Quantification of arsenic in real samples using a spectrophotometric cloud point extraction of the formed ion pair with astrazon orange G.

A novel cloud-point extraction (CPE) procedure for the determination of ultra-trace amounts of arsenic species in real samples, purchased from the local market by spectrophotometer was developed. Inorganic arsenic species analysis in water, beverages, and foods has become increasingly important in recent years, as arsenic species are considered carcinogenic and are assessed at significant levels in samples. The technique is established on a selective ternary complex of As(V) with astrazon orange G (AOG+) in the presence of tartaric acid and polyethylene glycol tertoctylphenyl ether (Triton X-114) at pH 4.0. The calibration curve developed within range 3.0-160 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9988 for As(V) provided a preconcentration factor of 200 and a limit of detection (3S blank/m) of 0.88 ng/mL under optimum investigation conditions. The results of molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity are calculated and found to be 4.38 × 105 L/mol cm and 0.018 ng cm-2, respectively. The statistical treatment of data obtained from the proposed and GF-AAS procedures are compared in terms of Student's t-tests and variance ratio F-tests has revealed no significant differences. The methodology has been effectively confirmed by assessing real samples and comparing it to the GF-AAS method statistically.

Preparation and modification of polymer microspheres, application in wastewater treatment: A review.

The removal of various pollutants from water is necessary due to the increasing requirements for the removal of various pollutants from wastewater and the quality of drinking water. Polymer microspheres are regarded as exemplary adsorbent materials due to their high adsorption efficiency, excellent adsorption performance, and ease of handling. Herein, the advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods, modifications, applications and the current research status of polymer microspheres are summarized at large. Furthermore, the enhanced performance of modified composite microspheres is emphasized, including adsorption efficiency, thermal stability, and significant improvements in physical and chemical properties. Subsequently, the current applications and potential of polymeric microspheres for wastewater treatment, including the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants, heavy metal ions, and other contaminants are summarized. Finally, future research directions for polymer microspheres are proposed, outlining the challenges and solutions associated with the application of polymer microspheres in wastewater treatment.

The highly selective green colorimetric detection of yttrium ions in biological and environmental samples using the synergistic effect in an optical sensor.

A new eco-friendly method for creating an optical sensor membrane specifically designed to detect yttrium ions (Y3+) has been developed. The proposed sensor membrane is fabricated by integrating 4-(2-arsonophenylazo) salicylic acid (APASA), sodium tetraphenylborate (Na-TPB), and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) into a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) matrix with dimethyl sebacate (DMS) as the plasticizer. In this sensor membrane, APASA functions dually as an ionophore and a chromoionophore, while TOPO enhances the complexation of Y3+ ions with APASA. The composition of the sensor membrane has been meticulously optimized to achieve peak performance. The current membrane exhibits a linear dynamic range for Y3+ ions from 8.0 × 10-9 to 2.3 × 10-5 M, with detection and quantification limits of 2.3 × 10-9 and 7.7 × 10-9 M, respectively. No interference from other potentially interfering cations and anions was observed in the determination of Y3+. The membrane showed strong stability and a swift response time of about 3.0 minutes, with no signs of APASA leaching. This sensor is highly selective for Y3+ ions and can be renewed by treating it with 0.15 M HNO3. It has been effectively applied to measure Y3+ in nickel-based alloys, as well as in biological and environmental samples.

Revolutionizing scandium detection in real samples: Unleashing the power of sol-gel-based optical sensor.

The development of a highly selective and ultra-sensitive optical sensor for detecting scandium (Sc3+) ions involves incorporating the reagent 2,3-dichloro-6-(3-carboxy-2-hydroxy-1-naphthylazo)quinoxaline (DCHNAQ) into a silica sol-gel thin film on a glass substrate. This innovative approach utilizes tetraethoxy-silane (TEOS) as the precursor, maintaining a sol-gel pH level of 4.5, a water-to-alkoxide ratio of 5:1, and a DCHNAQ concentration of 5.0 × 10-4 M. A detailed exploration of the impact of sol-gel parameters on the sensing capabilities of the developed sensor has been meticulously undertaken. This innovative sensor demonstrates remarkable selectivity in evaluating Sc3+ ions over a dynamic range of 7.5-170 ng/mL, with limits of quantification and detection recorded at 7.3 and 2.20 ng/mL, respectively. Consistent results are achieved with a minimal RSD of 1.47 and 0.94% for Sc3+ ions at 50 and 100 ng/mL, respectively, coupled with a swift response time of three min. Assessments of interference demonstrate a noteworthy preference for Sc3+ions, accomplished by enclosing DCHNAQ within the sol-gel framework and making optimal structural modifications to the doped sol-gel. The sensor offers straightforward regeneration using a 0.25 M EDTA solution, exhibiting complete reversibility. Comparative analysis with other methodologies underscores the efficacy in determining Sc3+ions in various reference materials, including plant leaves, fish, water, alloys, ores, and monazite samples.

