Efficacy of a Hospital Discharge Transition Plan in the care competence of patients with chronic conditions and their family caregivers: a clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the efficacy of a Hospital Discharge Transition Plan in the care competence and in adherence to the therapy of dyads comprised by patients with non-communicable chronic diseases and their caregivers. METHOD: a controlled and randomized clinical trial; the sample was comprised by 80 dyads of patients with chronic conditions and their caregivers, randomly allocated as follows: 40 to the control group and another 40 to the intervention group. The instruments to characterize the patient-caregiver dyad, the patients' and caregivers' care competence and the patients' adherence to the treatment scale were applied. The " CUIDEMOS educational intervention" was applied to the intervention group; in turn, the control group was provided usual care with the aid of a booklet, with phone follow-up via at month 1. RESULTS: 52.5% of the patients and 81.3% of the caregivers were women. The patients' and caregivers' mean ages were 69.5±12.6 and 47.5±13.1 years old, respectively. The Hospital Discharge Transition Plan increased the scores in the "knowledge", "uniqueness", "instrumental", "enjoying", "anticipation" and "social relations" dimensions, as well as the global care competence of the patients and family caregivers; in addition to the following factors: medications, diet, stimulants control, weight control, stress management, and global adherence to the therapy by the patient. There were no statistically significant differences between the control and intervention groups. CONCLUSION: the Hospital Discharge Transition Plan increased the patients' and family caregivers' care competence after the intervention, as well as the patients' adherence to the treatment. However, there were no differences between the control and intervention groups, possibly due to the similarity of the activities.

Efficacy of a Hospital Discharge Transition Plan in the care competence of patients with chronic conditions and their family caregivers: a clinical trial / Eficacia del Plan Transicional de Alta Hospitalaria en la competencia para el cuidado del paciente con condición crónica y su cuidador familiar: ensayo clínico / Eficácia do Plano Transicional de Alta Hospitalar na competência para o cuidado de pacientes com condições crônicas e seu cuidador familiar: ensaio clínico

Objective: to assess the efficacy of a Hospital Discharge Transition Plan in the care competence and in adherence to the therapy of dyads comprised by patients with non-communicable chronic diseases and their caregivers. Method: a controlled and randomized clinical trial; the sample was comprised by 80 dyads of patients with chronic conditions and their caregivers, randomly allocated as follows: 40 to the control group and another 40 to the intervention group. The instruments to characterize the patient-caregiver dyad, the patients' and caregivers' care competence and the patients' adherence to the treatment scale were applied. The " CUIDEMOS educational intervention" was applied to the intervention group; in turn, the control group was provided usual care with the aid of a booklet, with phone follow-up via at month 1. Results: 52.5% of the patients and 81.3% of the caregivers were women. The patients' and caregivers' mean ages were 69.5±12.6 and 47.5±13.1 years old, respectively. The Hospital Discharge Transition Plan increased the scores in the "knowledge", "uniqueness", "instrumental", "enjoying", "anticipation" and "social relations" dimensions, as well as the global care competence of the patients and family caregivers; in addition to the following factors: medications, diet, stimulants control, weight control, stress management, and global adherence to the therapy by the patient. There were no statistically significant differences between the control and intervention groups. Conclusion: the Hospital Discharge Transition Plan increased the patients' and family caregivers' care competence after the intervention, as well as the patients' adherence to the treatment. However, there were no differences between the control and intervention groups, possibly due to the similarity of the activities.

Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia del Plan Transicional de Alta Hospitalaria en la competencia para el cuidado y adherencia terapéutica de la díada paciente-cuidador con enfermedad crónica no transmisible. Método: ensayo clínico aleatorizado controlado; la muestra estuvo conformada por 80 diadas paciente-cuidador con condición crónica asignadas aleatoriamente, 40 diadas al grupo control y 40 al grupo intervención. Se aplicaron los instrumentos de caracterización de la díada paciente-cuidador, competencia para el cuidado del paciente y cuidador y la escala de adherencia al tratamiento del paciente. Se realizó la "Intervención Educativa Cuidemos" al grupo intervención y al grupo control se le brindaron los cuidados habituales con ayuda de un folleto; con seguimiento telefónico al mes. Resultados: el 52,5% de los pacientes son mujeres al igual que el 81,3% de los cuidadores. El promedio de edad en pacientes y cuidadores es de 69,5±12,6 y 47,5±13,1 años. El Plan Transicional de Alta Hospitalaria aumentó los puntajes de las dimensiones, conocimiento, unicidad, instrumental, disfrutar, anticipación y relación y la competencia global del cuidado del paciente y cuidador familiar. También, los factores medicamentos, dieta, control de estimulantes, control del peso, manejo del estrés y la adherencia terapéutica global del paciente. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo control e intervención. Conclusión: el Plan Transicional de Alta Hospitalaria aumenta la competencia para el cuidado del paciente y cuidador familiar post intervención, y también la adherencia del paciente. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre el grupo intervención y control, posiblemente debido a la semejanza de las actividades.

Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade do Plano Transicional de Alta Hospitalar na competência para o cuidado e adesão terapêutica da díade paciente-cuidador com doença crônica não transmissível. Método: ensaio clínico randomizado controlado; a amostra foi composta por 80 díades paciente-cuidador com condição crônica distribuídas aleatoriamente, sendo 40 díades para o grupo controle e 40 para o grupo intervenção. Foram aplicados os instrumentos de caracterização da díade paciente-cuidador, competência do cuidar de pacientes e cuidadores e escala de adesão ao tratamento do paciente. No grupo intervenção foi realizada a " Intervención Educativa Cuidemos " e no grupo controle foram prestados os cuidados habituais, com auxílio de folheto; com acompanhamento telefônico após um mês. Resultados: 52,5% dos pacientes são mulheres, assim como 81,3% dos cuidadores. A idade média dos pacientes e cuidadores é de 69,5±12,6 e 47,5±13,1 anos. O Plano Transicional de Alta Hospitalar aumentou os escores das dimensões conhecimento, singularidade, instrumentalidade, desfrutar, antecipação e relação e competência global do cuidado ao paciente e cuidador familiar. Também os fatores medicamentos, dieta, controle de estimulantes, controle de peso, gerenciamento de estresse e adesão terapêutica geral do paciente. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos controle e intervenção. Conclusão: o Plano Transicional de Alta Hospitalar aumenta a competência para o cuidado do paciente e do cuidador familiar pós-intervenção, e também a adesão do paciente. Porém, não houve diferenças entre os grupos intervenção e controle, possivelmente pela semelhança das atividades.

Factors related to healthcare costs of road traffic accidents in Bucaramanga, Colombia / Factores relacionados con costos por atención médica de siniestros de tránsito en Bucaramanga, Colombia

