Insights into Ultrasound Features and Risk Stratification Systems in Pediatric Patients with Thyroid Nodules.

Thyroid nodules in pediatric patients are less common than in adults but show a higher malignancy rate. Accordingly, the management of thyroid nodules in pediatric patients is more complex the younger the patient is, needing careful evaluation by physicians. In adult patients, specific ultrasound (US) features have been associated with an increased risk of malignancy (ROM) in thyroid nodules. Moreover, several US risk stratification systems (RSSs) combining the US features of the nodule were built to define the ROM. RSSs are developed for the adult population and their use has not been fully validated in pediatric patients. This study aimed to evaluate the available data about US features of thyroid nodules in pediatric patients and to provide a summary of the evidence regarding the performance of RSS in predicting malignancy. Moreover, insights into the management of thyroid nodules in pediatric patients will be provided.

Minor role of TP53 and TERT promoter mutations in medullary thyroid carcinoma: report of new cases and revision of the literature.

PURPOSE: Aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of TP53 and TERT mutations in Medullary Thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and their role in inducing aggressiveness in positive cases. METHODS: We performed a literature search in PubMed to identify studies investigating the prevalence of TERT and TP53 mutations in MTC. We also included data on MTC cases (n = 193) obtained at our center and unpublished. The in-silico pathogenicity of the TP53 mutations has been evaluated by predictor tools. RESULTS: We identified a total of 25 and 11 published papers: all together 1280 cases have been investigated for the presence of TP53 mutations and 974 for TERT promoter mutation. Twenty-five out of 1280 (2%) cases had a TP53 mutation while only 3/974 MTC cases (0.3%) have been found to be positive for TERT promoter mutations. Among all, we identified 19 different TP53 mutations that in 12 cases were demonstrated to have an in silico predicted high pathogenic role and a high impact on protein function. Three non-sense and 4 probably not damaging mutations were also reported. The pathogenic role of the TERT promoter mutations has been previously in vitro determined. No correlation between TP53 and/or TERT mutations and aggressiveness of MTC has been demonstrated. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of TP53 and TERT promoter mutations is very low in MTC. The reported mutations are pathogenic in the majority of cases. Because of their rarity it is not possible to clarify if they play or not a role in the pathogenesis and/or aggressiveness of this specific thyroid tumor.

Molecular profiling of low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (mPTC) on active surveillance.

CONTEXT: The active surveillance (AS) program for papillary thyroid carcinoma (≤ 1 cm) at low-risk (mPTC) showed a low percentage of progression. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to find a molecular signature of cases that showed disease progression during AS, which would allow their early identification. METHODS: We performed next generation sequencing of 95 fine needle aspiration cytology specimens from cases prospectively enrolled in the AS program to analyze key somatic driver alterations or gene fusions implicated in PTC tumorigenesis. TERT promoter analysis was performed using Sanger sequencing or droplet digital PCR. RESULTS: BRAF p.V600E was found in 66.3% (63/95) of mPTC and was the most common somatic alteration, followed by RAS oncogene mutations detected in 3.2% of mPTC (3/95: 2 NRAS and 1 KRAS) and gene fusions detected in 3.2% of mPTC (3/95: 1 RET-PTC1, 1 TFG-NTRK1, 1 ALK imbalance). No TERT promoter mutations (C228T and C250T) were found in the analyzed mPTC (84/95). The comparison between the molecular profile and the clinical outcome of the mPTC (stable versus progressive disease) showed no correlation (p-value=0.6) and did not identify a molecular signature able to identify progressive mPTC. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular profile of mPTC is like that of bigger PTC with the exception that none of them showed a TERT promoter mutation. The identification of the most common driver mutations, such as BRAF, RAS, or gene fusions, is not helpful for the early identification of mPTC that will show disease progression during follow-up in the AS program.

Fluctuating obliterative bronchiolitis in RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer patient treated with selpercatinib.

