Clinical trainee performance on task-based AR/VR-guided surgical simulation is correlated with their 3D image spatial reasoning scores.

This paper describes a methodology for the assessment of training simulator-based computer-assisted intervention skills on an AR/VR-guided procedure making use of CT axial slice views for a neurosurgical procedure: external ventricular drain (EVD) placement. The task requires that trainees scroll through a stack of axial slices and form a mental representation of the anatomical structures in order to subsequently target the ventricles to insert an EVD. The process of observing the 2D CT image slices in order to build a mental representation of the 3D anatomical structures is the skill being taught, along with the cognitive control of the subsequent targeting, by planned motor actions, of the EVD tip to the ventricular system to drain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Convergence is established towards the validity of this assessment methodology by examining two objective measures of spatial reasoning, along with one subjective expert ranking methodology, and comparing these to AR/VR guidance. These measures have two components: the speed and accuracy of the targeting, which are used to derive the performance metric. Results of these correlations are presented for a population of PGY1 residents attending the Canadian Neurosurgical "Rookie Bootcamp" in 2019.

T2* Mapping of Placental Oxygenation to Estimate Fetal Cortical and Subcortical Maturation.

This cohort study investigates the association between T2* mapping of placental oxygenation and cortical and subcortical fetal brain volumes in typically developing fetuses scanned longitudinally in the third trimester.

Assessing the impact of infantile hydrocephalus on visuomotor integration through behavioural and neuroimaging studies.

Infantile hydrocephalus considerably impacts neurodevelopment, warranting attention to potential long-term consequences on visuomotor functions. The current study investigated the impact of infantile hydrocephalus on functional connectivity within the posterior cortex. Fourteen patients, who were treated for infantile hydrocephalus, were matched for age and sex with 14 typically-developing controls. Both groups had a mean age of 9 years old. Resting-state functional MRI was used to conduct a functional connectivity analysis within the visuomotor integration network, including the inferior frontal occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, and frontal aslant tract. Patients had reduced functional connectivity in visuomotor pathways compared to typically-developing children with notable impact on the left and right fusiform gyrus and precuneus. Children with infantile hydrocephalus also performed significantly lower in tasks involving visuomotor integration, visual processing, visuospatial skills, motor coordination, and fine motor manipulation. This study enhances our understanding of the multifaceted impact of infantile hydrocephalus on both neural connectivity and considering behavioral outcomes.

Structural Alterations of the Corpus Callosum in Children With Infantile Hydrocephalus.

This study investigates structural alterations of the corpus callosum in children diagnosed with infantile hydrocephalus. We aim to assess both macrostructural (volume) and microstructural (diffusion tensor imaging metrics) facets of the corpus callosum, providing insights into the nature and extent of alterations associated with this condition. Eighteen patients with infantile hydrocephalus (mean age = 9 years) and 18 age- and sex-matched typically developing healthy children participated in the study. Structural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging were used to assess corpus callosum volume and microstructure, respectively. Our findings reveal significant alterations in corpus callosum volume, particularly in the posterior area, as well as distinct microstructural disparities, notably pronounced in these same segments. These results highlight the intricate interplay between macrostructural and microstructural aspects in understanding the impact of infantile hydrocephalus. Examining these structural alterations provides an understanding into the mechanisms underlying the effects of infantile hydrocephalus on corpus callosum integrity, given its pivotal role in interhemispheric communication. This knowledge offers a more nuanced perspective on neurologic disorders and underscores the significance of investigating the corpus callosum's health in such contexts.

Sex- and age-based differences in fetal and early childhood hippocampus maturation: a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis.

