET/CT measurements of disease progression interact.
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Digestates from different anaerobic digesters are promising substrates for microalgal culture, leading to effective wastewater treatment and the production of microalgal biomass. However, further detailed research is needed before they can be used on a large scale. The aims of this study were to investigate the culture of Chlorella sp. in DigestateM from anaerobic fermentation of brewer's grains and brewery wastewater (BWW) and to explore the potential use of the biomass produced under different experimental conditions, including diverse cultivation modes and dilution ratios. Cultivation in DigestateM initiated from 10% (v/v) loading, with 20% BWW, obtained maximum biomass production, reaching 1.36 g L-1 that was 0.27g L-1 higher than 1.09 g L-1 of BG11. In terms of DigestateM remediation, the maximum removal of ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N), chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus reached 98.20%, 89.98%, 86.98%, and 71.86%, respectively. The maximum lipid, carbohydrate, and protein contents were 41.60%, 32.44%, and 27.72%, respectively. The growth of Chlorella sp. may be inhibited when the Y(II)-Fv/Fm ratio is less than 0.4.
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Gibberellic acids had been proven to improve the fruit quality and storability by delaying deterioration and maintaining the antioxidant system. In this study, the effect of GA3 spraying at different concentrations (10, 20, and 50 mg L-1) on the quality of on-tree preserved 'Shixia' longan was examined. Only 50 mg L-1 GA3 significantly delayed the decline of soluble solids (22.0% higher than the control) and resulted in higher total phenolics content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in pulp at the later stages. The widely targeted metabolome analysis showed that the treatment reprogrammed secondary metabolites and up-regulated many tannins, phenolic acids, and lignans during the on-tree preservation. More importantly, the preharvest 50 mg L-1 GA3 spraying (at 85 and 95 days after flowering) led to significantly delayed pericarp browning and aril breakdown, as well as lower pericarp relative conductivity and mass loss at the later stages of room-temperature storage. The treatment also resulted in higher antioxidants in pulp (vitamin C, phenolics, and reduced glutathione) and pericarp (vitamin C, flavonoids, and phenolics). Therefore, preharvest 50 mg L-1 GA3 spraying is an effective method for maintaining the quality and up-regulating antioxidants of longan fruit during both on-tree preservation and room-temperature storage.
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As the main flavor components of tea, the contents of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), theanine and caffeine are regulated by ambient temperature. However, whether the biosynthesis of EGCG, theanine and caffeine in response to temperature is regulated by endogenous hormones and its mechanism is still unclear. In this study, tea cuttings cultivated in the phytotron which treated at different temperatures 15â, 20â, 25â and 30â, respectively. The UPLC and ESI-HPLC-MS/MS were used to determine the contents of EGCG, theanine, caffeine and the contents of phytohormones in one leaf and a bud. The results showed that indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellin 1(GA1) and gibberellin 3 (GA3) were significantly correlated with the content of EGCG; Jasmonic acid (JA), jasmonate-isoleucine (JA-Ile) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were strongly correlated with theanine content; IAA, GA1 and gibberellin 4 (GA4) were significantly correlated with caffeine content at different temperatures. In order to explore the internal intricate relationships between the biosynthesis of these three main taste components, endogenous hormones, and structural genes in tea plants, we used multi-omics and multidimensional correlation analysis to speculate the regulatory mechanisms: IAA, GA1 and GA3 up-regulated the expressions of chalcone synthase (CsCHS) and trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (CsC4H) mediated by the signal transduction factors auxin-responsive protein IAA (CsIAA) and DELLA protein (CsDELLA), respectively, which promoted the biosynthesis of EGCG; IAA, GA3 and GA1 up-regulated the expression of CsCHS and anthocyanidin synthase (CsANS) mediated by CsIAA and CsDELLA, respectively, via the transcription factor WRKY DNA-binding protein (CsWRKY), and promoted the biosynthesis of EGCG; JA, JA-Ile and MeJA jointly up-regulated the expression of carbonic anhydrase (CsCA) and down-regulated the expression of glutamate decarboxylase (CsgadB) mediated by the signal transduction factors jasmonate ZIM domain-containing protein (CsJAZ), and promoted the biosynthesis of theanine; JA, JA-Ile and MeJA also jointly inhibited the expression of CsgadB mediated by CsJAZ via the transcription factor CsWRKY and AP2 family protein (CsAP2), which promoted the biosynthesis of theanine; IAA inhibited the expression of adenylosuccinate synthase (CspurA) mediated by CsIAA via the transcription factor CsWRKY; GA1 and gibberellin 4 (GA4) inhibited the expression of CspurA mediated by CsDELLA through the transcription factor CsWRKY, which promoted the biosynthesis of caffeine. In conclusion, we revealed the underlying mechanism of the biosynthesis of the main taste components in tea plant in response to temperature was mediated by hormone signal transduction factors, which provided novel insights into improving the quality of tea.