Highly selective RET inhibitor selpercatinib has demonstrated notable efficacy in advanced/progressive RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) patients. However, despite a more tolerable toxicity profile than multikinase inhibitors, peculiar adverse events (AEs) have been described. Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is a respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis in small conducting airways. We evaluated a 70 years-old man with advanced RET-mutant MTC who developed OB during treatment with selpercatinib. Radiological features of OB occurred early and persisted during selpercatinib treatment, with a waxing and waning pattern. Notably, a partial response of MTC was achieved during the treatment and selpercatinib was never reduced or interrupted. The almost complete absence of symptoms and the fluctuating trend, without specific treatment for OB, suggested that it is necessary to carefully evaluate the risks mediated by this AE with the risks of modifying or discontinuing the anti-cancer therapy.

Hand-foot syndrome in sorafenib and lenvatinib treatment for advanced thyroid cancer.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical impact of hand-foot syndrome (HFS) during treatment with two multikinase inhibitors, sorafenib and lenvatinib, in a large group of patients with advanced thyroid cancer. Moreover, we looked for possible associations between HFS occurrence and clinical and pathological features. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 239 patients with advanced thyroid cancer: 165 treated with lenvatinib and 74 with sorafenib. Statistical analyses were performed to verify which features could be correlated with HFS development. Results: HFS was observed in 35/74 (47.4%) and in 43/165 (26.7%) patients treated with sorafenib or lenvatinib, respectively. The median latency from the drug beginning and HFS appearance was 27 days for sorafenib and 2.9 months for lenvatinib. G3/G4 toxicity was observed in 16/35 (45.7%) patients treated with sorafenib and only in 3/43 (7%) treated with lenvatinib. Drug dose reduction due to HFS was required in 19/74 (25.7%) and 3/165 (1.8%) patients treated with sorafenib and lenvatinib, respectively. HFS occurrence was significantly associated with a longer duration of therapy in both groups. Conclusion: HFS was a frequent adverse event during both lenvatinib and sorafenib therapy, with a higher frequency and toxicity grade during sorafenib treatment. HFS was the most frequent reason for drug reduction or discontinuation in patient treated with sorafenib. Early diagnosis of HFS is important to allow early intervention, possibly in a multidisciplinary setting, and to avoid treatment discontinuation, which is highly relevant to obtain the maximum effectiveness of systemic therapy.

Vandetanib in locally advanced or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer refractory to radioiodine therapy.

The VERIFY study aimed to determine the efficacy of vandetanib in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) that is either locally advanced or metastatic and refractory to radioiodine (RAI) therapy. Specifically, VERIFY is a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase III trial aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of vandetanib in tyrosine kinase inhibitor-naive patients with locally advanced or metastatic RAI-refractory DTC with documented progression (NCT01876784). Patients were randomized 1:1 to vandetanib or placebo. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included best objective response rate, overall survival (OS), safety, and tolerability. Patients continued to receive randomized treatment until disease progression or for as long as they were receiving clinical benefit unless criteria for treatment discontinuation were met. Following randomization, 117 patients received vandetanib, and 118 patients received a placebo. Median PFS was 10.0 months in the vandetanib group and 5.7 months in the placebo group (hazard ratio: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.55-1.03; P = 0.080). OS was not significantly different between treatment arms. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) of grade ≥3 were reported in 55.6% of patients in the vandetanib arm and 25.4% in the placebo arm. Thirty-three deaths (28.2%; one related to study treatment) occurred in the vandetanib arm compared with 16 deaths (13.6%; two related to treatment) in the placebo arm. No statistically significant improvement was observed in PFS in treatment versus placebo in patients with locally advanced or metastatic, RAI-refractory DTC. Moreover, active treatment was associated with more adverse events and more deaths than placebo, though the difference in OS was not statistically significant.

Timing and Ideal Patient for an Appropriate Search for Somatic RET Mutation in Medullary Thyroid Cancer.