The hippocampus, essential for cognitive and affective processes, develops exponentially with differential trajectories seen in girls and boys, yet less is known about its development during early fetal life until early childhood. In a cross-sectional and longitudinal study, we examined the sex-, age-, and laterality-related developmental trajectories of hippocampal volumes in fetuses, infants, and toddlers associated with age. Third trimester fetuses (27-38 weeks' gestational age), newborns (0-4 weeks' postnatal age), infants (5-50 weeks' postnatal age), and toddlers (2-3 years postnatal age) were scanned with magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 133 datasets (62 female, postmenstrual age [weeks] M = 69.38, SD = 51.39, range = 27.6-195.3) were processed using semiautomatic segmentation methods. Hippocampal volumes increased exponentially during the third trimester and the first year of life, beginning to slow at approximately 2 years. Overall, boys had larger hippocampal volumes than girls. Lateralization differences were evident, with left hippocampal growth beginning to plateau sooner than the right. This period of rapid growth from the third trimester, continuing through the first year of life, may support the development of cognitive and affective function during this period.

Association between altered white matter networks and post operative ventricle volume in shunt-treated pediatric hydrocephalus.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to use probabilistic tractography in combination with white matter microstructure metrics to characterize differences in white matter networks between shunt-treated pediatric hydrocephalus patients relative to healthy controls. We were also able to explore the relationship between these white matter networks and postoperative ventricle volume. METHODS: Network-based statistics was used in combination with whole-brain probabilistic tractography to determine dysregulated white matter networks in a sample of patients with pediatric hydrocephalus (n = 8), relative to controls (n = 36). Metrics such as streamline count (SC), as well as the mean of the fractional anisotropy along a tract, axial diffusivity (AD), mean diffusivity (MD), and radial diffusivity (RD) were assessed. In networks that were found to be significantly different for patients with hydrocephalus, tracts were evaluated to assess their relationship with postoperative lateral ventricle volume. RESULTS: Patients with pediatric hydrocephalus had various networks that were either upregulated or downregulated relative to controls across all white matter measures. Predominately, network dysregulation occurred in tracts involving structures located outside of the frontal lobe. Furthermore tracts with values suggesting decreased white matter integrity were not only found between subcortical structures, but also cortical structures. While there were various tracts with white matter metrics that were initially predicted by lateral ventricle volume, only two tracts remained significant following multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: This cross-sectional study in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus and healthy controls demonstrated using whole-brain probabilistic tractography that there are various networks with dysregulated white matter integrity in hydrocephalus patients relative to controls. These dysregulated networks have tracts connecting structures throughout the brain, and the regions were predominately located centrally and posteriorly. Postoperative ventricle volume did not predict the white matter integrity of many tracts. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further understand these results.

Assessment of finger dexterity through the DIGITS joint tracking web application-An evaluation study with comparison to the nine-hole pegboard test.

BACKGROUND: Hand dexterity is an important clinical marker after hand surgery as it can greatly impact one's ability to perform their day-to-day activities. With the increased focus on remote patient monitoring after hand surgery, new technologies are required to remotely monitor hand dexterity. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify dexterity outcomes using the web application "DIGITS" and compare these outcomes to the nine-hole-pegboard test (NHPT). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. METHODS: This was a two-part study with a pilot of our remote dexterity design using DIGITS followed by a validation study comparing DIGITS to a gold-standard metric of dexterity, NHPT. The pilot study recruited 42 healthy subjects between the ages of 18-65 to perform a remote finger tapping exercise using DIGITS. The second part of the study included 50 subjects between the ages of 18-65. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire and then completed three finger tapping sequences for 20 seconds using DIGITS and three trials of the NHPT with each hand. Correlational analyses were done to compare the DIGITS dexterity test with the NHPT. RESULTS: Four outcome measures to assess dexterity were identified, which included (1) total sequences completed in 20 seconds, (2) time to complete 10 sequences, (3) average frequency per sequence, and (3) sequence accuracy. Significant negative correlations were found with the NHPT and total sequences completed in 20 seconds in both dominant and non-dominant hand trials. Additionally, significant negative correlations were found between the NHPT and the time to complete 10 sequences and average frequency in the non-dominant hand trials. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows promising results for the use of DIGITS as a remote measure of hand dexterity. The total number of sequences completed significantly correlates with the NHPT and should be further explored in representative patient populations.