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the factors related to overall healthcare costs of road traffic accidents in Bucaramanga, Colombia. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted through the analysis of road traffic accident records that took place in 2019 in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Cost quartiles in dollars were compared using Pearson's chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests. Odds ratios were also calculated in logistic regression. RESULTS 3,150 road accidents were reported in 2019 involving 7,038 people, of which 812 had information related to healthcare costs in health care institutions. The median cost was 56.59 USD (RI = 29.35-140.15), average cost of 290.11 USD ± 731.22 (95%CI: 239.74-340.48). A higher possibility to be in the 4th quartile was found when persons were under 18 years of age (OR = 4.88; 95%CI: 1.30-18.32) or 46-60 years (OR = 3.66; 95%CI: 1.01-13.30), the type of vehicle involved is motorcycle (OR = 2.79; 95%CI: 1.25-6.24), bicycle (OR = 7.66; 95%CI: 2.70-21.68), having a head injury (OR = 4.50; 95%CI: 2.61-7.76) and hypothetical drunk driving (OR = 12.44; 95%CI: 2.01-76.87). CONCLUSIONS Relevant factors in healthcare costs were riding a motorcycle or bicycle, having a head injury, being under 18 years of age or 46 to 60 years of age and hypothetical drunk driving. It is important to implement prevention measures based on identified factors to reduce road accident rate and therefore, its socioeconomic costs.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Determinar los factores relacionados con los costos generales durante la atención en salud de siniestros de tránsito en Bucaramanga, Colombia. MÉTODOS Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con análisis de registros de siniestros de tránsito durante 2019 en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Se realizó una comparación entre cuartiles de los costos en dólares con pruebas estadísticas de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y exacta de Fisher. También, se calcularon odds ratio en regresión logística. RESULTADOS En 2019 se registraron 3.150 siniestros, con 7.038 personas involucradas, de los cuales 812 tenían información de costos generados por atención en instituciones de salud. La mediana de costos fue US$ 56,59 (RI = 29,35-140,15), promedio de US$ 290,11 ± 731,22 (IC95% 239,74-340,48). Se observó mayor posibilidad para estar en cuartil 4 de los costos si la persona tenía menos de 18 años (OR = 4,88; IC95% 1,30-18,32) o entre los 46-60 años de edad (OR = 3,66; IC95% 1,01-13,30), cuando el tipo de vehículo es la motocicleta (OR = 2,79; IC95% 1,25-6,24) y la bicicleta (OR = 7,66; IC95% 2,70-21,68), si la lesión ocurre en la cabeza (OR = 4,50; IC95% 2,61-7,76) y si la hipótesis está relacionada con embriaguez (OR = 12,44; IC95% 2,01-76,87). CONCLUSIÓN Los factores relevantes en los costos fueron la motocicleta, bicicleta, lesión en la cabeza, ser menor de 18 años o tener entre los 46 años y los 60 años y embriaguez como hipótesis. Es relevante implementar medidas de prevención según los factores identificados para disminuir la accidentalidad y, por ende, sus costos socioeconómicos.

Multicomponent nursing program to prevent delirium in critically ill patients: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of a multicomponent nursing program to prevent delirium in critically ill patients. METHODS: Parallel controlled randomized clinical trial to prevent delirium in 81 critically ill patients: 41 in the control group and 40 in the intervention group (intervention: spatial and temporal guidance, visual stimulus, auditive stimulus, and family support). Participants were recruited from September 2017 to March 2018 in the university hospital Los Comuneros, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Clinical Trials record NCT03215745. RESULTS: The incidence of delirium was 5% in the intervention group and 24% in the control group. The relative risk was 0.20 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.88). The absolute risk reduction was 19.39% (95% CI 4.61 to 34.17) and the number needed to treat was 5 (95 CI % 3 to 26%). CONCLUSION: The multicomponent nursing program is efficient to prevent delirium in critically ill patients.

Multicomponent nursing program to prevent delirium in critically ill patients: a randomized clinical trial / Programa de enfermagem multicomponente para prevenção de delirium em pacientes críticos: ensaio clínico randomizado / Programa de enfermería multicomponente para prevención del delirium en pacientes críticamente enfermos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado

ABSTRACT Objectives To determine the efficacy of a multicomponent nursing program to prevent delirium in critically ill patients. Methods Parallel controlled randomized clinical trial to prevent delirium in 81 critically ill patients: 41 in the control group and 40 in the intervention group (intervention: spatial and temporal guidance, visual stimulus, auditive stimulus, and family support). Participants were recruited from September 2017 to March 2018 in the university hospital Los Comuneros, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Clinical Trials record NCT03215745. Results The incidence of delirium was 5% in the intervention group and 24% in the control group. The relative risk was 0.20 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.88). The absolute risk reduction was 19.39% (95% CI 4.61 to 34.17) and the number needed to treat was 5 (95 CI % 3 to 26%). Conclusion The multicomponent nursing program is efficient to prevent delirium in critically ill patients.