RET somatic mutation analysis in sporadic MTC should be guided by postoperative evaluation results.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on thyroidectomy for malignant diseases in high-volume referral centers.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has limited the availability of healthcare resources for non-COVID patients and decreased elective surgeries, including thyroidectomy. Despite the prioritization of surgical procedures, it has been reported that thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer (TCa) was adversely impacted. We assessed the impact of the pandemic on the surgical activities of two high-volume referral centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients operated at two National Referral Centers for Thyroid Surgery between 03/01/2020 and 02/28/2021 (COVID-19 period) were included (P-Group). The cohort was compared with patients operated at the same Centers between 03/01/2019 and 02/29/2020 (pre-COVID-19 pandemic) (C-Group). RESULTS: Overall, 7017 patients were included: 2782 in the P-Group and 4235 in the C-Group. The absolute number of patients with TCa was not significantly different between the two groups, while the rate of malignant disease was significantly higher in the P-Group (1103/2782 vs 1190/4235) (P < 0.0001). Significantly more patients in the P-Group had central (237/1103 vs 232/1190) and lateral (167/1103 vs 140/1190) neck node metastases (P = 0.001). Overall, the complications rate was significantly lower (11.9% vs 15.1%) and hospital stay was significantly shorter (1.7 ± 1.5 vs 1.9 ± 2.2 days) in the P-Group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly decreased the overall number of thyroidectomies but did not affect the number of operations for TCa. Optimization of management protocols, due to limited resource availability for non-COVID patients, positively impacted the complication rate and hospital stay.

Strategies for single base gene editing in an immortalized human cell line by CRISPR/Cas9 technology.

The use of CRISPR/Cas9 system has rapidly grown in the last years. Here, the optimization of gene editing of a single-nucleotide polymorphism in a human non-malignant somatic cell line of thyrocytes (Nthy-Ori) was described highlighting strategies for overcoming the problems concerning the delivery and off-targets. We employed both lentivirus and chemical lipids as delivery agents and two strategies for creating the double-strand breaks (DSB). The former induced a DSB by a classical Cas9 nuclease (standard strategy), while the second one employed a modified Cas9 creating a single-strand break (SSB). The knock-in was carried out using a single-stranded donor oligonucleotide or the HR410-PA donor vector (HR). The desired cells could be obtained by combining the double nickase system with the HR vector transfected chemically. This result could be due to the type of DSB, likely processed mainly by non-homologous end joining when blunt (standard strategy) and by HR when overhanging (double nickase). Our results showed that the double nickase is suitable for knocking-in the immortalized Nthy-Ori cell line, while the standard CRISPR/Cas9 system is suitable for gene knock-out creating in/del mutations. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03878-4.

A Misleading Case of NTRK-Rearranged Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Herein, we present a misleading case of advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma with lung, node, and pleural metastases, initially diagnosed as metastatic lung adenocarcinoma with papillary features, based on the histological and immunohistochemical analysis of a pleural biopsy. Between August 2019 and August 2020, the patient received 2 ineffective lines of systemic therapy, including a first line of chemotherapy with cisplatin and pemetrexed, and a second line of immunotherapy with atezolizumab. Comprehensive genomic profiling by next-generation sequencing on the archival pleural biopsy revealed an NTRK1-TMP3 fusion and comutation of the TERT promoter, commonly found in papillary thyroid carcinoma. After palliative partial thyroidectomy that confirmed the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, in February 2021, the patient was enrolled in the STARTRK-2 GO40782 basket trial and received entrectinib, an oral pan-TRK inhibitor specifically targeting NTRK-rearranged tumors. After initially experiencing drug-related grade 2 anorexia, dysgeusia, and neurotoxicity and grade 3 asthenia, the dose was reduced, and an excellent and durable objective response was observed.

BRAF K601E Mutation in Oncocytic Carcinoma of the Thyroid: A Case Report and Literature Review.

BACKGROUND: Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is the most common endocrine cancer, with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) being the most common subtype. BRAF and RAS oncogene were characterized as the most frequently altered genes in PTC, with a strong association between genotype and histotype. The most common mutation in BRAF gene is V600E and is prevalent in classic and aggressive variants of PTC, while BRAF K601E mutation is the most common among the other rare BRAF mutations. BRAF K601E mutated thyroid carcinomas are usually characterized by low aggressiveness, except for anecdotal cases of poorly differentiated TC. CASE PRESENTATION: We described a case of oncocytic carcinoma of the thyroid (OCA) with an aggressive clinical course, including widespread metastasis and resistance to radioiodine treatment. Molecular analysis revealed the exclusive presence of the BRAF K601E mutation in both primary tumor and metastatic lesions. Accordingly, a revision of the literature about aggressive TC cases carrying BRAF K601E mutation was performed. CONCLUSION: Although rare, this case emphasizes the relevance of considering BRAF K601E mutation in advanced non-PTC thyroid carcinomas, since it can be considered an actionable mutation for target therapies.