The Role of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Signal Variability in Pediatric Neuroscience: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: As pediatric BOLD Signal Variability (SV) analysis is relatively novel, there is a need to provide a foundational framework that gives researchers an entry point into engaging with the topic. This begins with clarifying the definition of BOLD signal variability by identifying and categorizing the various metrics utilized to measure BOLD SV. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Inclusion criteria were restricted to studies utilizing any metric of BOLD SV and with individuals younger than 18 in the study population. The definition of BOLD SV was any measure of intra-individual variability in the BOLD signal. Five databases were searched: Psychinfo, Healthstar, MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus. RESULTS: A total of 17 observational studies, including male (n = 1796) and female (n = 1324) pediatric participants were included. Eight studies quantified variability as the amount of deviation from the average BOLD signal, seven used complexity-based metrics, three used correlation measures of variability, and one used the structure of the hemodynamic response function. In this study, 10 methods of quantifying signal variability were identified. Associations and trends in BOLD SV were commonly found with age, factors specific to mental and/or neurological disorders such as attention deficit disorder, epilepsy, psychotic symptoms, and performance on psychological and behavioral tasks. CONCLUSIONS: BOLD SV is a potential biomarker of neurodevelopmental and neurological conditions and symptom severity in mental disorders for defined pediatric populations. Studies that establish clinical trends and identify the mechanisms underlying BOLD SV with a low risk of bias are needed before clinical applications can be utilized by physicians.

Next-Generation Remote Hand Assessments: Cross-Platform DIGITS Web Application.

Purpose: We have previously developed DIGITS, a platform for remote evaluation of range of motion, dexterity, and swelling of fingers for reducing barriers to accessing clinical resources. The current study was aimed at evaluating DIGITS across different devices with varied operating systems and camera resolutions using a single person's hands. Methods: Our team has now developed a web application version of the DIGITS platform, which makes it accessible on any device that is equipped with a camera, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. In the present study, we aimed to validate this web application by comparing flexion and extension measurements on the same person's hands using three different devices with cameras of different resolutions. The absolute difference, SD, standard mean error, and intraclass correlation coefficient were calculated. Additionally, equivalency testing was performed using the confidence interval approach. Results: Our findings indicated that the differences in degree measured between the devices ranged from 2° to 3° when digit extension was assessed (all hand landmarks are visible in the camera's direct view) and from 3° to 8° when digit flexion was assessed (some of the hand landmarks are hidden from view). The intraclass correlation coefficient of individual trials ranged from 0.82 to 0.96 for extension and 0.77 to 0.87 for flexion across all devices. Additionally, within a 90% confidence interval, our data showed equivalency with measurements using three different devices. Conclusions: The absolute differences were within an acceptable 9° tolerance for measurements taken between devices for flexion and extension. Equivalency was observed for measurements of finger range of motion taken using DIGITS, regardless of devices, platforms, or camera resolutions. Clinical relevance: In summary, the DIGITS web application has good test-retest reliability to generate data on finger range of motion for hand telerehabilitation. DIGITS can reduce costs to patients, providers, and health care facilities for conducting postoperative follow-up assessments.

Default mode network functional connectivity strength in utero and the association with fetal subcortical development.

The default mode network is essential for higher-order cognitive processes and is composed of an extensive network of functional and structural connections. Early in fetal life, the default mode network shows strong connectivity with other functional networks; however, the association with structural development is not well understood. In this study, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and anatomical images were acquired in 30 pregnant women with singleton pregnancies. Participants completed 1 or 2 MR imaging sessions, on average 3 weeks apart (43 data sets), between 28- and 39-weeks postconceptional ages. Subcortical volumes were automatically segmented. Activation time courses from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were extracted from the default mode network, medial temporal lobe network, and thalamocortical network. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association between functional connectivity strength between default mode network-medial temporal lobe, default mode network-thalamocortical network, and subcortical volumes, respectively. Increased functional connectivity strength in the default mode network-medial temporal lobe network was associated with smaller right hippocampal, left thalamic, and right caudate nucleus volumes, but larger volumes of the left caudate. Increased functional connectivity strength in the default mode network-thalamocortical network was associated with smaller left thalamic volumes. The strong associations seen among the default mode network functional connectivity networks and regionally specific subcortical volume development indicate the emergence of short-range connectivity in the third trimester.