Correction to "Role of NiO Nanoparticles in Enhancing Structure Properties of TiO2 and Its Applications in Photodegradation and Hydrogen Evolution".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03693.].

A modified selective optical sensor for selenium determination based on incorporating xylenol orange in a poly(vinyl chloride) membrane.

A novel optical sensor has been developed to measure selenium ions. The sensor membrane was created by mixing xylenol orange (XO) and sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB) with a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane that contained o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) as a plasticizer. XO was previously established for use in a colorimeter to measure selenium in water and other media. At pH 6.6, the color of the detecting membrane changed from orange to pink when in contact with Se4+ ions. Various variables affecting the uptake efficiency were evaluated and optimized. Under optimum conditions (i.e., 30% PVC, 60% o-NPOE, and 5.0% of both XO and NaTPB for 5.0 min as the response time), the proposed sensor displayed a linear range 10-175 ng mL-1 with the detection and quantification limits of 3.0 and 10 ng mL-1, respectively. Also, the precision (RSD%) was better than 2.2% for six replicate determinations of 100 ng mL-1 Se4+ in various membranes. For the detection of Se4+, the selectivity of the sensor membrane was investigated for a number of possible interfering inorganic cations, but no appreciable interference was found. With the use of a 0.3 M HCl solution, the sensor was successfully restored, and the response that may have been reversible and reproducible exhibited an RSD% of less than 2.0%. The sensor has been successfully used to analyze Se4+ ions in environmental and biological materials.

Biodegradable and hemocompatible alginate/okra hydrogel films with promising stability and biological attributes.

Currently, combinations of natural polymers and semi-synthetic biomolecules have gained attention for food-packaging, drug delivery, coatings, and biomedical applications. In this work, cross-linking property of two biopolymers was employed for the fabrication of hydrogel films. Sodium alginate (SAlg) and Okra gel (OkG) were used in different ratios (95:05, 75:25 and 85:15) to synthesize hydrogel films by solvent-casting method. Formation of the films was confirmed by FTIR and Raman techniques which specified the interaction between biomolecules of SAlg and OkG. XRD pattern has shown the presence of both amorphous and micro-crystalline phases in the hydrogel films and SEM studies have shown porosity, amorphousness and agglomerated morphology. TGA and DSC analyses revealed degradation of the film at 420 °C and stability studies using PBS buffer indicated stability and hydrophilic nature of hydrogel films. In-vitro degradation test was also performed for 10 weeks through the incubation of hydrogel-films in simulated body fluid and the effect of pH and temperature was also studied. Results have shown worth-some influence of okra gel on the fabricated films. Hemolytic and antioxidant activities of the gels were also determined and being non-toxic, all these ratios were found suitable for biomedical applications; especially 85:15 have shown maximum potential.

Optoelectrical Properties of Hexamine Doped-Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite under Different Grain-Shape Crystallinity.

The crystallinity properties of perovskite influence their optoelectrical performance in solar cell applications. We optimized the grain shape and crystallinity of perovskite film by annealing treatment from 130 to 170 °C under high humidity (relative humidity of 70%). We found that the grain size, grain interface, and grain morphology of the perovskite are optimized when the sample was annealed at 150 °C for 1 h in the air. At this condition, the perovskite film is composed of 250 nm crystalline shape grain and compact inter-grain structure with an invincible grain interface. Perovskite solar cells device analysis indicated that the device fabricated using the samples annealed at 150 °C produced the highest power conversion efficiency, namely 17.77%. The open circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), and fill factor (FF) of the device are as high as 1.05 V, 22.27 mA/cm2, and 0.76, respectively. Optoelectrical dynamic analysis using transient photoluminescence and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies reveals that (i) carrier lifetime in the champion device can be up to 25 ns, which is almost double the carrier lifetime of the sample annealed at 130 °C. (ii) The interfacial charge transfer resistance is low in the champion device, i.e., ~20 Ω, which has a crystalline grain morphology, enabling active photocurrent extraction. Perovskite's behavior under annealing treatment in high humidity conditions can be a guide for the industrialization of perovskite solar cells.