Phase 3 Trial of Selpercatinib in Advanced RET-Mutant Medullary Thyroid Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Selpercatinib, a highly selective, potent RET inhibitor, has shown efficacy in advanced RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer in a phase 1-2 trial, but its efficacy as compared with approved multikinase inhibitors is unclear. METHODS: We conducted a phase 3, randomized trial comparing selpercatinib as first-line therapy with the physician's choice of cabozantinib or vandetanib (control group). Eligible patients had progressive disease documented within 14 months before enrollment. The primary end point in the protocol-specified interim efficacy analysis was progression-free survival, assessed by blinded independent central review. Crossover to selpercatinib was permitted among patients in the control group after disease progression. Treatment failure-free survival, assessed by blinded independent central review, was a secondary, alpha-controlled end point that was to be tested only if progression-free survival was significant. Among the other secondary end points were overall response and safety. RESULTS: A total of 291 patients underwent randomization. At a median follow-up of 12 months, median progression-free survival as assessed by blinded independent central review was not reached in the selpercatinib group and was 16.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.2 to 25.1) in the control group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.48; P<0.001). Progression-free survival at 12 months was 86.8% (95% CI, 79.8 to 91.6) in the selpercatinib group and 65.7% (95% CI, 51.9 to 76.4) in the control group. Median treatment failure-free survival as assessed by blinded independent central review was not reached in the selpercatinib group and was 13.9 months in the control group (hazard ratio for disease progression, discontinuation due to treatment-related adverse events, or death, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.42; P<0.001). Treatment failure-free survival at 12 months was 86.2% (95% CI, 79.1 to 91.0) in the selpercatinib group and 62.1% (95% CI, 48.9 to 72.8) in the control group. The overall response was 69.4% (95% CI, 62.4 to 75.8) in the selpercatinib group and 38.8% (95% CI, 29.1 to 49.2) in the control group. Adverse events led to a dose reduction in 38.9% of the patients in the selpercatinib group, as compared with 77.3% in the control group, and to treatment discontinuation in 4.7% and 26.8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Selpercatinib treatment resulted in superior progression-free survival and treatment failure-free survival as compared with cabozantinib or vandetanib in patients with RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer. (Funded by Loxo Oncology, a subsidiary of Eli Lilly; LIBRETTO-531 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04211337.).

Usefulness of second 131I treatment in biochemical persistent differentiated thyroid cancer patients.

Background: Second 131I treatment is commonly performed in clinical practice in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and biochemical incomplete or indeterminate response (BiR/InR) after initial treatment. Objective: The objective of the is study is to evaluate the clinical impact of the second 131I treatment in BiR/InR patients and analyze the predictive factors for structural incomplete response (SiR). Patients and methods: One hundred fifty-three BiR/InR patients after initial treatment who received a second 131I treatment were included in the study. The clinical response in a short- and medium- long-term follow-up was evaluated. Results: After the second 131I treatment (median 8 months), 11.8% patients showed excellent response (ER), 17% SiR, while BiR/InR persisted in 71.2%. Less than half (38.5%) of SiR patients had radioiodine-avid metastases. Patients who, following the second 131I treatment, experienced SiR had larger tumor size and more frequently aggressive histology and vascular invasion than those experienced BiR/InR and ER. Also, the median values of thyroglobulin on levothyroxine therapy (LT4-Tg), Tg peak after recombinant human TSH stimulation (rhTSH-Tg) and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) were significantly higher in patients who developed SiR. At last evaluation (median: 9.9 years), BiR/InR persisted in 57.5%, while 26.2% and 16.3% of the patients showed ER and SiR, respectively. About half of BiR/InR patients (71/153 (46.4%)) received further treatments after the second 131I treatment. Conclusions: Radioiodine-avid metastatic disease detected by the second 131I is an infrequent finding in patients with BiR/InR after initial treatment. However, specific pathologic and biochemical features allow to better identify those cases with higher probability of developing SiR, thus improving the clinical effectiveness of performing a second 131I treatment.