Development of technical skills in simulated cerebral aneurysm coiling.

Endovascular surgical procedures require visual-spatial coordination in workspaces with restricted motions and temporally limited imaging. The development of the skills needed for these procedures can be facilitated by 3D simulator-based training. Cerebral angiography (CA) has lagged behind in this training approach due to the lack of validated, realistic training models, relying strictly on clinical case exposure frequency ("number of hours logged") as a means of assessing proficiency. The ANGIO Mentor visual-haptic simulator is regarded as an effective training tool, however, this simulator has not been tested thoroughly in its ability to train interventional skills. In particular, the details of the aneurysm coiling process during simulation-based training have not been assessed. In this study, 12 novice medical students were given simulation-based diagnostic CA training until a procedural plateau in performance, established in our previous work. Subsequently, they were trained using video tutorials and written instructions to identify, measure and intervene with cerebral aneurysms using endovascular coils. Over the span of 6 sessions, participants were assessed on their procedural task time, coiling quantity and quality, and perforation rates. Prior to commencing the study, participant spatial ability was assessed using a mental rotation test (MRT) and used as a comparative baseline for the performance analysis. We found that all individuals were able to perform the procedure faster after 6 sessions, reducing their average time from 42 to 24 minutes. Coil success rate improved over from 82% to 88% and coil packing rate remained consistent at 30% throughout testing. High perforation rate seen at the start of the study showed a trend of decreasing over the latter sessions, however, over half of aneurysms were still being perforated by the novice participants. No change in aneurysm coiling quality was found, with a slight decrease in number of parent artery coil protrusions. High MRT individuals were better able to establish necessary tools prior to coiling, however, no other MRT-specific changes were seen. This work identifies the utility of simulation-based CA training in identifying the particular difficulties trainees experience in learning procedural skills, including prevention of perforations, proper positioning and success of coils within the aneurysm.

Verification, Evaluation, and Validation: Which, How & Why, in Medical Augmented Reality System Design.

This paper presents a discussion about the fundamental principles of Analysis of Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR) Systems for Medical Imaging and Computer-Assisted Interventions. The three key concepts of Analysis (Verification, Evaluation, and Validation) are introduced, illustrated with examples of systems using AR/VR, and defined. The concepts of system specifications, measurement accuracy, uncertainty, and observer variability are defined and related to the analysis principles. The concepts are illustrated with examples of AR/VR working systems.

Can ventricular 3D ultrasound of neonates with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus inform on the need for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt?

OBJECTIVE: Some neonates born prematurely with intraventricular hemorrhage develop posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and require lifelong treatment to divert the flow of CSF. Early prediction of the eventual need for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) is difficult, and early discussions with families are based on statistics and the grade of hemorrhage. The authors hypothesize that change in ventricular volume during ventricular taps that is measured with repeated 3D ultrasound (3D US) imaging of the lateral ventricles could be used to assess the risk of the future requirement of a VPS. METHODS: A total of 92 neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage who were treated in the NICU were recruited between April 2012 and November 2019. Only patients who required ventricular taps (VTs) were included in this study, resulting in the analysis of 19 patients with a total of 61 VTs. Among them, 14 patients were treated with a VPS, and in 5 patients the hydrocephalus resolved spontaneously. Parameters studied were total ventricular volume measured with 3D US, ventricular volume change after VT, the ratio between volume reduction and tap amount, the difference between tap amount and volume reduction after tap, the average tap amount, the average number of days between taps, pre-tap head circumference, and reduction in head circumference after tap. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in ventricular volume reduction after tap (p = 0.007), the ratio between volume reduction and tap amount (p = 0.03), the difference between tap amount and volume reduction after tap (p = 0.05), and the interval of days between taps (p = 0.0115). CONCLUSIONS: Measuring with 3D US before and after VT can be a useful tool for quantifying ventricular volume. The findings in this study showed that neonates who experience a large reduction of ventricular volume after VT are more likely to be treated with a shunt than are neonates who experience a small reduction.