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The kidney-shaped, red-colord fruit from the plant, Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill, which belongs to the Schisandraceae family, is among the most popular remedies used in traditional Chinese medicine. The English name of the plant is "Chinese magnolia vine". It has been used in Asia since ancient times to treat a variety of ailments, including chronic cough and dyspnea, frequent urination, diarrhea, and diabetes. This is because of the wide range of bioactive constituents, such as lignans, essential oils, triterpenoids, organic acids, polysaccharides, and sterols. In some cases, these constituents affects the pharmacological efficacy of the plant. Lignans with a dibenzocyclooctadiene-type skeleton are considered to be the major constituents and main bioactive ingredients of Schisandra chinensis. However, because of the complex composition of Schisandra chinensis, the extraction yields of lignans are low. Thus, it is particularly important to study pretreatment methods used during sample preparation for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine. Matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction (MSPD) is a comprehensive process involving destruction, extraction, fractionation, and purification. The MSPD method is simple, it requires only a small number of samples and solvents, it does not require any special experimental equipments or instruments, and it can be used to prepare liquid, viscous, semi-solid, solid samples. In this study, a method combining matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction with high performance liquid chromatography (MSPD-HPLC) was established for the simultaneous determination of five lignans (schisandrol A, schisandrol B, deoxyschizandrin, schizandrin B, and schizandrin C) in Schisandra chinensis. The target compounds were separated on a C18 column with a gradient elution of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phases, and detection was performed at a wavelength of 250 nm. First, the effects of 12 adsorbents, including silica gel, acidic alumina, neutral alumina, alkaline alumina, Florisil, Diol, XAmide, Xion, and the inverse adsorbents, C18, C18-ME, C18-G1, and C18-HC, on the extraction yields of lignans were investigated. Second, effects of the mass of the adsorbent, the type of eluent, and volume of eluent on the extraction yields of lignans were investigated. Xion was chosen as an adsorbent for MSPD-HPLC analysis of lignans from Schisandra chinensis. Optimization of the extraction parameters showed that the MSPD method had a high lignan extraction yield with Schisandra chinensis powder (0.25 g) as a fixed value, Xion as the adsorbent (0.75 g), and methanol as the elution solvent (15 mL). Analytical methods were developed for five lignans from Schisandra chinensis and these methods showed good linearity (correlation coefficients (R2)≥ 0.9999) for each target analyte. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.0089 to 0.0294 µg/mL and 0.0267 to 0.0882 µg/mL, respectively. Lignans were tested at low, medium, and high levels. The average recovery rates were 92.2% to 111.2%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.23% to 3.54%. Both intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 3.6%. Compared with hot reflux extraction and ultrasonic extraction methods, MSPD has the advantages of combined extraction and purification, being less time-consuming, and requiring lower solvent volumes. Finally, the optimized method was successfully applied to analyze five lignans from Schisandra chinensis samples from 17 cultivation areas.
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Lignanos , Schisandra , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Solventes , Óxido de AluminioRESUMEN
Training of viewing an altered-reality environment dichoptically has been found to reactivate human adult ocular dominance plasticity, allowing improvement of vision for amblyopia. One suspected mechanism for this training effect is ocular dominance rebalancing through interocular disinhibition. Here, we investigated whether the training modulated the neural responses reflecting interocular inhibition. Thirteen patients with amblyopia and 11 healthy controls participated in this study. Before and after six daily altered-reality training sessions, participants watched flickering video stimuli with their steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) signals recorded simultaneously. We assessed the amplitude of SSVEP response at intermodulation frequencies, which was a potential neural indicator of interocular suppression. The results showed that training weakened the intermodulation response only in the amblyopic group, which was in agreement with the hypothesis that the training reduced interocular suppression specific to amblyopia. Moreover, even one month after the training ended, we could still observe this neural training effect. These findings provide preliminary neural evidence in support of the disinhibition account for treating amblyopia. We also explain these results with the ocular opponency model, which, to our knowledge, is the first time for this binocular rivalry model to be used in explaining long-term ocular dominance plasticity.