Characterization of a novel end product tolerant and thermostable cellulase from Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25.

Recent advancements in biorefinery processes necessitate search for cost effective and thermostable cellulases. This study was designed to characterize the cellulase obtained from a thermophilic bacterium, Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25. A combined pretreatment of NaOH and methyltrioctylammonium chloride was given to sugarcane bagasse (SB) for lignin removal and the pretreated SB was utilized as a carbon source for the cellulase production. The thermostable cellulase thus obtained was characterized by adopting central composite design which has not been reported earlier for this purpose. Cellulase showed its maximum activity at pH 7 and temperature 60 â„ƒ and it remained active in the presence of many salts and detergents. Endoglucanase (EG) was found to be stable for 30 min at 80 â„ƒ. The purification of EG by using DEAE column yielded specific activity and purification fold of 365.866 IU mg-1 and 4.264, respectively. The purified EG had a molecular weight of ∼45 kDa. End product tolerance of EG was also evident, as an activity of 228.57 IU mL-1 was observed in the presence of 60 mM glucose which revealed that it does not lose its activity upon accumulation of end-product when the reaction is prolonged. The purified EG exhibited Vmax and Km of 294 U mL-1 min-1 and 36 µM, respectively, in the presence of 60 mM glucose. This novel thermostable cellulase can finds its applications in industrial sector.

Unveiling the non-polar [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of cyclic nitrones with strained alkylidene cyclopropanes within a molecular electron density theory study.

The role of cyclopropane substitution on the ethylene in zw-type [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of cyclic nitrones has been studied within Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) computational level. Electron Localization Function (ELF) analysis of the ethylenes shows that the presence the cyclopropane only slightly increases the electron density in the C-C bonding region. Analysis of the Conceptual DFT reactivity indices indicates that the presence of the cyclopropane does not produce any remarkable change in the reactivity of these strained ethylenes. The marginal electrophilic character of ethylene makes the zw-type 32CA reactions of non-polar character. The presence of the cyclopropane in the ethylene decreases the activation enthalpy of the 32CA reactions by only 1.7 and 2.6 kcal mol-1, and also decreases the ortho regioselectivity. The loss of the strain present in the cyclopropane is responsible for the reduction of the activation enthalpy and the increase of the reaction enthalpy in these non-polar 32CA reactions. The presence of the cyclopropane does not cause any change, neither in the transition state structure (TS) geometries nor in their electronic structure. The very low global electron density transfer (GEDT) computed at the TSs confirms the non-polar character of these 32CA reactions. The ortho regioselectivity experimentally observed in these non-polar 32CA reactions is determined by the most favorable two-center interaction between the less electronegative C1 carbon of nitrone and the non-substituted methylene C5 carbon of the ethylenes.

Insights into growth-promoting, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, and antibacterial activities of Toldin CRD as a novel phytobiotic in broiler chickens experimentally infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) leads to impaired broiler growth performance and significant economic losses worldwide. The utilization of essential oils (EOs) as natural alternatives to antibiotics to control CRD outbreaks is not completely clarified yet. Thus, we investigated the effect of a commercial EOs mixture (toldin CRD), in comparison to tilmicosin antibiotic, on the clinical observations, growth performance, immunity, digestive enzymes, gut barrier functions, and bacterial loads in broilers experimentally infected with MG. A total of 400 one-day-old broiler chicks were assigned into four groups; negative control (NC), positive control (PC), tilmicosin, and toldin CRD treated groups. All groups except NC were experimentally infected with MG at 14 d of age. Our data showed that birds treated with toldin CRD showed significant enhancement in the body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.001 each) over the whole experimental period. Likely, improved digestibility and intestinal barrier functions in the toldin CRD treated group was evidenced by the significant upregulation (P < 0.05) of cholecystokinin (CCK), alpha 2A amylase (AMY2A), pancreatic lipase (PNLIP), junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM-2), occludin, and mucin-2 (MUC-2) genes. Moreover, toldin CRD exhibited immunostimulant and ant-inflammatory activities via significant downregulation (P < 0.05) of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 genes, significant reduction of lysozyme (LYZ), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) levels (P = 0.03, 0.02, and 0.001, respectively) and significant increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) level (P = 0.03). Notably, immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results showed prominent reductions (P < 0.05) in the levels of MG antigens and MG loads in the toldin CRD treated group, which were evidenced by relieving the clinical picture of MG experimental infection. In conclusion, we recommend the utilization of toldin CRD as a potential candidate for controlling MG infection in broiler chickens.