Smart haptic gloves for virtual reality surgery simulation: a pilot study on external ventricular drain training.

Smart haptic gloves are a new technology emerging in Virtual Reality (VR) with a promise to enhance sensory feedback in VR. This paper presents one of the first attempts to explore its application to surgical training for neurosurgery trainees using VR-based surgery simulators. We develop and evaluate a surgical simulator for External Ventricular Drain Placement (EVD), a common procedure in the field of neurosurgery. Haptic gloves are used in combination with a VR environment to augment the experience of burr hole placement, and flexible catheter manipulation. The simulator was integrated into the training curriculum at the 2022 Canadian Neurosurgery Rookie Bootcamp. Thirty neurosurgery residents used the simulator where objective performance metrics and subjective experience scores were acquired. We provide the details of the simulator development, as well as the user study results and draw conclusions on the benefits added by the haptic gloves and future directions.

Semi-automatic segmentation of the fetal brain from magnetic resonance imaging.

Background: Volumetric measurements of fetal brain maturation in the third trimester of pregnancy are key predictors of developmental outcomes. Improved understanding of fetal brain development trajectories may aid in identifying and clinically managing at-risk fetuses. Currently, fetal brain structures in magnetic resonance images (MRI) are often manually segmented, which requires both time and expertise. To facilitate the targeting and measurement of brain structures in the fetus, we compared the results of five segmentation methods applied to fetal brain MRI data to gold-standard manual tracings. Methods: Adult women with singleton pregnancies (n = 21), of whom five were scanned twice, approximately 3 weeks apart, were recruited [26 total datasets, median gestational age (GA) = 34.8, IQR = 30.9-36.6]. T2-weighted single-shot fast spin echo images of the fetal brain were acquired on 1.5T and 3T MRI scanners. Images were first combined into a single 3D anatomical volume. Next, a trained tracer manually segmented the thalamus, cerebellum, and total cerebral volumes. The manual segmentations were compared with five automatic methods of segmentation available within Advanced Normalization Tools (ANTs) and FMRIB's Linear Image Registration Tool (FLIRT) toolboxes. The manual and automatic labels were compared using Dice similarity coefficients (DSCs). The DSC values were compared using Friedman's test for repeated measures. Results: Comparing cerebellum and thalamus masks against the manually segmented masks, the median DSC values for ANTs and FLIRT were 0.72 [interquartile range (IQR) = 0.6-0.8] and 0.54 (IQR = 0.4-0.6), respectively. A Friedman's test indicated that the ANTs registration methods, primarily nonlinear methods, performed better than FLIRT (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Deformable registration methods provided the most accurate results relative to manual segmentation. Overall, this semi-automatic subcortical segmentation method provides reliable performance to segment subcortical volumes in fetal MR images. This method reduces the costs of manual segmentation, facilitating the measurement of typical and atypical fetal brain development.

Mapping of Structure-Function Age-Related Connectivity Changes on Cognition Using Multimodal MRI.