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Ambliopía , Predominio Ocular , Humanos , Ambliopía/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Masculino , Femenino , Electroencefalografía , Potenciales Evocados Visuales , Grabación de Cinta de Video , Visión Binocular , Corteza Visual/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The multi-enzyme coupling reaction system has become a promising biomanufacturing platform for biochemical production. Tyr is an essential amino acid, but the limited solubility restricts its use. Tyrosyl dipeptide has been paid more attention due to its higher solubility. In this study, an efficient enzymatic cascade of Ala-Tyr synthesis was developed by a L-amino acid ligase together with polyphosphate kinase (PPK). Two L-amino acid ligases from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus were selected and applied for Ala-Tyr synthesis. The L-amino acid ligase from B. subtilis (Bs) was selected and coupled with the PPK from Sulfurovum lithotrophicum (PPKSL) for regenerating ATP to produce Ala-Tyr in one pot. In the optimization system, 40.1 mM Ala-Tyr was produced within 3 h due to efficient ATP regeneration with hexametaphosphate (PolyP(6)) as the phosphate donor. The molar yield was 0.89 mol/mol based on the substrates added, while the productivity of Ala-Tyr achieved 13.4 mM/h, which were the highest yield and productivity ever reported about Ala-Tyr synthesis with L-amino acid ligase.
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Aminoácidos , Ligasas , Dipéptidos , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismoRESUMEN
Bisphenol A (BPA) can induce complex regulatory mechanisms in many aquatic organisms, and it is difficult to find a suitable analytical method to efficiently enrich key genes responding to BPA exposure. In this study, zebrafish embryo transcriptomic data were obtained from two types of different BPA exposure methods. After BPA exposure, three differential gene enrichment methods were used jointly to identify up-regulated genes or pathways in zebrafish embryo larvae. The results showed that the systemic lupus erythematosus signaling pathway was significantly enriched in all BPA exposure groups. It was also noteworthy that most of the up-regulated genes in systemic lupus erythematosus signaling were histones. In conclusion, this study suggested that autoimmunity signaling was the most common important pathway in zebrafish embryo-larvae response to different BPA exposures, and histones may play a key role in response to low-concentration BPA.
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Transcriptoma , Pez Cebra , Animales , Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Larva/genética , Larva/metabolismo , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/toxicidad , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical efficacy and health economic value of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for the prenatal screening of common fetal chromosomal aneuploidies. METHODS: 10 612 pregnant women from October 2017 to December 2019 presented at the antenatal screening clinic of the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University were selected as the study subjects. Results of NIPT and invasive prenatal diagnosis and follow-up outcome for the 10 612 pregnant women were retrospectively analyzed and compared. Meanwhile, NIPT data for two periods were analyzed for assessing the health economic value of NIPT as the second- or first-tier screening strategy for the prenatal diagnosis of fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13. RESULTS: The NIPT was successful in 10 528 (99.72%) subjects, with the sensitivity for fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 being 100%, 92.86% and 100%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) being 89.74%, 61.90% and 44.44%, respectively. The PPV of NIPT for sex chromosome aneuploidies was 34.21%. Except for one false negative case of trisomy 18, the negative predictive value for trisomy 21, trisomy 13 and other chromosomal abnormalities were 100%. For pregnant women with high risk by serological screening, advanced maternal age or abnormal ultrasound soft markers, NIPT has yielded a significantly increased high risk ratio. There was no statistical difference in the PPV of NIPT among pregnant women from each subgroup. NIPT would have higher health economic value as a second-tier screening until 2019, while compared to 2015 ~ 2017, its incremental cost-effectiveness ratio as a first-tier screening had declined clearly. CONCLUSION: The screening efficacy of NIPT for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 for a mixed population is significantly better than conventional serological screening, but it is relatively low for sex chromosomal abnormalities. NIPT can also be recommended for populations with relatively high risks along with detailed pre- and post-test genetic counselling. From the perspective of health economics, except for open neural tube defects, it is possible for NIPT to replace the conventional serological screening in the future as its cost continues to decrease.
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Síndrome de Down , Trisomía , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Trisomía/diagnóstico , Trisomía/genética , Estudios Retrospectivos , Diagnóstico Prenatal/métodos , Síndrome de Down/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Down/genética , Aneuploidia , Aberraciones Cromosómicas , Síndrome de la Trisomía 18/diagnóstico , Síndrome de la Trisomía 18/genética , Aberraciones Cromosómicas Sexuales , FetoRESUMEN
Catechins are the major flavor substances in teas, which have a variety of health effects; however, high catechin and high sensory quality are a pair of contradictions that are difficult to coordinate. To explore the processing procedure with high catechins and high sensory quality, a single-factor processing experiment was carried out over the processing production of oolong tea. Combined with orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA), the optimal production procedure for oolong tea is as follows: red light withering for 8 h, leaf rotating for 10 min with a total standing time for 8 h, drum roasting for 5 min at 290 °C, low-temperature rolling (flattening at 4 °C for 5 min, without pressure for 1 min and under pressure for 5 min), microwave drying (800 W for 7.5 min). This study demonstrates a significant increase in the retention of catechins, which contributes to the mellow and brisk tastes of oolong tea, addressing the challenge of catechin content and sensory quality. Our study provides a novel insight into the relationship between the oolong tea processing and flavor formation.