RESUMO Objetivos Determinar a eficácia de um programa de enfermagem com multicomponentes para a prevenção de delirium em pacientes críticos. Métodos Ensaio clínico controlado randomizado paralelo para prevenção de delirium em 81 pacientes críticos: 41 no grupo controle e 40 no grupo intervenção (Intervenção: orientação espacial e temporal, estimulação visual, estimulação auditiva e apoio familiar), recrutados de setembro de 2017 a março de 2018 no Hospital Universitário Los Comuneros, Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Número de registro de ensaios clínicos é NCT03215745. Resultados A incidência de delirium no grupo operado foi de 5% e no grupo controle de 24%. Risco relativo de 0,20 (IC 95% 0,05 a 0,88). A redução absoluta do risco foi de 19,39% (IC 95% 4,61 a 34,17) e o número necessário para o tratamento foi de 5 pacientes (IC 95% 3 a 26%). Conclusão O programa de enfermagem multicomponente é eficaz na prevenção do delirium em pacientes críticos.

RESUMEN Objetivos Determinar la eficacia de un programa de enfermería multicomponente para la prevención del delirium en pacientes críticamente enfermos. Métodos Ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado en paralelo para la prevención de delirium en 81 pacientes críticamente enfermos: 41 en el grupo control y 40 en el grupo intervenido (Intervención: orientación espacial y temporal, estímulo visual, estimulo auditivo y apoyo familiar), reclutados desde septiembre de 2017 a marzo de 2018 en el Hospital Universitario Los Comuneros, Bucaramanga, Colombia. Registro en Clinical Trials número NCT03215745. Resultados La incidencia de delirium en el grupo intervenido fue de 5% y en el grupo control de 24%. Riesgo relativo de 0,20 (IC 95% 0.05 a 0.88). Reducción absoluta del riesgo 19,39% (IC95% 4,61 a 34,17) y el número necesario a tratar fue de 5 pacientes (IC95% 3 a 26%). Conclusión El programa de enfermería multicomponente es eficaz para prevenir el delirium en pacientes críticamente enfermos.

Bullying in adolescents: role, type of violence and determinants. / Acoso escolar en adolescentes: rol, tipo de violencia y determinantes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of bullying and its determinants among adolescents attending school. METHOD: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of adolescents, who were selected using a multistage probability sampling, from 20 public educational institutions in a Colombian city, in which a simple and multivariate binomial regression was carried out. RESULTS: A total of 500 adolescents participated from which 50.4% were women and 53.2% in their middle adolescence. Verbal violence prevailed in 66.5%, followed by physical violence in 32.0% and social bullying in 30.6%. 69.5% of the adolescents have been witnesses, 35.8% victims, and 14.2% aggressors. 80.5% of the aggressors were victims of bullying. In the multivariate analysis, an association was found between being a victim and having disabilities (PR:2.4; CI: 1.6-3.7), verbal aggression in the home (PR: 1.7; CI: 1.2-2.3) and drug abuse (PR: 1.7; CI 1.1-2.8). Being an aggressor was also associated with being a victim (PR: 7.2; CI 3.6-14.3) and alcohol abuse (PR: 2.2; CI: 1.3-3.8). CONCLUSION: The frequency of bullying observed and the associated determinants demonstrate the persistence of this problem in adolescents and the need to develop a culture of appropriate and inclusive coexistence that goes beyond the school setting.

Acoso escolar en adolescentes: rol, tipo de violencia y determinantes / Assédio escolar em adolescentes: papel, tipo de violência e determinantes / Bullying in adolescents: role, type of violence and determinants