Effect of Pregnancy and Menopause on Micropapillary Thyroid Carcinomas During Active Surveillance.

Background: The effect of estrogen and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin on micropapillary thyroid carcinoma (mPTC) is not defined. Pregnancy and menopause could represent critical moments during active surveillance (AS) for women with mPTC. Objective: To evaluate the effect of either pregnancy or menopause on growth of mPTCs on AS. Patients and Methods: Women with mPTC on AS who became pregnant or underwent menopause during AS were evaluated in this retrospective observational study. The primary outcome was disease progression according to the AS protocol. The secondary outcome was the shrinkage of mPTCs. We compared the menopause group of patients with 2 unmatched control groups: (1) the pre-menopause group of patients on AS who had not experienced menopause yet and (2) the post-menopause group of patients who started AS while already in menopause. Results: Five patients who became pregnant and 9 who underwent menopause during AS were enrolled. No patient from either group had a disease progression, and all pregnant patients showed stable disease after pregnancy. Four patients of the menopause group (44%) experienced mPTC shrinkage. The percentage of patients with mPTC shrinkage was significantly higher in the menopause group than in the 2 control groups. Conclusions: mPTC AS appears to be safe and feasible in patients who become pregnant or undergo menopause during surveillance. Our data suggest a possible association between menopause and mPTC shrinkage during AS.

Robot-assisted transaxillary surgery for thyroid cancer: Oncologic and surgical outcomes in long term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: The use of robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy (RATT) has rapidly spread in the last 2 decades, although it is mostly limited to Asian countries. METHOD: We retrospectively enroled all patients with histologic diagnoses of thyroid cancer who underwent RATT at the University Hospital of Pisa from May 2012 to September 2020. RESULTS: The study included 242 patients; 128 (47%) underwent total thyroidectomy and 114 (53%) underwent thyroid lobectomy, among which 28 patients (24.6%) required completion thyroidectomy. Radioactive iodine ablation therapy was required in 90 patients (37%). The complication rate was 5.3%. After a median follow-up of 38 months, an excellent response to therapy was achieved in 107 patients (74%), whereas the response was indeterminate in 12 (8%) and incomplete in 16 (11%). No local or distant relapses or increases in thyroglobulin or antibody levels were documented. CONCLUSIONS: In experienced hands, RATT represents a valid option for the treatment of thyroid cancer in selected cases.

Ultrasound features and risk stratification system in NIFT-P and other follicular-patterned thyroid tumors.

OBJECTIVE: Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFT-P) is an encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with nonaggressive clinical behavior. However, since its diagnosis is exclusively possible after surgery, it represents a clinical challenge. Neck ultrasound (US) shows good sensitivity and specificity in suggesting malignancy in thyroid nodules. However, little information is available about its ability in identifying NIFT-P. DESIGN: The aim of this study was to evaluate the US features of NIFT-P, comparing them with other follicular-patterned thyroid tumors, and to test the ability of the main US risk stratification system (RSS) in identifying NIFT-P. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 403 consecutive patients submitted to thyroid surgery, with positive histology for at least 1 nodule being NIFT-P, follicular variant of PTC (FV-PTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), or follicular adenoma (FA). RESULTS: The US features of NIFT-P (n = 116), FV-PTC (n = 170), FTC (n = 76), and FA (n = 90) were reported. Follicular variant of PTC and FTC more frequently showed irregular margins, presence of calcifications, "taller than wide" shape, and the absence of halo compared with NIFT-P. Furthermore, FTC and also FA were larger and more frequently hypoechoic than NIFT-P. Most cases (77%) showed an indeterminate cytology. Regardless of the US RSS considered, NIFT-P and FA were less frequently classified in the high-suspicious category compared with FV-PTC and FTC. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound features of NIFT-P are frequently superimposable to those of nodules with low suspicion of malignancy. The NIFT-P is almost never classified in the high-suspicious category according to the main US RSS. Therefore, although the preoperative identification of NIFT-P remains a challenge, neck US can be integrated in the algorithm of management of nodules with indeterminate cytology, suggesting a possible conservative approach in those with low-suspicious features.

Significance of Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies in Patients With Thyroid Cancer Treated With Lenvatinib.