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Objective: To study the effects of resveratrol (Res) on pyroptosis of colorectal cancer cells . Methods: â The experiment of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colon cancer (CRC) in mice: 30 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, Azoxymethane (AOM) group, AOM/DSS group, AOM/DSS+Res group and Res group, with 6 mice in each group, the modeling cycle was 70 days in total. Mice in AOM group, AOM/DSS group and AOM/DSS+Res group, at the first day of the first week, were intraperitoneally injected with AOM (10 mg/kg) once, and the ordinary chaw was replaced with high iron feed, and sterile water was given, 1% DSS water was given to AOM/DSS group and AOM/DSS+Res group. The mice in AOM/DSS+Res and Res groups were given resveratrol (50 mg/kg) by oral gavage, When the mold was finished, colon tissue of mice was fixed, embedded and sectionalized. The expressions of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-18 in colon tissues of mice were detected by IHC and Western blot. â¡In vitro experiment: HCT 116 cells were given Res (2.4 µg/L) and transfected with miR-31. The Res was divided into 4 groups and labeled with 0 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h respectively. The transfected cells were divided into 5 groups: Control group, miR-31 mimic group, miR-31 mimic + Res group, miR-31 inhibitor group, miR-31 inhibitor + Res group. The protein expressions of NLRP3, Caspase-1, GSDMD-N, IL-18 and IL-1ß were detected by Western blot. Results: Animal experiments: Compared with control group, the protein expressions of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-18 in AOM/DSS group were increased significantly (P<0.01). The protein expression levels of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-18 in AOM/DSS+Res group were significantly lower than those in AOM/DSS group (P<0.01). Cell experiments: Compared with the control group, the protein expressions of NLRP3 (P<0.01), GSDMD-N (P<0.05) and IL-18 (P< 0.01) in miR-31 mimic group were increased significantly. The protein expressions of NLRP3, GSDMD-N and IL-18 in miR-31 inhibitor group were decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion: Res inhibited the pyroptosis of colorectal cancer cells through pyroptosis.
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Neoplasias del Colon , MicroARNs , Ratones , Animales , Sulfato de Dextran , Resveratrol/farmacología , Interleucina-18 , Piroptosis , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Azoximetano , Agua , CaspasasRESUMEN
Although the effects of phytohormones (mainly salicylic acid) on the storability of longan fruit have been reported, the relationship between postharvest hormone variation and signal transduction and storability remains unexplored. The basis of physiology, biochemistry, hormone content and signalling for the storability difference at room-temperature between 'Shixia' and 'Luosanmu' longan fruit were examined. 'Luosanmu' longan exhibited faster pericarp browning, aril breakdown and rotting during storage. 'Luosanmu' pericarp exhibited higher malondialdehyde but faster decreased total phenolics, flavonoid, glutathione, vitamin C, catalase activity and gene expression. Higher H2O2 and malondialdehyde but lower glutathione, glutathione-reductase and peroxidase activities, while higher activities and gene expressions of polygalacturonase, ß-galactosidase and cellulose, lower covalent-soluble pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose but higher water-soluble pectin were observed in 'Luosanmu' aril. Lower abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate but higher expressions of LOX2, JAZ and NPR1 in pericarp, while higher abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid together with higher expressions of ABF, JAZ, NPR1 and PR-1 in 'Luosanmu' aril were observed. In conclusion, the imbalance between the accumulation and scavenging of active oxygen in 'Luosanmu' longan might induce faster lipid peroxidation and senescence-related hormone signalling and further the polymerization of phenolics in pericarp and polysaccharide degradation in aril.
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Herein, a multistage induced electric field (IEF) combined with a continuous-flow reactor was utilized to assist the acid hydrolysis of corn, potato, and waxy corn starch for avoiding plate corrosion and heavy metal leakage. It was found that adding IEF stages was beneficial to improve the hydrolysis efficiency. Treating potato, corn, and waxy corn starch via continuous-flow IEF increased the reducing sugar contents up to 78.76 %, 57.86 %, and 66.18 %, respectively. The electrical conductivity of starch grew with the reaction stages, while starch yield demonstrated the opposite trend. Treated starch had higher solubility and gelatinization peak temperature than native starch, with the gelatinization enthalpy showing fluctuations. Meanwhile, the swelling power decreased as the number of IEF stages was increased. Observations of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy indicated that the treated starch became more ordered, and crystalline regions were destroyed to various degrees with pores forming on particle surfaces. These variations could be attributed to acid hydrolysis and IEF.