The relationship between age-related changes in brain structural connectivity (SC) and functional connectivity (FC) with cognition is not well understood. Furthermore, it is not clear whether cognition is represented via a similar spatial pattern of FC and SC or instead is mapped by distinct sets of distributed connectivity patterns. To this end, we used a longitudinal, within-subject, multimodal approach aiming to combine brain data from diffusion-weighted MRI (DW-MRI), and functional MRI (fMRI) with behavioral evaluation, to better understand how changes in FC and SC correlate with changes in cognition in a sample of older adults. FC and SC measures were derived from the multimodal scans acquired at two time points. Change in FC and SC was correlated with 13 behavioral measures of cognitive function using Partial Least Squares Correlation (PLSC). Two of the measures indicate an age-related change in cognition and the rest indicate baseline cognitive performance. FC and SC-cognition correlations were expressed across several cognitive measures, and numerous structural and functional cortical connections, mainly cingulo-opercular, dorsolateral prefrontal, somatosensory and motor, and temporo-parieto-occipital, contributed both positively and negatively to the brain-behavior relationship. Whole-brain FC and SC captured distinct and independent connections related to the cognitive measures. Overall, we examined age-related function-structure associations of the brain in a comprehensive and integrated manner, using a multimodal approach. We pointed out the behavioral relevance of age-related changes in FC and SC. Taken together, our results highlight that the heterogeneity in distributed FC and SC connectivity patterns provide unique information about the variable nature of healthy cognitive aging.

Brain Network Connectivity and Executive Function in Children with Infantile Hydrocephalus.

Introduction: Infantile hydrocephalus (HCP) is a condition in which there is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles within the first few months of life, which puts pressure on surrounding brain tissues. Compression of the developing brain increases the risk of secondary brain injury and cognitive disabilities. Methods: In this study, we used diffusion-weighted imaging and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the effects of ventricle dilatation on structural and functional brain networks in children with shunted infantile HCP and examined how these brain changes may impact executive function. Results: We found that children with HCP have altered structural and functional connectivity between and within large-scale networks. Moreover, hyperconnectivity between the ventral attention and default mode network in children with HCP correlated with reduced executive function scores. Compared with typically developing age-matched control participants, our patient population also had lower fractional anisotropy in posterior white matter. Discussion: Overall, these findings suggest that infantile HCP has long-term effects on brain network connectivity, white matter development, and executive function in children at school age. Future work will examine the relationship between ventricular volumes before shunt placement in infancy and brain network development throughout childhood.

Video Context Improves Performance in Identifying Operative Planes on Static Surgical Images.

BACKGROUND: Correct identification of the surgical tissue planes of dissection is paramount at the operating room, and the needed skills seem to be improved with realistic dynamic models rather than mere still images. The objective is to assess the role of adding video prequels to still images taken from operations on the precision and accuracy of tissue plane identification using a validated simulation model, considering various levels of surgeons' experience. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted involving 15 surgeons distributed to three equal groups, including a consultant group [C], a senior group [S], and a junior group [J]. Subjects were asked to identify and draw ideal tissue planes in 20 images selected at suitable operative moments of identification before and after showing a 10- second videoclip preceding the still image. A validated comparative metric (using a modified Hausdorff distance [%Hdu] for object matching) was used to measure the distance between lines. A precision analysis was carried out based on the difference in %Hdu between lines drawn before and after watching the videos, and between-group comparisons were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analysis of accuracy was done on the difference in %Hdu between lines drawn by the subjects and the ideal lines provided by an expert panel. The impact of videos on accuracy was assessed using a repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: The C group showed the highest preciseness as compared to the S and J groups (mean Hdu 9.17±11.86 versus 12.1±15.5 and 20.0±18.32, respectively, p <0.001) and significant differences between groups were found in 14 images (70%). Considering the expert panel as a reference, the interaction between time and experience level was significant ( F (2, 597) = 4.52, p <0.001). Although the subjects of the J group were significantly less accurate than other surgeons, only this group showed significant improvements in mean %Hdu values after watching the lead-in videos ( F (1, 597) = 6.04, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: Adding video context improved the ability of junior trainees to identify tissue planes of dissection. A realistic model is recommended considering experience-based differences in precision in training programs.

Does the Head Position Affect Neonatal Lateral Ventricular Volume?