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia del acoso escolar y sus factores determinantes en adolescentes escolarizados. Método Estudio de corte transversal analítico en una muestra de adolescentes provenientes de 20 instituciones educativas públicas de una ciudad de Colombia, seleccionados mediante un muestreo probabilístico polietápico. Se realizó regresión binomial simple y multivariable. Resultados Participaron 500 adolescentes. El 50,4% eran mujeres y 53,2% en adolescencia media. Predominó la violencia verbal (66,5%) seguida de física (32,0%) y por exclusión (30,6%). El 69,5% de los adolescentes fueron testigos, 35,8% víctimas y 14,2% agresores. El 80,5% de los agresores fueron víctimas de acoso escolar. En el análisis multivariable, se encontró asociación entre ser víctima y presentar alguna discapacidad (RP 2,4 IC 1,6-3,7), agresión verbal en el hogar (RP 1,7 IC 1,2-2,3) y consumo de droga (RP 1,7 IC 1,1-2,8). Asimismo, ser agresor se asoció con ser víctima (RP 7,2 IC 3,6-14,3) y consumo de alcohol (RP 2,2 IC 1,3-3,8). Conclusión La frecuencia de acoso escolar observada y los factores determinantes asociados, evidencian la persistencia de esta problemática en los adolescentes y la necesidad de desarrollar una cultura de convivencia adecuada e incluyente que trascienda el escenario escolar.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a prevalência do assédio escolar e seus fatores determinantes em adolescentes escolarizados. Método Estudo de corte transversal analítico em uma amostra de adolescentes oriundos de 20 estabelecimentos educacionais públicas de uma cidade da Colômbia, selecionados mediante uma amostragem probabilística polietápica. Uma regressão binomial simples e multivariável foi realizada no estudo. Resultados Participaram 500 adolescentes. 50,4% eram mulheres e 53.2% jovens em adolescência média. Predominou a violência verbal (66,5%) seguida da física (32,0%) e por exclusão (30,6%). 69,5% dos adolescentes foram testemunhas, 35,8% vítimas e 14,2% agressores. 80,5% dos agressores foram vítimas de assédio escolar. Na análise multivariável, verificou-se uma relação entre ser vítima e ter alguma deficiência (RP 2,4 IC 1,6-3,7), agressão verbal em casa (RP 1,7 IC 1,2-2,3) e consumo de droga (RP 1,7 IC 1,1-2,8). Igualmente, ser agressor foi associado com ser vítima (RP 7,2 IC 3,6-14,3) e consumo de álcool (RP 2,2 IC 1,3-3,8). Conclusão A frequência de assédio escolar observada e os fatores determinantes associados, evidenciam a persistência desta problemática nos adolescentes e a necessidade de desenvolver uma cultura de convivência adequada e influente além do âmbito escolar.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence of bullying and its determinants among adolescents attending school. Method An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of adolescents, who were selected using a multistage probability sampling, from 20 public educational institutions in a Colombian city, in which a simple and multivariate binomial regression was carried out. Results A total of 500 adolescents participated from which 50.4% were women and 53.2% in their middle adolescence. Verbal violence prevailed in 66.5%, followed by physical violence in 32.0% and social bullying in 30.6%. 69.5% of the adolescents have been witnesses, 35.8% victims, and 14.2% aggressors. 80.5% of the aggressors were victims of bullying. In the multivariate analysis, an association was found between being a victim and having disabilities (PR:2.4; CI: 1.6-3.7), verbal aggression in the home (PR: 1.7; CI: 1.2-2.3) and drug abuse (PR: 1.7; CI 1.1-2.8). Being an aggressor was also associated with being a victim (PR: 7.2; CI 3.6-14.3) and alcohol abuse (PR: 2.2; CI: 1.3-3.8). Conclusion The frequency of bullying observed and the associated determinants demonstrate the persistence of this problem in adolescents and the need to develop a culture of appropriate and inclusive coexistence that goes beyond the school setting.

Sobrecarga y apoyos en el cuidador familiar de pacientes con enfermedad crónica / Burden and types of support for family caregivers serving patients with chronic disease / Sobrecarga e apoio no cuidador familiar de pacientes com doença crônica