Investigation on the evolution of hydrothermal biochar.

The objective of this study was to visualize trends and current research status of hydrothermal biochar research through a bibliometric analysis by using CiteSpace software. The original article data were collected from the Web of Science core database published between 2009 and 2020. A visual analysis network of national co-authored, institutional co-authored and author co-authored articles was created, countries, institutions and authors were classified accordingly. By visualizing the cited literature and journal co-citation networks, the main subject distribution and core journals were identified respectively. By visualizing journal co-citations, the main research content was identified. Further the cluster analysis revealed the key research directions of knowledge structure. Keyword co-occurrence analysis and key occurrence analysis demonstrate current research hotspots and new research frontiers. Through the above analysis, the cooperation and contributions of hydrothermal biochar research at different levels, from researchers to institutions to countries to macro levels, were explored, the disciplinary areas of knowledge and major knowledge sources of hydrothermal biochar were discovered, and the development lineage, current status, hotspots and trends of hydrothermal biochar were clarified. The results obtained from the study can provide a reference for scholars to gain a deeper understanding of hydrothermal biochar.

Muscle oxidative stability, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, and carcass traits of broiler chickens in comparison to spent laying hens.

This research compared muscle oxidative stability, meat composition, and carcass traits in commercial broilers and spent laying hens. At week 65 of age, 40 ISA Brown laying hens were randomly selected to create 10 replicate cages (4 birds per cage). Also, 60 day-old Ross chicks were equally divided into six replicates (10 chicks each). Broiler chickens had a higher dressing percentage than spent hens (P = 0.027), but a lower abdominal fat percentage (P = 0.009). Spent hens had higher level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the breast muscles (P = 0.001). Meanwhile, the MDA levels in thigh muscles did not differ in both groups (P = 0.328). Broiler chickens showed greater concentrations of saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) in the breast (P = 0.012 and 0.006, respectively) and thigh (P = 0.033 and 0.038, respectively) muscles as compared to spent hens. Meanwhile, broiler chickens had lower concentrations of palmitoleic, oleic and eicosapentaenoic in the breast muscles (P = 0.002, 0.004 and 0.001, respectively). Also, spent hens had greater concentrations of linoleic in the breast and thigh muscles (P = 0.018 and 0.035, respectively). When compared to broiler chickens, spent hens had greater essential amino acids (isoleucine, methionine and tyrosine) concentrations in the breast muscles (P = 0.002, 0.001 and 0.036, respectively). Finally, while broiler chickens had superior carcass traits, spent hens showed better meat composition (higher polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids). Furthermore, the oxidative stability of the breast muscles of spent hens was lower than that of broilers. Spent hens can be used as an attractive source of chicken meat if certain precautions are adopted.

Effect of sulfamethazine on anaerobic digestion of manure mediated by biochar.

Antibiotic contamination from animal production and wastewater treatment process will release antibiotic resistant genes to the environment and potentially threaten human health. Meanwhile, the residual antibiotic in manure could have inactive impacts on anaerobic digestion (AD). This study explores the effect of sulfamethazine on manure AD mediated by biochar. The results show that biochar weakens the adverse effects of sulfamethazine on AD by adsorption sulfamethazine during the initial stage (0-3 days) of AD and promoting the growth of hydrolytic bacteria (especially Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) and methanogens (especially Methanothrix and Methanosarcina). Besides, the presence of biochar improves the biogas production capacity of AD and promotes microbial diversity and community richness. Thus, the addition of biochar greatly reduces sulfamethazine and is testified to be a desirable strategy to mitigate the inhibition of sulfamethazine on AD.

DFT study of alkali and alkaline earth metal-doped benzocryptand with remarkable NLO properties.