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether there are differences in the lateral ventricular volumes, measured by three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US) depending on the posture of the neonate (right and left lateral decubitus). STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective analysis of the lateral ventricular volumes of preterm neonates recruited from Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario (June 2018-November 2019). A total of 24 premature neonates were recruited. The first cohort of 18 unstable premature neonates were imaged with 3D US in their current sides providing 15 right-sided and 16 left-sided 3D US images. The neonates in the second cohort of six relatively stable infants were imaged after positioning in each lateral decubitus position for 30 minutes, resulting in 40 3D US images obtained from 20 posture change sessions. The images were segmented and the ventricle volumes in each lateral posture were compared with determine whether the posture of the head influenced the volume of the upper and lower ventricle. RESULTS: For the first cohort who did not have their posture changed, the mean of the right and left ventricle volumes were 23.81 ± 15.51 and 21.61 ± 16.19 cm3, respectively, for the 15 images obtained in a right lateral posture and 13.96 ± 8.69 and 14.92 ± 8.77 cm3, respectively, for the 16 images obtained in the left lateral posture. Similarly, for the second cohort who had their posture changed, the mean of right and left ventricle volumes were 20.92 ± 17.3 and 32.74 ± 32.33 cm3, respectively, after 30 minutes in the right lateral posture, and 21.25 ± 18.4 and 32.65 ± 31.58 cm3, respectively, after 30 minutes in the left lateral posture. Our results failed to show a statistically significant difference in ventricular volumes dependence on posture. CONCLUSION: Head positioned to any lateral side for 30 minutes does not have any effect on the lateral ventricular volumes of neonates. KEY POINTS: · Three-dimensional cranial ultrasound can measure neonatal ventricle volume.. · Ventricle volume in each lateral ventricle may be affected by posture of the neonate.. · The 30 minutes in any lateral posture is not sufficient to create volume difference in lateral ventricles..

Presurgical brain mapping of the language network in pediatric patients with epilepsy using resting-state fMRI.

OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy affects neural processing and often causes intra- or interhemispheric language reorganization, rendering localization solely based on anatomical landmarks (e.g., Broca's area) unreliable. Preoperative brain mapping is necessary to weigh the risk of resection with the risk of postoperative deficit. However, the use of conventional mapping methods (e.g., somatosensory stimulation, task-based functional MRI [fMRI]) in pediatric patients is technically difficult due to low compliance and their unique neurophysiology. Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI), a "task-free" technique based on the neural activity of the brain at rest, has the potential to overcome these limitations. The authors hypothesized that language networks can be identified from rs-fMRI by applying functional connectivity analyses. METHODS: Cases in which both task-based fMRI and rs-fMRI were acquired as part of the preoperative clinical protocol for epilepsy surgery were reviewed. Task-based fMRI consisted of 2 language tasks and 1 motor task. Resting-state fMRI data were acquired while the patients watched an animated movie and were analyzed using independent component analysis (i.e., data-driven method). The authors extracted language networks from rs-fMRI data by performing a similarity analysis with functionally defined language network templates via a template-matching procedure. The Dice coefficient was used to quantify the overlap. RESULTS: Thirteen children underwent conventional task-based fMRI (e.g., verb generation, object naming), rs-fMRI, and structural imaging at 1.5T. The language components with the highest overlap with the language templates were identified for each patient. Language lateralization results from task-based fMRI and rs-fMRI mapping were comparable, with good concordance in most cases. Resting-state fMRI-derived language maps indicated that language was on the left in 4 patients (31%), on the right in 5 patients (38%), and bilateral in 4 patients (31%). In some cases, rs-fMRI indicated a more extensive language representation. CONCLUSIONS: Resting-state fMRI-derived language network data were identified at the patient level using a template-matching method. More than half of the patients in this study presented with atypical language lateralization, emphasizing the need for mapping. Overall, these data suggest that this technique may be used to preoperatively identify language networks in pediatric patients. It may also optimize presurgical planning of electrode placement and thereby guide the surgeon's approach to the epileptogenic zone.