In Vivo Analysis of Porous Bioactive Silicon Carbide Scaffold for Craniofacial Bone Augmentation.

BACKGROUND: Bone augmentation is a vital area of research because of its high clinical demand and the reported complications associated with the available biomaterials. Purpose: The study assess the role of decellurized skeletal muscle (DSM) when combined with synthesized porous bioactive silicon carbide (SiC) ceramic and evaluated its ability to augment bone calvaria in a rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen rats were divided into 2 groups; group 1 (n=9), SiC discs (10 × 0.2 mm) pre-treated with 20% NaOH were placed as an onlay grafts on calvarial bone. Meanwhile, in group 2 (n=9), SiC discs pre-treated with 20% NaOH (10 × 0.2 mm) were covered with DSM. After 12 weeks, the grafted tissues were harvested and examined using cone-beam computed tomography, mechanical testing, and histologic analysis. RESULTS: Cone-beam computed tomography for group 2 showed more radio-opacity for the remnant of SiC compared with native bone. The surface area and volume of radio-opacity were 2.48 mm2 ± 1.6 and 14.9 ± 7.8 mm3, respectively. The estimated quantitative average surface area of the radio-opacity for group 1 and volume were 2.55 mm2 ± (Sd=3.7) and 11.25 ± (Sd=8.9), respectively. Mechanically, comparable values of the flexural strength and statistically significant higher modulus of elasticity of calvaria in group 1 compared with group 2 and control (P<0.001). Histologically, group 2 region of woven bone was seen close to the lamellar bone (native bone), and there was immature bone present near the implanted SiC. CONCLUSION: The tested construct made of SiC/DSM has potential to osteointegrate into native bone, making it a suitable material for bone augmentation.

Assessment of novel surgical procedures using decellularised muscle and bioactive ceramic: a histological analysis.

Tissue regeneration and neovascularisation in cases of major bone loss is a challenge in maxillofacial surgery. The hypothesis of the present study is that the addition of resorbable bioactive ceramic Silica Calcium Phosphate Cement (SCPC) to Declluraized Muscle Scaffold (DSM) can expedite bone formation and maturation. Two surgical defect models were created in 18 nude transgenic mice. Group 1(n = 6), with a 2-mm decortication calvarial defect, was treated with a DSM/SCPC sheet over the corticated bone as an onlay then seeded with human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells hMSC in situ. In Group 2 (n = 6), a critical size (4 mm) calvarial defect was made and grafted with DSM/SCPC/in situ human bone marrow stromal cells (hMSCs). The control groups included Group 3 (n = 3) animals, with a 2-mm decortication defect treated with an onlay DSM sheet, and Group 4 (n = 3) animals, treated with critical size defect grafted with plain DSM. After 8 weeks, bone regeneration in various groups was evaluated using histology, immunohistochemistry and histomorphometry. New bone formation and maturation was superior in groups treated with DSM/SCPC/hMSC. The DMS/SCPC scaffold has the ability to augment and induce bone regeneration and neovascularisation in cases of major bone resorption and critical size defects.