Strategies for designing remarkable nonlinear optical materials using excess electron compounds are well recognized in literature to enhance the applications of these compounds in nonlinear optics. In this study, density functional theory simulations are performed to study alkali and alkaline earth metal-doped benzocryptand using the B3LYP/6-31G+(d, p) level of theory. Vertical ionization energies (VIEs), reactivity parameters, interaction energies, and binding energies exposed the thermodynamic stability of these complexes. FMO analysis revealed that HOMO is located on alkali metals having polarized electrons, which are easy to excite. The doping strategy enhanced the charge transfer with low bandgap energy in the range of 0.68-2.23 eV, which is lower than that of the surface BC (5.50 eV). Also, the lower transition energies and higher oscillator strength indicate that these complexes exhibit excellent electronic and optical properties. Non-covalent interaction analysis suggested the presence of van der Waals interactions between dopants and surface. IR analysis provided information about the frequencies of stretching vibrations present in the complexes due to different bonds. UV-vis analysis revealed that all the newly designed excess electron complexes are transparent in the UV region and possessed maximum absorption in the visible and NIR region, ranging from 753.6 to 2150 nm, which is higher than the surface (244 nm). Thus, these complexes have a potential for high-performance NLO materials in the applications of optics. Natural bond orbital analysis (NBO), transition density matrix (TDM), electron density difference map (EDDM), and density of state (DOS) analyses were also performed to study the charge transfer properties. Moreover, these complexes possessed remarkable optoelectronic properties due to a significant increase in the isotropic linear polarizability (α iso) in the range of 629.59-1423.23 au. Further, these systems demonstrated an extraordinary large total first hyperpolarizability (ß tl) in the range of 3695.55-910 706.43 au. The rationalization of hyperpolarizability by the two-level model reflected a noteworthy increase in ß tl because of low transition energies (ΔE) and high transition dipole moment (Δµ). Thus, our results showed that alkali and alkaline earth metal-doped BC might be a competitor for efficient nonlinear optical properties with practical applications in the area of optoelectronics.

Performance, Blood Lipid Profile, and the Expression of Growth Hormone Receptor (GHR) and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Genes in Purebred and Crossbred Quail Lines.

The aim was to evaluate the performance, blood lipid profile, and the relative expression of growth-related genes in purebred white and brown quail lines and their crossbred lines. A total of 240 one-day-old Japanese quail chicks of white and brown line, their crossbred line (WBQ: male white × female brown), and reciprocal crossbred line (BWQ: male brown × female white) were divided into four equal groups (60 birds each). The white quail line showed significantly higher final body weight, daily gain, and feed intake compared with the other quail lines (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, both crossbred quail lines (WBQ and BWQ) showed significantly lower FCR compared with both purebred quail lines (p = 0.001). Both crossbred quail lines showed greater dressing percentages compared with both purebred quail lines (p = 0.038). The brown quail line showed significantly (p = 0.05) higher levels of serum triglycerides and VLDL compared with the white and BWQ lines. The WBQ crossbred line exhibited significantly higher mRNA expression of GHR and IGF-1 genes compared with other quail lines (p < 0.001). Both crossbred lines (WBQ and BWQ) exhibited negative heterosis percentages for body weight (−4.39 and −3.90%, respectively) and feed intake (−10.87 and −14.59%, respectively). Meanwhile, heterosis percentages for FCR (−6.46 and −9.25%, respectively) and dressing percentage (7.54 and 6.38%, respectively) were improved in both crossbred lines. The WBQ line showed high heterosis percentages for the expression of GHR and IGF-1 genes (52.28 and 88.81%, respectively). In conclusion, the WBQ line exhibited significantly greater dressing percentage and better FCR, as well as higher mRNA expression of GHR and IGF-1 genes. These results may be helpful to improve breeding programs and to develop commercial lines of meat-type Japanese quail.

Deciphering the Pharmacological Potentials of Methanol Extract of Sterculia foetida Seeds Using Experimental and Computational Approaches.

The edible herb Sterculia foetida L. has potential nutraceutical and medicinal effects. The present study is performed to assess the possible antidiabetic, neuropharmacological, and antidiarrheal activity of the methanolic extract of S. foetida seeds (MESF) through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. When compared to standard acarbose, the results of the antidiabetic study provided strong proof that the glucose level in the MESF was gradually decreased by inhibiting the function of α-amylase enzymes. The sedative potential of MESF (200 and 400 mg/kg) was determined by employing open field, hole cross, and thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time tests, which revealed significant reductions in locomotor performance and increased sleep duration following MESF treatment. In addition, mice treated with MESF exhibited superior exploration during elevated plus maze and hole board tests. MESF also showed good antidiarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestinal motility tests. Previously isolated compounds (captan, 1-azuleneethanol, acetate, and tetraconazole) exhibited good binding affinity in docking studies and drug-likeliness properties in absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/toxicity (ADME/T), and toxicological studies. Collectively, these results indicate the bioactivity of S. foetida, which represents a potential candidate in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Vertically Aligned Silicon Carbide Nanowires/Boron Nitride Cellulose Aerogel Networks Enhanced Thermal Conductivity and Electromagnetic Absorbing of Epoxy Composites.