Resumen Introducción En el presente siglo se evidencia un incremento de la enfermedad crónica no trasmisible a nivel mundial, los pacientes presentan patologías con mayor duración y complejidad generando dependencia, requiriendo de un cuidador en el hogar; necesitando contar con diferentes medios de apoyo para mejorar la competencia de cuidar. Objetivo Identificar los medios de apoyo que utiliza el cuidador familiar de paciente con patología crónica no trasmisible y su relación con el nivel de sobrecarga del cuidado. Materiales y Métodos Estudio de abordaje cuantitativo, transversal y analítico, aplicando los instrumentos de "caracterización diada paciente-cuidador y la Encuesta de Percepción de Sobrecarga del Cuidador de Zarit". La población correspondió a 62 Diadas. Se calcularon OR en regresión logística. Resultados El 19.35% (12) de los cuidadores presentaban un nivel de sobrecarga intensa, el 20.97%(13) leve y el 59.68%(37) no tenían sobrecarga. Los cuidadores con sobrecarga intensa refieren 0% de apoyo psicológico y social. Las variables relevantes en el nivel de sobrecarga fueron las horas diarias de cuidado OR = 1.14 (IC 95%: 1.01; 1.33), a mayor nivel de conocimiento del computador disminuye la posibilidad de aumento en el nivel de sobrecarga con OR crudo= 0.14 (IC95%: 0.02; 0.91) y OR ajustado = 0.07 (IC95%: 0.007; 0.68). Discusión Es básico continuar indagando en aspectos que permitan disminuir la sobrecarga del cuidador, mantenerlo sano y en condiciones para su rol. Conclusiones Es necesario fortalecer los diferentes medios de apoyos en el cuidador familiar para disminuir el nivel de sobrecarga relacionada con su tarea.

Abstract Introduction An increase in chronic noncommunicable disease has been evidenced worldwide in this century; patients present with longer-lasting and more complex pathologies, generating dependence, requiring a caregiver at home; while different skills are required to improve care competencies. Objective To identify types of support used by the family caregivers of patients with chronic noncommunicable disease and their relation with the caregivers' burden. Materials and Methods Quantitative-approach, cross-sectional and analytical study, applying these tools: "Characterization of the patient-caregiver dyad and Caregiver's Zarit Burden Interview". The population comprised 62 dyads. OR were calculated in logistic regression. Results 19.35% (12) of caregivers showed an intense level of burden, 20.97% (13) showed a light burden, and 59.68% (37) had no burden. Caregivers with intense burden state there is 0% of psychological and social support. The relevant variables in the burden level were daily hours of care OR = 1.14 (CI 95%: 1.01; 1.33), the higher the level of knowledge of the computer, the lower the possibility of increase in the level of burden with raw OR= 0.14 (CI95%: 0.02; 0.91), and adjusted OR = 0.07 (CI 95%: 0.007; 0.68). Discussion It is critical to continue investigating aspects that will reduce the caregivers' burden, keep them healthy and under appropriate conditions to perform their role. Conclusions It is necessary to strengthen the different types of support for family caregivers to reduce the burden level related to their work.

Resumo Introdução No presente século, tem se evidenciado um aumento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no mundo inteiro e que os pacientes apresentam patologias com maior duração e complexidade, gerando dependência de um cuidador em casa ou de vários deles para melhorar a competência de cuidar. Objetivo Identificar os meios de apoio utilizados pelo cuidador familiar de pacientes com patologia crônica não transmissível e sua relação com o nível de sobrecarga do cuidador. Materiais e Métodos Estudo de tipo quantitativo, transversal e analítico, aplicando os instrumentos de "caracterização díade paciente-cuidador e a Sondagem de Percepção de Sobrecarga do Cuidador de Zarit". A população correspondeu a 62 díades. A razão de possibilidades (OR) foi calculada em regressão logística. Resultados 19,35% (12) dos cuidadores apresentaram sobrecarga intensa, 20,97% (13) leve e 59,68% (37) não apresentaram sobrecarga. Os cuidadores com sobrecarga intensa relatam apoio psicológico e social de 0%. As variáveis relevantes no nível de sobrecarga foram as horas diárias de cuidado OR = 1,14 (IC 95%: 1,01; 1,33), quanto maior o nível de conhecimento de informática diminui a possibilidade de aumento do nível de sobrecarga com OR bruto = 0,14 (IC 95%: 0,02; 0,91) e OR ajustado = 0,07 (IC95%: 0,007; 0,68). Discussão: É fundamental continuar estudando aspectos que permitam diminuir a sobrecarga do cuidador, mantê-lo saudável e apto para a execução do seu trabalho. Conclusões É necessário fortalecer as diferentes formas de apoio do cuidador familiar para reduzir o nível de sobrecarga relacionado à sua tarefa.