Context: Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) is a highly sensitive and specific tumor marker, employed in post-operative management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Tumor shrinkage of radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer (RAIR-DTC) treated with multitarget kinase inhibitors as lenvatinib, expressed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), is also associated with a drastic reduction of Tg levels. However, interference caused by circulating thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAb) represents the main limitation in the clinical use of Tg. Objective: To evaluate if in RAIR-DTC TgAb could be considered a surrogate marker of Tg in monitoring response to treatment with lenvatinib. Design: We retrospectively evaluated patients who had started lenvatinib and correlated serum Tg and TgAb with the radiological response across visits. Setting: University of Pisa, Italy. Patients: We selected 9/97 RAIR-DTC patients with detectable TgAb. Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measures: None. Results: Tg values correlated neither with TgAb title nor with radiological response across visits. Greater decreases in TgAb titer correlated with favorable radiological response to lenvatinib after 1 month (Spearman's correlation = 0.74, P = .021) and 6 months (correlation = 0.61, P = .079). According to RECIST, patients with partial response showed a ∼10-fold greater decrease in TgAb compared to those with stable disease at 1 month (median TgAb decrease: -142 vs -14 IU/mL, P = .01) and those with progressive disease at 6 months (median TgAb decrease: -264 vs-24 IU/mL, P = .04). Conclusion: TgAb evaluation may represent a reliable surrogate marker for Tg trend in evaluating response of RAIR-DTC to treatment with lenvatinib. A multicentric study would be useful to confirm our results.

Diagnosis and Management of Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase Fusion-Positive Thyroid Carcinomas: A Review.

Importance: Thyroid epithelial malignant neoplasms include differentiated thyroid carcinomas (papillary, follicular, and oncocytic), follicular-derived high-grade thyroid carcinomas, and anaplastic and medullary thyroid carcinomas, with additional rarer subtypes. The discovery of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions has fostered developments in precision oncology, with the approval of tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors (larotrectinib and entrectinib) for patients with solid tumors, including advanced thyroid carcinomas, harboring NTRK gene fusions. Observations: The relative rarity and diagnostic complexity of NTRK gene fusion events in thyroid carcinoma present several challenges for clinicians, including variable access to robust methodologies for comprehensive NTRK fusion testing and poorly defined algorithms of when to test for such molecular alterations. To address these issues in thyroid carcinoma, 3 consensus meetings of expert oncologists and pathologists were convened to discuss diagnostic challenges and propose a rational diagnostic algorithm. Per the proposed diagnostic algorithm, NTRK gene fusion testing should be considered as part of the initial workup for patients with unresectable, advanced, or high-risk disease as well as following the development of radioiodine-refractory or metastatic disease; testing by DNA or RNA next-generation sequencing is recommended. Detecting the presence of NTRK gene fusions is important to identify patients eligible to receive tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitor therapy. Conclusions and Relevance: This review provides practical guidance for optimal integration of gene fusion testing, including NTRK gene fusion testing, to inform the clinical management in patients with thyroid carcinoma.

Chromosomal alterations in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and correlation with outcome.

Somatic copy number alterations (SCNA) involving either a whole chromosome or just one of the arms, or even smaller parts, have been described in about 88% of human tumors. This study investigated the SCNA profile in 40 well-characterized sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas by comparative genomic hybridization array. We found that 26/40 (65%) cases had at least one SCNA. The prevalence of SCNA, and in particular of chromosome 3 and 10, was significantly higher in cases with a RET somatic mutation. Similarly, SCNA of chromosomes 3, 9, 10 and 16 were more frequent in cases with a worse outcome and an advanced disease. By the pathway enrichment analysis, we found a mutually exclusive distribution of biological pathways in metastatic, biochemically persistent and cured patients. In particular, we found gain of regions involved in the intracellular signaling and loss of regions involved in DNA repair and TP53 pathways in the group of metastatic patients. Gain of regions involved in the cell cycle and senescence were observed in patients with biochemical disease. Finally, gain of regions associated with the immune system and loss of regions involved in the apoptosis pathway were observed in cured patients suggesting a role of specific SCNA and corresponding altered pathways in the outcome of sporadic MTC.