With the innovation of microelectronics technology, the heat dissipation problem inside the device will face a severe test. In this work, cellulose aerogel (CA) with highly enhanced thermal conductivity (TC) in vertical planes was successfully obtained by constructing a vertically aligned silicon carbide nanowires (SiC NWs)/boron nitride (BN) network via the ice template-assisted strategy. The unique network structure of SiC NWs connected to BN ensures that the TC of the composite in the vertical direction reaches 2.21 W m-1 K-1 at a low hybrid filler loading of 16.69 wt%, which was increased by 890% compared to pure epoxy (EP). In addition, relying on unique porous network structure of CA, EP-based composite also showed higher TC than other comparative samples in the horizontal direction. Meanwhile, the composite exhibits good electrically insulating with a volume electrical resistivity about 2.35 × 1011 Ω cm and displays excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss of - 21.5 dB and a wide effective absorption bandwidth (< - 10 dB) from 8.8 to 11.6 GHz. Therefore, this work provides a new strategy for manufacturing polymer-based composites with excellent multifunctional performances in microelectronic packaging applications.

The Impact of Addition Oats (Avena sativa) and Cinnamon on Cookies and their Biological Effects on Rats Treated with Cirrhosis by CCL4.

Oats are represented an important source for nutrition, and it have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. In this study we produced oatmeal cookies and oats was added to formula wheat by 50% and 75%. Also, we added cinnamon to treatments 3 and 4 by 5% to increase nutrition value of oatmeal cookies, improvement sensory evaluation and increase antioxidant properties. All the cookies treatments were storage at room temperature. The purposes of this study were to study antioxidant activity for oats and cinnamon. Also determined the chemical composition include (moisture content, protein, ash, total lipids, crude fibers, carbohydrates and total calories) for oats, white flour and oatmeal cookies treatments. In addition evaluated all of sensory evaluation contain (appearance, color, texture, taste and odor) and microbiological evaluation such as (total bacterial count, spore forming bacteria and mold and yeasts count) for oatmeal cookies treatments. Also, biological assays were preformed to measure level of GPT, GOT, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and glucose. Furthermore, histopathological examination of both liver and kidneys was analyzed. The obtained results were clarified that the antioxidant activity for oats and cinnamon were 52.91% and 87.91%. Moreover, addition of oats and cinnamon to the cookies improve sensory evaluation as made it more acceptable, decreasing microbial load principally treatments 4 (prepared by 75% oats + 5% cinnamon). Biochemical assays were improved in rats with cirrhosis of carbon tetrachloride and their histopathological examination of liver and kidneys. It was clear that the additions ground whole grain oats and cinnamon to wheat flour based cookies improve its nutritional, chemical, and biological functions properties.

Role of NiO Nanoparticles in Enhancing Structure Properties of TiO2 and Its Applications in Photodegradation and Hydrogen Evolution.

Pure and modified mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles with different loadings of NiO (3-20.0 wt %) were prepared through the surfactant-assisted sol-gel approach with the use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a template. The optical and structural properties of different samples were examined using N2 adsorption-desorption analysis, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction results confirmed the insertion of Ni2+ into the lattice of TiO2, and the crystallite size reduced remarkably after the addition of NiO. The diffuse reflectance spectroscopy spectra displayed obvious red shift in the absorption edges, and new absorption bands appeared in the visible region when NiO was added, which indicates the formation of surface defects and oxygen vacancies. The optical band gap of TiO2 reduced sharply when the contents of NiO were increased. The increase in the surface defects as well as oxygen vacancies were examined using PL spectroscopy. The photocatalytic performance of the as-synthesized samples was investigated over photodegradation of brilliant green (BG) and phenol and hydrogen generation under visible light. 10% NiO/TiO2 exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency. The photocatalytic activity was improved due to the creation of a p-n junction at the interface of NiO/TiO2, which efficiently promotes the separation of photogenerated electron/hole pairs and consequently enhances its photodegradation activity. According to the photocatalytic activity results, NiO contents were considered one of the most important factors affecting the photodegradation of BG and phenol and H2 evolution. Also, we discussed the mechanism of photodegradation, mineralization (total organic carbon), and photocatalytic reaction kinetics of BG and phenol.